2010双学位语法10AttributiveclauseInvertedS.ppt

Lecture Ten 1. Attribute clause () 2. Inverted sentences . Revision 1. Emphasis 2. Attribute clause . New contents 1. Attribute clause () 2. Inverted sentences 3Absolute Construction (Time permitting) . Assignment . New contents Attribute clause () 1. Complicated Attribute Clause One sentence contains more than 1. one attributive clauses, sometimes used together with nominal clauses. e.g. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint. 本句中who，who，on whose，who四 个定从并列，共同修饰中心词people。 译文: 肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、提批评意见 的人、做出可靠判断的人以及提出明智看法的 人，而不问他们的级别和观点。 2. 带有“插入语”的定语从句 This is the girl _ artists said posed as a model for the painting. A. whose B. which C. who D. whom 选C. 此题考的是带“插入语”的定语从句。 所谓带有”插入语“的定从，即指在定从的关系词后 紧跟一个“主谓结构”，但这个“主谓结构”并非从句 的主谓语，而是表达个人观点的插入语。 artists said 为插入语，who在从句中做主语。 又如： He ran all the way from the village, which I thought was incredible. Therefore, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. （请分析定从并翻译） 分析：定从是修饰nothing的；此句含有双重否定： nothing that does not 因此，只有符合自由市场要求的食物才会是好的或 正常的。 3. 双层定语从句 特点：一个先行词首先被一个限定性定语从句修饰 ；然后，这个”先行词+限定性定从“再被另外一个 限定性定从修饰。 如： He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages. 分析：这个定从处于不同的层次上。第一层定从 that we know 的先行词为the only person ；第 二层定从who speaks so many foreign languages 的先行词为the only person that we know 又如：He is the only American that I Know who can use chopsticks. 第一层定从that I know 的先行词:the only American 第二层定从的先行词: the only American that I know 4. 并列定从 并列定从是指两个或两个以上的定从通过并列连词 and, but, or 连接，共同修饰同一个先行词。如： Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didnt need or want. 礼物并不是价格越高就越贵重。我倒是希望收到的 礼物是很别致的，或是我知道朋友为我精心准备的 ，而不是花费很多却不是我所想要的。 back 2. Inverted Sentence 英语的基本语序与汉语一样，即主语在前，谓 语在后，这叫自然语序；反之，谓语的全部或一部 分在主语之前，这种语法现象称之为倒装语序。 倒装的原因一是语法结构需要，如疑问句、感 叹句、there be 结构；二是修辞的需要。 Types of inversion Full/ Complete inversion -主谓语完全颠倒 partial inversion -只将助动词、情态动词移到主语前 疑问句均为半倒状 一般疑问句Are you going with your friend? 特殊疑问句What did you do last night? 选择疑问句Do you like swimming or skating? 反意疑问句You dont know English, do you? A. Full inversion 又称主谓倒装（Subject-verb inversion）， 即把整个谓语动词放在主语之前。 这类倒装主要出现于： 1. 地点状语前置; 2. said John, answered Peter等直接引语结构中； 3. 表语提前的情况下; 4.表示地点状语、运动方向和时间的副词或者介词 放在句首且主语为名词时。如：here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then, thus等。 -At the far end of the room stood a tall policeman. -“I love you,” whispered John. -Completely different is the last story. -Down fell a dozen apples. -Away goes my chance of winning! 注： 表示地点状语、运动方向和时间的副词或者介词 放在句首且主语为名词时，句子用全部倒装；此类 句子的谓语动词常常是come, lie, stand, walk, live等不 及物动词或系动词。在文学性文章中采用这类倒装， 主要是为了使其更加生动，而把主语置于句末则是为 了使之成为信息中心。 如： -Next to it stood a pile of paper cups. -On the very top of the hill lives a hermit. 请翻译并学会活用如下句子： *In each room are ten students. * Out ran Tom. *Out they rushed. *Up went the arrow into the air. *Back came my father and the supper began. *Away he went. 以here, there开始的倒装句在口语中尤其多见。如 ： -Here comes the train. -There goes the bell. 试比较here, there放句首和动词之后的区别： “Tom is here.” “汤姆在这儿”。 “Heres Tom.”意味着汤姆刚出现或我们刚发现他。 请分析哪个错了： A:-Here she comes! 她来了！ B:- Here comes she! A: -There he is. B:- There is he. -Away they went. -Down they fell. 注：主语是代词时，此类以地点状语开始的句子不 用倒装。 B. Partial inversion 又称为Subject-operation inversion（主语/ 功能 词倒装） ，即把功能词(助动词或情态动词)放在主 语之前，动词的其余部分依然在主语之后。如句中 无助动词，则要加一个助动词。 这类倒装主要出现于： 1) Sentences beginning with neither, nor, so, often, etc. -“I didnt get much sleep last night.” -“Neither/Nor did I.” -He refused to apologize. - Neither/Nor would he offer any explanation. -John saw the accident and so did Mary. -She was angry and so was I. 对比： -The corn is ripening, and so are the apples. -The corn isnt ripening, and neither/ nor are the apples. 2) 在以否定副词hardly, never，seldom, rarely, scarcely, few, little, much/ even/ still less, 以及 含有no/ not的词组/句型如no sooner(than), on no account, in no circumstances, in no way, by no means, no + n. 等开始的句子，用部分倒装 。 能力训练： 1. 我很少见到如此混乱的场景。 Seldom had I seen such confusion. 2. 历史上科技从来没有取得如此伟大的成就。 Never in history had technology made such spectacular advances. 3. 经理决不容忍员工粗鲁 -On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees. 4. 你到哪里也找不到如此爱你的人。 -Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much. 3) 以only + 状语开始，或“Not onlybut also” 句型 中，not only置于句首，要部分倒装。 能力培养（用倒装翻译下列句子）: 1. 只有用这种方法，才有可能解释他们的行动。 -Only in this way is it possible to explain their actions. 2. 只有通过大声叫喊，他才能使自己被别人听见。 -Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. 3. 他们不仅抢劫了你，还摔碎了一切。 -Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too. 4.只有努力工作才能达到目标。 -Only by hard working can you achieve your goal. 5.只有这样我们才能成功、有效地解决问题。 -Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively. 4)表虚拟的if从句(非真实条件从句)中,if可省略， 句子呈半倒装。 请用倒状句翻译下面句子： 1. 要是有人早点告诉我，我就可以好好准备。 Had I been told earlier, I could have a good preparation. 2.要是我是你，我会做的更好。 Were I you, I would have done it better. 5） “to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”等置句首表程度，句子要半倒 To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire. 6）用于表示祝愿/意愿的句型 这种祈求性虚拟语气一般只用于几种固定说法 中。如：-Long live the Peoples Republic of China! -May you be happy! 能力培养：（请同桌间用倒状句翻译） 1. 要是我知道会发生什么，我决不留下她不管。 -Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. 2. 接着主席来了。 Then came the chairman. 3. 你的信。 Here is your letter. 4.前面坐着一位老太太。 Ahead sat an old woman. 5.我曾多次打算讲讲那件事。 Often had I intended to speak of it. 6.从未见过如此糟糕的表演。 Never have I seen such a performance. 7. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后才离开房间。 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 。 8. Despite the good news, civil engineers arent resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints for improved quake-resistant buildings.（pin钉） 这是一个倒装句,正常语序为:Blueprints for improved quake-resistant buildings are pinned to their drawing boards. 该句主语偏长(blueprints for improved quake- resistant buildings),通过倒装可避免句式头重脚轻。 尽管有好消息，土木工程师们不会满足于他们的成 就。改进防震建筑的蓝图就钉在他们的制图板上。 back 3Absolute Construction 独立主格结构实质上就是带有自己主语 的非限定分句或无动词分句。它的逻辑主语 与句子的主语不同，在结构上游离于主句之 外。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子 中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等 。 *Weather permitting, I will start tomorrow * His homework done，Jim decided to go to see the play. * The meal over，we began to work again. When the meal was over, we began to work again. 独立主格结构按其结构形式可分为：现在分词独立结 构、过去分词独立结构、无动词独立结构（名词、形 容词、副词、介词短语等）和不定式独立结构. 特别注意:独立主格结构使用介词的问题 肯定意义的独立主格结构一般均可转变为用 with 引导的独立结构，而表示否定意义的独立主格结 构可转变为由without引导的独立结构。 He put on his socks，wrong side out. He put on his socks with the wrong side out. 独立主格结构位置很灵活，可位于句首、句中 或句尾，放在句尾时，通常用逗号将其与主句隔 开。 常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。(主谓关系) 如 ： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘两眼 望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting , we will go for an outing tomorrow. 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。(动宾关系) *The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 独立主格能力培养： 1）由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 Her glasses broken, she couldnt see the words on 2) 考试结束了，我们开始出去踢足球。 *The test finished, w