《级英语必修语句》word版.doc

Background: the root cause: the feudal rule hinders the development of capitalist economy Direct cause: Stuart dynasty pursues divine right, and announced that parliament power from the king, and contradictions will happen. Process: 1640-1688, the British bourgeois revolution 2, the bill of rights and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy Background: win the glorious revolution in 1688 parliament, the British bourgeois revolution to an end. The content of historical review The ancient Chinese Project an ancient Chinas political system Exam outline * * * * * * qin chow period of political centralization system in the formation of the evolution of the han political system to the yuan * * * * to strengthen * * of the Ming and qing dynasties monarchs 【 examination combing 】 A political system of western zhou dynasty System of enfeoffment 1, objective: consolidate the zhou dynasty, feudal relatives to Francisco screen week 2, meaning: also called seal for founding, Zhou Wang clan, in-laws, nobles, credited with dispatch, built in the country of the son of sealing system. 3, features: (1) specifies Zhou Wang and governors, the rights and obligations between the land and the people duty is the link between king and governors; (2) by the closure of governors have certain independence; (3) packet object diversity; (4) layers of herod. Week 4, function: (1) through the system of enfeoffment, expanding sphere of influence; (2) the sealing between the princes of zhou royal family relationships more clearly, Zhou Wang formed all over the world were the main status; (3) western guizhou group formed Zhou Wang a vassal qing, a doctor and the level of sequence. 5, destruction: (1) during the spring and autumn period, with the decline of Zhou Wang forces and situation of hegemony between feudal lords, system of enfeoffment exist in name only; (2) during the warring states period, the system of enfeoffment gradually replaced by XianZhi. Patriarchal clan Purpose: to consolidate the system of enfeoffment formation rule in order to solve internal ruling class in power, property and land, the contradiction of inheritance Main characteristics: (1) core is the office system of inheritance; Office for the bulk, have inheritance; (2) and the system of enfeoffment of each table, supplement each other, characterized by the combination of blood ties and political relations; (3) is not only the level of family relationship between large and small, and political affiliation. Role: (1) through blood feeling of patriarchal clan system, set up a complete set of packet of land, property and political status and the system of inheritance, safeguard noble at all levels enjoy peer ShiLu privilege; (2) is advantageous to the ruling group internal unity and stability, to strengthen the kingship, thus achieved the integration of countries and home; (3) had a profound influence on Chinese society, its influence even extended to today. Second, the formation of the centralized system of qin The formation process of qin centralized system 1, build system of the emperor, the emperor first, the supremacy of imperial power, a home under the sun the throne inheritance system - power is highly concentrated 2, the central practice the three-fair Dan: three cooperate with each other and restrain each other, eventually make emperor military power control in one hand Emperor qiu: assist in charge of the national army The three prime minister: for the emperor to deal with the national government Suggestion: doctor zhang scheme chapter, supervisory officials and handle work for prime minister 3, China is practiced in places where: after the qin dynasty unified, waste packet, China, chief, the magistrate shall be appointed or removed by the emperor. 4, develop a set of selection and evaluation system of officials 5, make laws The influence of the qin dynasty centralized system On the influence of the qin dynasty: 1) promotes the development of feudal economy and culture, to strengthen national unity and has played an important role in formation of the Chinese nation; (2) established the landlord class dictatorship to the masses of working people, qins tyranny caused the deterioration of the situation. Influence on later generations, laid the Chinese two thousand years of feudal society political system basic pattern, used by all previous dynasties feudal dynasty, and constantly strengthened and perfected. Three, han to the evolution of the political system 1, the period of emperor han wu systems of China and the DPRK, the outer and the secretariat Central: (1) in order to weaken in question, strengthen the imperial power, China and the DPRK, the original thereof Dan became the executing agency Place: (1) to strengthen the control of local, will be divided into 13 states across the country, shall have a secretariat, on behalf of the central supervisory governors and local officials; (2) promulgated push and weaken the kingdom, to further strengthen the centralization. Effects: (1) further consolidate and develop the unified situation, to promote the development of social economy. (2) concentrated power lead to the eastern han dynasty eunuch consorts Authoritarian, political instability for a long time. Low 2, three save six systems of sui and tang dynasties Features: refers to the three provinces in the book (responsible for drafting imperial edicts), door (responsible for seal barge review) and so on province (implement) consists of collectors, households, ceremony, soldiers, punishment, six. Three provinces, are the prime minister, containment, are responsible for the emperor Role: (1) three save six both division of labor, and to have the cooperation, improve the working efficiency; (2) the right to phase three, weakened in question, is conducive to strengthening the imperial power; (3) the establishment of the three save six and perfect, make after being basically lineage. Low 3, a period to strengthen centralized measures and effects Measures: cut power ( right ) (1) weakening buffer region; (2) civil servants as chief state; (3) set the second house weaken prime minister power; (4) and adding assistant administrator to deputy, split prime minister of the administrative power. Qian Gu ( money ) (1) where each set of transhipment, taxes are directly by the central master states county, eliminates the local regime of the material basis; (2) three division, the three main national finance division, prime ministers purse strings. Receive good soldier ( ) (1) set three official, at the head of the imperial, each other each other is not Chinese; (2) part of the right to return the privy council, directly responsible to the emperor. Implements the system the relieving and the relieving of separation. Effects: (1) positive: strengthened the centralization, changed a buffer region since the late tang five dynasties regime division. Maintained the national unity and social stability, is conducive to social and economic development. (2) negative: the RongGuan and redundant redundant being one of future trouble. 4, the political system of the yuan dynasty Books in (1) set in the central province and the privy council, xuan ZhengYuan management of religious affairs and other Tibetan areas; (2) in local administrative system, effectively strengthen the rule of the national reform of local administrative system in ancient China, is the beginning of Chinas provincial system. Fourth, the strengthening of absolute monarchy system in the Ming and qing dynasties Low 1, new heights of absolute monarchy, the Ming dynasty 1) Ming emperor book province in central waste and the prime minister system, six decentralization, set the DianGe university as a consultant, after no decision-making; Local waste line book province, chief secretary, all command department, according to every department, in charge of local administration and military and administrative and supervisory, called the three division. (2) the Ming emperor wenyuan chamber to set up the cabinet, before the power of the cabinet is more and more big, can fit. Evaluation: the cabinet is a result of strengthening the autocratic monarchy, the restriction of imperial power. Impact: the prime minister were abolished, autocratic imperial power development to peak and absolutism centralized system was strengthened Low 2, the height of the autocratic monarchy, the qing dynasty Background: (1) set up the army of qing dynasty important kingdoms for parliamentary Wang Dachen meeting to handle; When emperor kangxi south study; Northwest to the yongzheng period, to deal with emergency, military affairs, to establish a grand council, selected officials close served as minister of the emperor. (2) : the grand council set up to improve the administrative efficiency of the qing dynasty; Subordinate to the emperor, grand council are ruled by the emperor a military affairs; The establishment of grand council, is an important symbol of autocratic imperial power to the summit. (3) the biggest characteristic of grand council, Jane, speed and dense. Role is played records on my hands and knees, upload issued. Project two ancient Chinese economy U u u exam outline Low? The main farming agriculture and land system the development of handicraft industry Low commercial development low bud of capitalism and heavy agriculture business suppression and order policy 【 examination combing 】 The main farming, agriculture and land system The main farming methods taken the ancient Chinese agriculture Low iron farm tools and oxen-led and its development Early in the spring and autumn, people mastered the iron smelting technology, the iron tools; During the warring states period, the iron farm implements widely promoted. Late spring and autumn, oxen-led appear, spread the warring states period. Since then, iron plows oxen-led become the main farming methods of ancient Chinese agriculture. Evolution: u farming slash-and-burn agriculture from the primitive society to the spring and autumn period and the warring states period of hop-poles oxen-led become the main farming methods of Chinese traditional agriculture (farming progress) Low cultivation techniques: intensive cultivation Sui and tang dynasties appear curved iron plough, the plough mature technology in China. To end the evolution of the land system in ancient China 1, the slavery society (xia) : land owned by the state, implement jingtian Development process: start (business) - popular (western) - collapse (spring and autumn) - abolished (warring states). Collapse and the reasons: 1) during the spring and autumn period, the use of iron tools and oxen-led (root cause), the development of productivity, jingtian this production mode can not adapt to the needs of the development of producer; (2) many private fields appear; (3) the war is frequent, shrinking workforce; (4) lu and so on carries on the tax reform, transform gradually from the state to private land, gradually formed the feudal land ownership, way of exploitation, well-field system gradually disintegrated. 2, feudal land ownership: Formation: during the warring states period, the warring states has for the political reform movement. Feudal system eventually established in many countries. Qin of shang Yang reform is the most complete, abolish the well-field system, establish the feudal land ownership in legal form. A variety of forms of ownership (three types) (1) the state-owned land ownership: the national management, it is mainly used for raised and giving land (e.g., land equalization policy, wasteland) (2) the land private ownership (including the monarch private land system, the landlord land ownership, land ownership of free) (3) dominate the landlord land