谈高考英语试卷阅读理解.doc

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羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄 就高考英语试卷来谈高考阅读理解、完型填空和短文改错 阅读理解、完型填空、短文改错在高考中占据着很重要的位置，这三部分占据了总分的大半，这三部分做的好坏直接决定英语成绩的高低。同时这三部分都考察学生对英语语言知识的掌握程度。现就将这三部分分别予以谈论。一 阅读理解国家教委考试中心公布的考试说明对阅读理解的要求作了明确的规定阅读理解部分主要测试考生以下能力：1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意。2.了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节。3.根据上下文判断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义。4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系。5.根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申。6.正确领会作者的观点和态度。以上题型教师在平时的教学过程中都应该介绍给了学生，现我就将以上情况设计的题型该如何去做做一介绍，希望帮助考生掌握解题方法和策略。（一） 主旨大意题主旨大意题是阅读理解常见的题型之一，主要测试学生阅读理解的基本能力。文章的主旨大意也就是文章的中心思想，也就是作者要表达的主要意思，它贯穿整个全文。常见的题型有：1.主题型：Whats the main idea of this passage ?What does this passage mainly discuss?Which is the best topic of this passage ?2.标题型：Whats the best title?This text is to tell _.3.目的型：The main purpose of this text is_.The authors purpose of writing this text is to _.Whats the main purpose of the passage? 完成这类型的题首先要能够找到作者要表达的主旨句，这就要求学生能够迅速通读全文后对文章的感知能力，能够在通读全文后找到文章的主旨句，主要段落，和每段的主题句，通过这些材料能够分析找出合适的答案。 需要注意的是：在做这种题型时考生在选项中排除了两项后通常会有两项很像，而其中一项会把答案说的过大或过小这时就需要考生细心、沉着的考虑找出最符合的一项。例如：(A)Cold weather can hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their cats are just as used to the warm shelter (住所) as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When youre cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. I you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter. They can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere. Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality. Keep an eye on your pets water. Sometimes owners dont realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet cant get anything to drink. Animals that dont have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them.44. What is the purpose of this text?A. To solve a problem. B. To give practical advice.C. To tell an interesting story. D. To present a research result.对于阅读题，考生在做阅读之前就应该将题目看一遍，知道自己在阅读过程中应该要干什么，这样一来既节省了时间又能很容易的找到答案的所在地。就这个题目来说，考生一看就应该知道题目要求考生知道全文的中心意思。这样就可以注意全文的各个细节，通过细节总结出作者的意图。我们可以从Cold weather can hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality考生读过短文后很容易就将CD两项排除了，就AB两项考生可以通过这一系列的关键句子总结出这篇短文的目的不是在解决问题而是To give practical advice.这样就很容易的找到答案了。（二）细节题所谓细节题，就是指原文中提到的事物、人物、现象或是理论，题目中针对具体叙述进行问常以when 、where 、who、which、what、how 等词引导。常见的问题形式有：Which of the following statements is true/false?Which of the following shows the right order of.?According to the passage.,the author mentions.The author provides in line ( 或Paragraph ) an example in order to注意：有时问题会采用反向思维，题中含有not 或except 等否定词，如：The author mentions all of the following except.All of the following statements are true except.这类题型只要考生细心就能在原文中找到答案。为了节省时间考生可以在通读全文时就将牵扯到这一问题的内容做个标记，以便在选答案时直接就可以去找。有的细节题直接就是原文中的一句话或一个词，有的是原文中一句话的变体，也就是只变一个词或是把意思用另一种说法说一遍。有时会是数字，而在做这种题时考生容易犯迷糊，往往会把相反的答案选出来，而导致这一结果的原因就是考生太慌，有时看见句子是原文的句子就不假思索的选上，但岂不知这就是出题者设置障碍的地方，出题者会在原文的基础上变一个词，或是加一个词。(C)Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.49. What does the smile usually mean in the U.S.?A. Love. B. Politeness. C. Joy. D. Thankfulness.一看题目考生就应该先找到作者提到的smile in the U.S所在的段落，找到所在的句子in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure.但是考生在找到这一句后看到后面还有好多关于写smile in the U.S的句子A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness.而且选项中也都包括的这几种，看到这些考生就不知道该选哪一个答案了，这是就需要考生细心了，看一下题目usually，而原句中有in general，这样答案就不假思索的选出来了就是pleasure的同义词joy了。（三）猜测词义题 这种要求对文章中个别关键词，难词作出解释。这就要求对通篇文章有较透彻的理解。这类问题旨在考查学生根据上下文对灵活变化的词义做出理解判断的能力。常见问题形式有：From the context, we can guess that theword xx means.The author uses the word . to mean.The term . means .According to the passage, XX probably means.这类题型出的这个要做的词有时是在大纲内的词有时会是大纲外的词。要做好这类题，首先必须熟练掌握中学英语教学大纲列出的约2000 个词汇与一定数量的短语同时也应该知道最基本的构词方法，知道最起码的词缀的意思。对于大纲内的词考生在熟悉愿意的基础上还得变通，知道此词的引申意义，知道变通。大纲外的词就需要考生知道做题技巧。做这类型的题考生在理解全文的基础上要抓住此词所在的前后。有时它的前后会出现此词的近义词或反义词，有时还会是它的解释，有时考生可以通过词缀来判断。这些都需要考生能够灵活运用方法，。(D)ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia One of the worlds most famous fossils (化石) the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton (骨骼) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday.Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. A team from the Museum of National Science in Houston, Texas, spent four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour, which will start in Houston next September.“Ethiopias rich culture of both the past and today, is one of the best kept secrets in the world,” said Joel Bartsch, director of the Houston museum.The six-year tour will also go to Washington, New York, Denver and Chicago. Officials said six other U.S. cities may be on the tour. But they said plans had not been worked out.Travelling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils.Lucy, her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 312 -foot-tall ape-man (猿人).54. What does the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. A painting of the skeleton. B. A photograph of LucyC. A copy of the skeleton. D. A written record of Lucy.看到此题目知道此词是考纲之外的，先将问题定位在第二段，然后找到此词所在的位置，观察它的前后The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. “replica”前面是一个定冠词a，先判断出此词是一个名词，而后面有一个转折词，这就要引起考生的注意的，转折词之后往往就是答案的所在地，转折词之后是一个名词词组the real remains，这一个词组是考生熟悉的，通过这个词组和while可以判断出词答案就是A copy，就算不知道copy的是啥也通过排除知道是A copy of the skeleton.（四）推理判断题 主要检测考生能否通过文章的字面意思, 作出一定的判断和推理，去领悟作者的言外之意。常用以下句式提问：Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?It can be inferred from the passage that.The author implies.From this passage, we can draw a conclusion that.We can conclude from the paragraph that.We can infer from the passage that What is the authors attitude towards? 做这种题需要考生抓住细节、事实、作者的语气、态度来做出判断。考生通过自己掌握的这些知识去别断作者的写作意图。做这种题型时考生往往会按照自己的意图去做判断，所以好多时候会听到好多考生说：“我把文章都读懂了，怎么选出的答案和正确答案相反”。分析原因就会知道好多考生不是按照作者的意图去做，而是把自己的思想加进去了，所以做这种题是按照作者的思路进行。1. 假如题干中有具体线索, 根据具体线索找到原文相关句( 一句或几句话) , 然后做出推理题干的要求针对某一现象进行推理，同样，在文中找到题干所示的相关信息词，充分运用逻辑思维，推理能力，细节作辅导，结合有关代词及并列词、转折词，因为这些词往往表明了作者所指、及语气的转变。2.假如题干中无线索, 如It can be inferred from the passage that ；I t can be concluded from the passage that 等，先扫一下4 个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，做出推理。3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处。这类题目的选项特点是：第一，有些错误的干扰选项只是对原文的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论，为错误选项。第二，有些选项根据我们已有的常识是正确的，但却不是基于文章，也是错误选项。第三，一些选项因果倒置，看似从原文中推导出来的结论，实际却与原文不符，也是错误选项。推理判断题是阅读理解中最难的一类问题。我们必须以原文为依据去合理推测才能找到合适的答案。遇到一些很难在原文中找到明确的解题线索的题目，可以根据词句隐含的意义和作者的语气去分析推导答案。(E)Make Up Your Mind to SucceedKind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure. The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyones winter.” And their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before. As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation.”Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years. Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. Heres how they work:A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic youre a born artist, point guard, or numbers person. The fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. When things get difficult, its quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.On the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make everything possible. Because the ego (自尊) isnt on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame. When faced with a difficulty, its quick to rethink, change and try again. In fact, it enjoys this experience.We are all born with growth mind-sets. (Otherwise, we wouldnt be able to live in the world.) But parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise. Dwecks book, Mind-set: The New Psychology of Success, and online instructional program explain this in depth. But she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.57. What does the author think about the present generation?A. They dont do well at school. B. They are often misunderstood.C. They are eager to win in sports. D. They are given too much praise. 阅读全文发现作者用了很多别人的话和实验去说，考生很难看出作者自己的观点尤其看到第一句：Kind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure.考生就更迷惑了，但是通过读课文考生就能体会到作者的态度，作者对别人提出的话是同意的，结合第一句话可以看出来作者的态度，就很容易做出作者的观点They are given too much praise. 总之，做阅读理解时考生要从整体上把我文章的脉络，了解文章的中心意思。要提高阅读不是一天两天的时，需要考生平时的积累，并且养成好的阅读习惯。二 完型填空 完型填空它是根据格式塔方式，即不全心里而设计的，利用了自然语言冗余现象（李筱菊，1997），不仅可以考查学生的识记、阅读理解能力，还在一定程度上考查学生的语言应用、分析、综合能力，目前普遍认为是能够综合体现考生英语语言只是和语言技能的好题型。 （一）完型填空的特点完型填空部分是一个较长的英语语篇。该语篇用以考察考生在阅读理解基础上对词汇知识的掌握情况，其半数以上的试题也要求考生结合上下文内容进行解答（选择），即使是与上下文关系不大的单句测试题也要求考生准确的理解整个句子含义。在各个分析上看出来完型填空和阅读密不可分。 （二）如何做好完型填空1.通读全文了解全文的基本意思。在通读全文时第一句至关重要，因为第一句通常不设空格，这样考生就可以通过第一句知道文章要说的话题。2.句句斟酌。一句一句看短文，根据上下文确定空格处要填的词。此处需要注意的是：不能为了一空而花费太多的时间，考生发现这一空没法填可以继续下一空，也许上一空的答案就会在后面出现，有时甚至是原文中的词。3.还原。考生将选择的词放回短文中看上下文是否连贯。有时四个选项中的词可能是意思相同的词，这时就要看词性，词的真正意义确定哪个词更适合原文。4.通读检查。考生将选好的答案放回到原文中，看答案是否适合自己所选的空，看前后文是否连贯，着一遍考生就可以将自己没选出的空洗洗斟酌选进去了。Around twenty years ago I was living in York. 21 I had a lot of experience and a Masters degree, I could not find 22 work.I was 23 a school bus to make ends meet and 24 with a friend of mine, for I had lost my flat. I had 25 five interviews (面试) with a company and one day between bus runs they called to say I did not 26 the job. “Why has my life become so 27 ?” I thought painfully.As I pulled the bus over to 28 a little girl, she handed me an earning 29 I should keep it 30 somebody claimed (认领) it. The ea