本科毕业论文-浅谈农村学校实验教学现状及对策.doc

福建师范大学函授毕 业 论 文学生姓名： 学号： 专业年级： 物理教育专业（专升本） 2014级 题 目： 谈物理实验与实验教学的重要作用 浅谈农村学校实验教学现状及对策 指导教师： 杨榕灿 评阅教师： 论文（设计）时间：2014年6月20日8月20日 浅谈农村学校实验教学现状及对策摘要:物理学是以实验为基础的科学，实验始终是研究物理学的重要方法；物理教学的目的，不仅仅是通过物理学习逐渐认识自然界物质运动的规律和运动的本质，还应从知识和技能的获得中了解和掌握科学的思维方法。这样才能更好地从前辈科学家思维活动的轨迹中，吸取智慧，得到启迪，有利于活跃自己的灵感，开发潜在的智能。因此在中学物理教学中实验是重要的教学方法，通过演示和实验不仅能提供学生对所研究的物理现象的感性材料，培养学生的观察能力，而且还可以使学生获得一定的实验技能，培养学生的实验能力。关键词:农村 实验教学 积极性 对策目 录摘要2一、引言4二、 农村物理实验教学现状4（一） 教学观念陈旧，实验教学的积极性不高5（二）实验设备简陋，影响实验教学质量5（三）学生管理不力，教学实验组织困难5（四）实验教学不作硬性考核，缺乏教学动力6三、 对于目前农村学校物理实验教学的建议6（一）转变教育观念6（二）改变仪器设备采购制度7（三）科学管理教师资源，并增设专业实验员7（四）学校建立相应激励制度7参 考 文 献8一、引言物理学是以实验为基础的科学，实验始终是研究物理学的重要方法；物理教学的目的，不仅仅是通过物理学习逐渐认识自然界物质运动的规律和运动的本质，还应从知识和技能的获得中了解和掌握科学的思维方法。在中学物理教学中，由于物理课程的理论性和抽象性，学生在物理课程的学习中如果仅凭课本的理论阐述，在理解上会存在较大的难度，因此实验是中心物理课程中较重要的教学方法，通过演示和实验不仅能提供学生对所研究的物理现象的感性材料，培养学生的观察能力，而且还可以使学生获得一定的实验技能，培养学生的实验能力。但目前在农村的物理课程中，课程实验并没得到应有的重视和普及，本文将针对当前农村物理教学在实验方面的现状进行探究，分析其中存在的问题及根据问题提出几点建议。二、 农村物理实验教学现状 新课程改革明确提出课程教学需要通过多种方法提高学生除理论知识学习的能力提高，但在几间农村中学进行调研后发现，目前新课程教育理念并未在农村课程教学中普及，尤其在物理实验教学中，存在以下几方面的问题。（一） 教学观念陈旧，实验教学的积极性不高在新课程改革中，教师未能转变教学观念由重教师“传授”向重学生“发展”转变，由重结果向重过程转变，由单向信息传递向综合互动转变，由居高临下向平等对话转变。大部分农村教师依然沿用过往课本教学为主的教学方法，对于课程指定的实验，教师并没有足够的重视，使得学生对实验教学的参与性不高。这是教师注重传授知识的结果，没有注重知识的演变过程，导致进行实验教学的积极性不高，学生学习的积极性也相应降低。（二）实验设备简陋，影响实验教学质量在客观环境和条件上，农村学校实验室的建设较为简陋，很多学校只有一个实验室，难以满足学生的需要。另外，教学设备陈旧，即使统一采购的设备，大多数质量差，不能用或者得不出正确的实验结果，达不到教学效果。例如实验室采购的弹簧测力计质量太差造成误差大；马德堡半球实验设备不能用，造成大气压强学生在学习时更加抽象；电学仪器很多容易出现开路现象，造成实验困难等等，对于物理实验教学的质量难以保证，影响教学效果。（三）学生管理不力，教学实验组织困难 物理实验需要学生在教师的引导下进行规范操作，但目前农村学校普遍存在由于教师资源缺乏而造成的管理力度不足的问题。在农村学习的大班级教学规模里，教师难以对全体学生进行有力的管理，个别学生没能够好好做实验，而学校又没有专门的实验员，使得实验的准备与组织变得越发的困难，达不到教学效果，且为了减少在实验室中有可能产生的实验事故的发生，学校和教师对于实践教学普遍存在一定的消极态度。（四）实验教学不作硬性考核，缺乏教学动力 实验教学并不在目前中考和高考的考试范围内，在物理考试中大多以手写实验步骤或结论的形式进行。受到升学压力的影响，对于不作硬性要求的教学内容，大部分农村学校教师往往选择最“省时”、“省力”的方式进行，即以理论代替实验，以公式代替操作，将实验搬到黑板上，要求学生对实验操作和过程进行“死记硬背”以应付考试，违背了新课程改革核心宗旨。三、 对于目前农村学校物理实验教学的建议针对当前农村学校物理实验教学存在的几方面问题，结合几间新课程改革优秀学校的教学经验和笔者自身在学校进行实验教学的实践经验，现提出以下几点建议。（一）转变教育观念要让农村教学从根本上得到改革，学校和教师作为教学的管理者，首先要在教学理念上进行转变，明确当前教学过程中，学生才是其学习的主人，而教师则是学生学习活动的促进者、引导者、合作者。而学习不能单凭对理论知识的死记硬背进行吸收，而应主动提倡学生重视知识获取的过程，而非只对结论进行不问所以然的吸收。中学物理教学尤其不可偏离素质教学的轨道，必须重视实验在教学中的作用，加强实验对于物理学习的引导作用。例如在物理电路教学中，通过进行“串、并联电路的连接”教学实验可以采用启发式教学。如首先设置教学情景：“如何利用桌上现有的器材连接成一个电路，使两个小灯泡同时发光，并提示连接的方法可能不止一种。”引导学生利用已有实验器材探究连接电路的探究实验，然后在试验过程中结合串并联电路中电流电压以及各用电器间的关系不断地设置问题情景，引导学生不断思考问题、解决问题，并从这过程中得出串、并联电路的特点，此后通过相应大的专题练习，进一步巩固所学到的知识。（二）改变仪器设备采购制度在农村学校中，由于投标采购制度的不成熟，现在的农村学校的仪器采购大多采用投标的方式，谁报价低就由谁供应仪器，这种恶性竞争，使得实验器材质量远远不达标。建议由上一级乡镇政府统一完善设备采购制度，学校可以自行定期申请采购仪器设备，不进行统一招标，对于采购后的仪器如有损坏或不能用的可退回换新，同时也增加了竞争性，提高仪器设备的质量。（三）科学管理教师资源，并增设专业实验员针对农村学校教师资源不足的问题，应该配置相应的专业实验员，协助教师进行日常的物理教学实验操作，并在操作过程中一同管理学生的实验纪律，保证实验的有序和有效进行，确保实验质量。（四）学校建立相应激励制度针对目前教师对物理实验教学主动性不足的问题，学校可尝试增设实验课时，并每学期给予一定的实验经费。另外，教育部门可多组织开展实验竞赛，并鼓励教师直接辅导学生参加由教育行政部门组织的各级各类科技制作或科学竞赛，并获等级奖，给予指导教师一定的奖励。在学校内部，学校中层管理干部多深入课堂，鼓励教师开展实验教学，长期保持后就能形成系统的教学方法。总之，物理是一门以实验为基础的学科，物理教学少了实验就像无源之水。实验教学是一个系统长期的过程，它是物理教学中的重要组成部分。只有加强农村学校实验教学，优化物理教学课堂，同时也应该加强学习研究，努力提高自身的教学理论水平，使实验教学在以后的教育教学中充分发挥其独特作用，才能全面提高农村中学物理教学质量。参 考 文 献1 陶洪.物理实验论M广西教育出版社,1996年2 廖伯琴.物理教学探讨J物理教学探讨杂志社,2008年第6期3 史唯文.中学物理J中学物理杂志社,2006年第4期4 李洁.初中物理实验教学在农村学校的实施J.初中教师资网，2009年8月请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel any negative change in our relationship. During all these years, we know each other better and we become more tolerant about each other and I realize that i