华兹华斯诗歌之“自然性”浅析.doc

analysis of place and exposition of “nature” in wordsworths poetry华兹华斯诗歌之“自然性”浅析analysis of place and position of “nature” in wordsworths poetrycontentsabstract.1key words.1i. the introduction of wordsworth .1ii. works of wordsworth .32.1 the introduction of his works.42.2 wordsworths conception of “nature”42.2.1 wordsworth and nature .42.2.2 wordsworth and imagination .42.2.3 wordsworth and the revolution in poetry.4iii. place and position of “nature”.43.1 analysis of the “nature” in “i wandered lonely as a cloud”.53.2 “nature teaching” in “nutting derived”.73.3 analysis of the “nature” in “lyrical ballads”.8iv. conclusion .12references .13摘要: 华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、乡民村姑、少男少女闻名于世。文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的抒情歌谣集宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯在1800年抒情歌谣集第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言。此后，华兹华斯的诗歌在深度与广度方面得到进一步的发展，在描写自然风光、平民事物之中寓有深意，寄托着自我反思和人生探索的哲理思维。 关键词: 华兹华斯, 浪漫主义,自然;自然观abstract: the poem of wordsworth is well-known in describing natural scenery, rural area, the villager young woman and young boys and girls. the style of his writing is simple and fresh, naturally smooth, against neoclassicism platform, refined style, and he opened the fresh and lively romantic poem style. wordsworth declares the romanticism as the new birth of poem with kohl law “lyrical chapbook” published together in 1798. wordsworths second preamble explained the new theory of poem detailed in lyrical ballads” in 1800, described common peoples things , thought and emotion in common peoples language, which was praised as the declaration of the romantic poem. the poem of wordsworth got further development in depth and broadness, reside profound meaning in describing the natural scenery, common peoples things, placing the philosophic theory thinking that oneself reviews and explores in life. key words: wordsworth; romanticism; nature; conception of naturei.the introduction of wordsworth william wordsworth was born in cockermouth, cumberland, in 1770. he came from north of england. from his very early years, he had a profound love for nature, which characterizes all his works. his parents died when he was very young, and he was put under the care of his relatives. he was sent to school at hawkshead by his guardian uncles and lived in poverty at the cottage of a village dame. he had no intellectual company and found great comfort in his precious books, and in personal freedom from restraint. hawwkshead was his home, except at holiday periods, from his ninth to his eighteenth year. he went to st johns college, cambridge in 1787, where he found little to interest him. he became very solitary and appeared to be unsociable. in the summer of 1790 he took a walking tour through france and switzerland. after leaving cambridge he settled in london for a time. before the end of 1791 he was back in france again, and stayed there till the end of 1792. he witnessed and sympathized with the french revolution. soon he was forced to return to england because his relatives, in a desperate effort to save him from the guillotine, cut off his allowance. in 1795 his friend raisley calvert left him a legacy of 900 pounds, which enabled him to acquire at once two immensely valuable companions: his sister dorothy and his friend coleridge. at first, wordsworth settled with his sister dorothy at racedown in somersetshire. they lived a frugal way turned and his eyes to “the face of nature” and took an interest in the peasants living in their neighborhood. she also induced him to transform his observation of the landscape into the revelation of the beauty of nature in poetry, and thus “preserved the poet in him.”in 1797 he made friends with coleridge. then they lived together in the quantock hills, somerset, devoting their time to writing poetry. the two romantic poets had strikingly different tempers and literary tastes. both were intensively creative, but wordsworth was more pensive and philosophical while coleridge was more discursive and erratic. coleridge was a wide-ranging reader and a tireless talker. he opened a new world to his readers who had hardly gone beyond the rationalism of the 18th century. wordsworth was more serious and intellectual. nothing was of any use to him unless it was related to part of his life experience. he firmly believed in the restorative power of nature and in the validity of natural emotions. so in their partnership, coleridge was to take up the “supernatural” subjects, while wordsworth was “to give the charm of novelty to thing of every day”. in 1798 they jointly published lyrical ballads. its publication marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century and the beginning of the romantic period in england.in 1802 wordsworth married mary hutchinson, in whom he found an inestimable blessing. at the beginning of 1805 wordsworth suffered a grievous and unforgettable loss when his brother john went down with his ship in the waters of the english channel. a glory had passed away from the world; to live was no longer a delightful experience but only to fulfill a responsibility. the short poem “ode to duty” marked a change in attitude towards life. it was the utterance of the poets resignation. he was no longer the robust son of joy; he was resigned to the burden of living. wordsworth began to age, to look fearfully at the course of the world. no longer politically enthusiastic, he retired to the northern lake district to live in seclusion for a full half century. he became a tory and accepted the office of a distributor of stamps. in 1843 he was named poet laureate, and his importance in the romantic movement was publicly acknowledged. wordsworth died in 1850 when he was eighty.ii.works of wordsworth 2.1 the introduction of his workswordsworths most famous work, the prelude (1850), is considered by many to be the crowning achievement of english romanticism. the poem, revised numerous times, chronicles the spiritual life of the poet and marks the birth of a new genre of poetry. although wordsworth worked on the prelude throughout his life, the poem was published posthumously. wordsworth spent his final years settled at rydal mount in england, traveling and continuing his outdoor excursions. devastated by the death of his daughter dora in 1847, wordsworth seemingly lost his will to compose poems. william wordsworth died at rydal mount on april 23, 1850, leaving his wife mary to publish the prelude three months later. wordsworths poem is well-known in terms of describing natural scenery, scenery of rural area, the villager young woman in village, young boys and girls. the style of writing is simple and fresh, smooth naturally, against neoclassicism platform, refined style, and opened the fresh and lively romantic poem wind. the second preamble edition explain romanticism the new theory of poem in detail in 1800 years . finished in 1805, the long poem the prelude issued in 1850 is his most representative works.he not only creates the theory, but also practices the theory. poem theory of wordsworth waver britain classical governance that poem learn, have promoted the innovation of the british poem and development of romantic sport effectively, therefore the great britain and america reviewer calls britain romantic declarations wordsworths lyrical ballads.2.2 wordsworths conception of nature 2.2.1 wordsworth and nature nature, in all its forms, was important to wordsworth, but he rarely uses simple descriptions. instead he concentrates on the ways in which he responds and relates to the world. he uses his poetry to look at the relationship between nature and human life, and to explore the belief that nature can have an impact on our emotional and spiritual lives.2.2.2 wordsworth and imaginationwordsworth saw imagination as a powerful, active force that works alongside our senses, interpreting the way we view the world and influencing how we react to events. he believed that a strong imaginative life is essential for our well-being. often in wordsworth s poetry, his intense imaginative effort translates into the great visionary moments of his poetry. 2.2.3 wordsworth and the revolution in poetrywordsworth and coleridge were fired by the ideas of the time, which, in terms of literature and art, brought a new stress on individual creativity and a sense of freedom to innovate. the two poets helped to bring about a revolution in poetry, giving it fresh impetus and a new direction. in their day, wordsworth and coleridge were seen as experimental poets, whose work challenged accepted ideas about what poetry was and how it might be written.iii.place and position of “nature”william wordsworth , the romantic poet, is most often described as a nature writer; what the word nature meant to wordsworth is, however, a complex issue. on the one hand, wordsworth was the quintessential poet as naturalist, always paying close attention to details of the physical environment around him (plants, animals, geography, weather, etc).on july 14th, 1789, the parisian people stormed the bastille, which marked the outbreak of the french revolution. before long its great influence swept the whole european continent. in england all social contradictions sharpened in the meantime. workers, peasants, and indeed all people of the lower classes as well as the progressive intellectuals hailed the french revolution and its principle “liberty, equality and fraternity”. in company with the political movement in progress, a new trend also arose in the literary world, namely, romanticism. it prevailed in england during the period 1798-1832. in 1798, “lyrical ballads”, with only about ten thousand words, came out as the manifesto to the english romanticism, marking a new era in english literature. and its authors, william wordsworth and his confidant samuel t. coleridge (1772-1834) became widely known as the “lake poets”. in the preface to the “lyrical ballads”, wordsworth set forth his principles of poetry, which reads “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.” this forms a contrast to the classicism that made reason, order and the old, classical traditions the criteria in its poetical creations. wordsworth holds that firstly the contents of a poem should focus on common country life and the beauty of nature, while the diction of a poem should be plain and vivid with the application of lower-class persons daily language. the two main principles posed a strong challenge to the “upper-class only” neo-classicism and quickly went popular.3.1 analysis of the “nature” in “i wandered lonely as a cloud”in the eighteenth century poems were supposed to serve the upper class, and the theme usually had something to do with the upper-class life. in contrast, romanticism gave much attention to the nature. as a great poet of nature, wordsworth was the first to find words for the most elementary sensations of man face to face with natural phenomena. these sensations are universal and old, but once expressed in his poetry, become charmingly beautiful and new. his deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as “i wandered lonely as a cloud”:i wandered lonely as a cloudthat floats on high oer vales and hills,when all at once i saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils;beside the lake, beneath the thess,fluttering and dancing in the breeze.continuous as the stars that shineand twinkle on the milky way, they stretched in never-ending linealong the margin of a bay:ten thousand saw i at a glance,tossing their heads in sprightly dance.in the first two stanzas the narrator, one version of the poet, tells us that one day when wandering through a landscape, he was struck by the sight of a field of daffodils. the first line “i wondered lonely as a cloud” immediately establishes the speakers loneliness. and in sharp contrast with the poets loneliness, the daffodils are happy and bristling with life: they are “dancing”, and “tossing” their heads. in addition, the daffodils are in large numbers. their vast number is emphasized in the second stanza when the poet describes them as “continuous” and in a “never-ending line”. actually, the emphasis on the happiness of the daffodils and their large number serves to foil the isolation and dispiritedness of the speaker. but this contrast between the speaker and the landscape soon becomes fused or integrated in the third stanza, where the relationship between the poet and the landscape is one of intimate union, suggesting an identity of mood between subject and object: a poet could but be gay, in such a jocund company;and later, in moments of solitude, he recalls the experience, seeing the field again in his mind.for oft, when on my couch i lie,in vacant or in pensive mood, they flash upon that inward eyewhich is the bliss of solitude;and then my heart with pleasure fills,and dances with the daffodils. loneliness once again seizes the poet as he lies on his couch. though physically he is far from nature, he somehow feels sort of connection with it through the power of imagination. a single brief event which occurred in a distant summer landscape is recaptured in the poets mind. meanwhile, the emotional mood attached to that scene is also revived. the diction of this poem is, in general, simple, direct, and clear. the image of the daffodils conveys qualities of movement and radiance through carefully chosen words. at first sight, the flowers are seen as “fluttering and dancing”; then the poet compares the flowers to the “stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way”, and then to the “sparkling waves” of a nearby lake. the daffodils are described as “golden”, not yellow, because “golden” suggests more than a color; it connotes light. these words of movement and radiance create a picture of nature as vital, animated, and glowing. words for joy (glee, sprightly, gay, jocund, bliss) are used in a crescendo that suggests the intensity of the speakers happiness.a different kind of repetition appears in the movement from loneliness to solitude. both words denote aloneness, but they are radically different. the poem moves from the sadly alienated separation felt by the speaker in the beginning, to his joy and satisfaction in re-imagining the natural scene, a movement characterized in such words as “loneliness” and “solitude”. a similar movement is depicted within the final stanza by such words as “vacant” and “fills”. the emptiness of the speakers spirit is transformed into a fullness of feeling as he “remembers” the daffodils. wordsworth develops the vision of the daffodils; and through this simple event, he tries to explore the relationship between humanity and nature. therefore, in his eyes, nature can not only refresh oneself and fill one with happiness, but it can also be reduced into a beautiful memory which will comfort ones heart when in solitude.3.2 “nature teaching” in “nutting derived”one example of nature teaching the young, wordsworth is found in “nutting derived”, a poem in which wordsworth recalls a childhood memory of a day spent wandering through the woods in search of hazelnuts: in the eagerness of boyish hope,i left our cottage-threshold, sallying forthwith a huge wallet oer my shoulder slung,a nutting-crook in hand; and turned my stepstowrd some far-distant wood.the poem describes how the young wordsworth comes across a grove of hazels, which appear unvisited, where not a broken boughdrooped with its withered leaves, ungracious signof devastation; but the hazels rosetall and erect, with tempting clusters hunga virgin scene!this quiet and untouched grove affords him several moments of peace, and he experiences a temper known to those, who, after longand weary expectation, have been blestwith sudden happiness beyond all hope.however, despite the tranquility of the scene, and after resting quietly and contemplating the murmuring brook and mossy stones, the boy rose up,and dragged to earth both branch and bough, with crashand merciless ravage: and the shady nookof hazels, and the green and mossy bower,deformed and sullied, patiently gave uptheir quiet being: and, unless i nowconfound my present feelings with the past,ere from the mutilated bower i turnedexulting, rich beyond the wealth of kings,i felt a sense of pain when i beheldthe silent trees, and saw the intruding sky then, dearest maiden, move along these shadesin gentleness of heart; with gentle handtouch for there is a spirit in the woods. here, nature gives willingly to the intruder both a sense of happiness and calm, and the physical gift of hazelnuts, responding to his violence with stillness. the recognition of these gifts teaches the young boy to respect the silence and dignity of nature, and prompts the poet, upon recollection, to teach others of the gentle spirit of nature. 3.3 analysis of the “nature” in lyrical balladsincluded in lyrical ballads is “she dwelt among the untrodden ways,” a poem that illustrates the beauty wordsworth sees in the isolation and uniqueness of nature and the rural landscape. here, wordsworth describes the loss of lucy, a maiden referred to in many of the lyrica