猜测词义二抓住主题思想三进行推理和判断四确定作者的.ppt

高二英语专题复习高二英语专题复习 阅读技巧 一 猜测词义 二 抓住主题思想 三 进行推理和判断 四 确定作者的观点和态度 生词 1.生词 2.熟词生用 3.一词多义 语 境 线 索 context clues 阅读中的生词问题 2.同义词线索 3.反义词线索 4.例证性线索 5.修饰语线索 1.解释性线索 语境线索 6.标点符号线索 善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. 1.解释性线索 （to be defined as ,to be called, that is to be, to refer to , in another word, in other words ,that is , that is to say） 哑剧 1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 2).The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid; that is , it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. 3).Desert can be defined as a large area of land where there is not enough rain and vegetation to support human life. 人类学 感觉不到的 沙漠 善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 2.同义词线索 (or ,like, similarly，also ) Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 有害的 Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious 多话的 1.Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends. 2.At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business, nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank. 3.In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. 社交的 资金 灌溉 善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 Some people like to walk quickly home, but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way 3.反义词线索(yet, but ,unlike, however, while ,notbut, instead, on the contrary, in contrast, rather than) 漫步 1.Unlike the United States, where many different nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous. 2.Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes. 同类的 静止不变的 Mr.Wang is a gentleman who is always punctual for all his classes, but he arrived over 10 minutes late yesterday morning . （punctual 与 over 10 minutes late 形成鲜明 的对比。“守时的”） 善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 Many United Nations employees are polyglots; Mr Simoson, for example ,speaks five languages fluently. 4.例证性线索 (for example, for instance, such as, like etc.) Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes. 通晓多种语言的人 设备 1).He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks. 2). He takes a special interest in botany which concerns the study of plants. 胡须 植物学 善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks. 5.修饰性线索(词，短语，从句） 变戏法的人 善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 6,标点符号线索:括号、破折号在句中常引出注 释性词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以推 断出词的含义。 1). One of the major features of English vocabulary is polysemymany meanings. 2).The major fault in your composition is redundancy, using more words than necessary to express your idea. 一词多 义的 不简练的 （一）利用比喻关系 The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water. （二）利用因果关系 All his attempts to unlock the door was futile; because she was using the wrong key. (buoyant 为adj. 把热气球升在空中比作玫瑰花瓣 在水中“漂浮的”） (分号前为“果”，后为“因”。因为用错了钥匙 ，所以“开门”的一切尝试都失败了。“无效的，徒 劳的”） （三）利用生活常识 In old days, when girls from rich families were married, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. ( 根据常识，在旧社会，有钱人家的姑娘出嫁当 然要带很多“嫁妆”） -To select the definition of italicized word or phrase nDont listen to his nonsense. A. foolish talk; meaningless words B.beautiful words C. clever talk; meaningful words 2. He misunderstood me. A.understood wrongly B.understood rightly C. understand truly 3. He lived a hard life in pre-liberation days. A. before liberation B.after liberation C. since liberation 4. The first thing Jim did when he got off the train was to look for a porter. A.one who sells tickets B. taxi C. one who carries luggage(行李） Exercise 1 -To tick off the correct choice from A,B,and C. 1. Charles asked the bank for a small loan so that he could repair his house. A.sum of money B.load C. tool 2. One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. A.very tall B.very poor C.very rich 3. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water. A.became sweeter B.became red C.became dry 4. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway. A.direct B.indirect C.straight 5. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. A.small B.large C.dull 阅读技能 如何提高阅读能力 第二专题 抓住主题思想 主题思想是作者在文章中要表达的核 心内容，也是作者始终要说明的问题 。 段落的中心思想常由主题句来表达。 TIPS As a rule, reading work should begin with a general or global understanding of the text, and then move to smaller units such as paragraphs, sentences and words. 英语中的构词法主要有三种： （Derivation） 派生 （Conversion） 转化 （Compounding） 合成 （四）利用构词法知识 How to find the main idea of a passage Sometimes the first sentence of a passage is the topic(key) sentence Sometimes the last sentence is the topic (key) sentence Sometimes the topic(key) sentence is in the middle of a passage Sometimes you have to put several key sentences together to get the main idea Sometimes you cant find the topic(key) sentence in the passage. You have to sum it up yourself. 1Main Idea类型： 选项形式为陈述句。 典型问题形式： What is the main ideapoint of this passage？ The main idea of this article is _. This passage is mainly about _. 2Main Topic类型： 选项形式为名词或名词词组。要求考生指出文 章的Topic（论题）或 Subject（主题），或 Title（标题）等。 What is the main topic of this passage？ The passage is chiefly concerned with _. What is the main subject of the passage? The best title for this passage might be _. 要正确理解一篇文章，关键是要抓住文章的主 题思想。阅读中如何才能抓住文章的主旨大意 呢？通常有两种方法： 1. 找出主题句。一般来讲，文章或段落的 主题句在文章或段落的开头或结尾。 2. 找出主题词。如果文章或段落中找不到 主题句，考生就要找出主题词或关键词， 然后根据对文章的理解自己归纳概括出文 章的中心思想。 （一）、找主题句 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首。 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句 子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新 闻报道中多采用这种格式。 Since plants give off this valuable gas, they are doing other living things a great service, because, since all living things have to breathe, there could easily be a short-age of oxygen in the atmosphere. Green plants, in this way; help to maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere. （2）主题句在段尾。 一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚，或不 易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现 。当作者想要说服读者听信其言时，一般采用此 格式组织句子。 Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses. to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. （3）主题句在段中。 有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概 括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展 开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段 落中间出现，但不是就在正中间。 （二）找主题词 有时段落中没有明显的主题句。作者用一 种间接的方式表达了段落的中心思想。这 时我们不能轻而易举地判断出主旨或主题 这样，主题句是含蓄的，它隐含在短文或 段落之中，需要考生从段落中寻找主题词 或词组。然后用这些主题词或词组概括和 归纳出段落的中心思想。 Some people like to go to beach or a lake for recreation. They enjoy the swimming or boating that is available there. Other people, especially in the hot summer, prefer clean air and cool mountain breezes. Some people like excitement and entertainment. They got to shows and nightclubs. Still other people find that staying home with the family and enjoying the togetherness of spending time with loved ones is the most happy experience of all. People enjoy different kinds of recreation. 主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种 ： 1. 概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细 节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。 2. 概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于 文章阐述的内容。 3. 无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语 言依据的信息。 When the weather is clear, pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level. In low visibility situations, however, the eye and other orientation senses, such as our sense of balance, are not only useless, they may be totally misleading. The only safe way to fly an airplane in low visibility conditions is to use instruments, which indicate the attitude of the airplane. A. In bad weather, the senses can be misleading B. Flying an airplane can be very difficult C. When visibility is low the only safe way to fly an airplane is by using flight instruments. D. When the weather is clear, pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level. 四项选择中A项和d项内容太具体，不能概括段落的主旨思 想。b项内容又太笼统，超出了作者的原意。只有C项才准 确地概括出段落的主旨思想。 阅读技能 如何提高阅读能力 进行推理判断 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的 能力。 此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文 的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是： 题干表现形式： It can be inferred from the text that From the text we know that The story implies that The paragraph following the passage will most probably be It may be concluded from the passage that What would be happy if ? 1.解推断题应注意： (1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点； (2)推理的根据来自于上下文。 1) 题型分类 a) 细节推断题 要求考生根据语篇关系， 推断具体细 节， 如时间，地点， 人物关系， 人物身 份， 事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息 ， 或者借助生活常识进行判断推理。 b) 因果推断题 要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果 的可能原因。 考生要准确掌握文章的内涵 ， 理解文章的真正含义。 c) 人物性格、态度及观点判断题 高考阅读测试中有些是考察考生对作者的主 导思想， 被描写人物语气， 言谈话语中流漏的 情绪， 性格倾向和作者或文中人物， 态度观点 等方面的理解题。 做着一类题注意： i. 由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意 思， 切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。 ii. 特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言， 以及表达感情， 态度观点的词语。 要特别注意作者在文章 中的措辞， 尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。 iii. 能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的 文化传统， 风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。 d) 预测想象推理题 有些内容文章中没有明确说明， 要求 考生根据语篇， 对事件可能的结局或下段 可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。 做这类 题时应把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能 按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关 系， 对比关系来叙述）， 从而作出比较 科学的合情合理的预测。 干扰项的特点： （1） 以假乱真， 编造信息； 不是在文章 事实或上下文逻辑基础上进行推理而得的观点。 （2） 混淆本末， 主次不分； 虽然以文章 提供的事实或内在轮机为基础进行推理， 但推 理过头， 概括过度。 （3） 直接间接不分， 把文章中明确表达 的内容当成推理出来的 （4） 因果颠倒；原文的原因变成了选项中 的结果， 或反之。 Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?“ the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.” Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house， it was _. A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK， they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions； he answers questions. He never says，“I dont know.” Q： Which of the following best describes the writers attitude towards Mr Neff? A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful C. He feels pity for Mr Neff D. He does not like Mr Neff 解析：本文中使用never，还写到Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes.故暗示他对Mr Neff的讨 厌之情。答案为D。 确定作者的观点和态度 TIPS Put yourself in the writers shoes ! 考查理解作者的观点和态度的测试题 This article is particularly written for _. When the writer says he really means _. The authors attitude to is that _. What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage? What is the tone of the writer / passage ? The writers purpose in writing this story is _. 确定作者的意图 一旦你理解了文章的结构，你会更清楚的 理解作者的意图。文章的结构会受到作者意图 的影响。作者的意图可能是告知或者劝说，他 会根据他的意图来为文章选择一种结构或风格 。作者也可能在一篇文章中体现两种意图 告知和劝说，在这种情况下最好确定那种意图 是作者的主要意图。 评价作者的态度 作者在文章中所表现的态度并不一定是中 立的或者客观的，尤其是在他们试图说服读者 同意他们的意见时。理解作者的态度和文章的 主旨或者提供的信息之间的关系就显得尤为重 要。这是因为，作者的态度会影响文章中信息 的表达方式。你应该着眼于确定作者态度的方 法，以及评价作者态度是保持中立还是带有偏 见。 neutral 中立的 positive肯定的，积极的 optimistic negative否定的，消极的 pessimistic objective客观的 subjective主观的 critical批评的 praiseful 赞扬的 favorable赞成的 ironic 讽刺的 doubtful 怀疑的 sympathetic 同情的 pitiful 如何领会作者的观点。一般说来，通读全 文，掌握主题思想和主要事实，这样我们 能判断出作者的观点。作者在陈述自己的 观点时，有时直截了当，但更多的时候作 者借用别人的观点来表明自己的立场和态 度。有时作者先介绍某一观点，但通过 “yet”，“however”，“but”等转折词来提出与 前面相反的观点，表明自己的态度。因此 ，我们在确定作者观点时，必须将上下文 联系起来分析，记住文章中有时作者所陈 述的内容并非代表作者的观点。 Prof. Bakers publish has stated that this new book will soon take the place of all the old standard works in this field: in view, however, of both the style and content of Prof. Bakers book, I find this claim most difficult to accept. What is the writers attitude towards Prof. Bakers book? A. Positive B. Praiseful C. Negative D. Ironic When I first opened the package containing a copy of Prof. Bakers latest book and read its title. I must admit I felt a sudden sinking of the heart, yet once I had gathered courage to begin my reading. I found the work so far beyond my wildest hopes that I missed the supper rather than put the book down unfinished. What is the writers attitude towards Prof. Bakers book? A. Doubtful B. Praiseful C. Negative D. ironic 辨别文章的笔调，推断作者的态度。有效阅读要 求我们能够运用多种技巧，包括识别文章的笔调 。笔调在文章中能提示作者的感情、态度和立场 观点。“the tone of voice”这一概念我们都非常熟 悉。要表示对一件事情的愤怒、厌倦、高兴等不 同情感，我们在说话时只要改变一下语调就可以 。例如：I am really glad you called right now, even though I was in the shower.在阅读中，我 们只能通过辨别文章的笔调，来了解作者的感情 和态度。作者在表露自己感情和态度时，注意选 词造句，注意表达思想的不同方法，从字面直接 陈述中，流露出他的感情和态度。 辨认语气及含义。领会语气，识别反语，辨认讽 刺是阅读能力上水平的体现。它们在阅读中体现 了作者对主题、人物甚至是作者本人的态度，从 作者所写的文字中我们常可以推断出隐含的，甚 至与字面意义完全相反的意思来。 例如：当你的朋友与你约会再次迟到时，你 对他说：“Well, Im glad youre on times as usual.“ 你真的高兴吗？你不是委婉地批评他老 是迟到吗？ “slim”，“delicate”，“skinny”及“emaciated”这几 个英语单词，如果无法区分这些词的细微含义， 那么，这些单词的词义仅仅是“thin”，而不再有 其他的意思。阅读理解强的读者，能根据语篇提 供的线索把这些词义理解到位，真正理解作者的 思想意图。“slim ”意思是“瘦”(thin) 的意思，属于 褒义词，相当于汉语的“苗条”。“delicate”用在“a small delicate person”这样的短语中有“娇嫩小巧 ”之意，相当于汉语的“娇弱”“娇柔”的意思。 “skinny”指“非常瘦”(very thin)，有贬义之意，指 瘦的难看或皮包骨头的人。“emaciated”意为由 于疾病、饥饿而“消瘦”“衰弱”，属于病态的“瘦弱” 。 作者态度题的解题技巧 *不要把自己的态度揉入其中，也要区 分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度 *当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学 会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的 态度 *作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联 作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞 同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的 人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是 厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色 彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修 饰的词语之中。如： Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿)，and death. Frankly，Im sick of all this bad news. This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _. A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform 解析：作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登 载坏新闻，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二 是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪（对坏 新闻厌恶透了），故应选A。 With a touch of a button, television brings the world into the home of modern man. Through the miracle of television, man can be informed about events in far-off countries. He can be entertained by humorous comedies, or he can be moved by stirring dramas. Television broadens the mind and enriches the lives of people everywhere. The write thinks that television is _. A. a great invention B. a bad thing C. a great surprise D. of no use If I had to select a word that best describes the majority of American parents, that word would be GUILTY-RIDDEN(内疚的).How sad it is to see parents become the willing victims(受害者) of the “give me game”, only to discover that no matter what they do, it isnt enough. In the end, they are blamed when their spoiled children get into trouble. With this in mind, I shall first answer the question: “ What do parents owe their children?” and I shall start with what they dont owe them. The authors attitude towards the parents is_ A.angry B. pitiful C. disappointedD. satisfied The question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer should be treated with courtesy(礼貌) and that those who go out to work should