高考英语二轮复习 考前三个月 专题一 阅读理解 技法剖析 授之以渔

系统掌握蕴含其中的马克思主义立场观点方法，要在系统学习、深刻领会、科学把握习近平教育思想上下功夫。精心组织开展学习宣传贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神知识问答活动。专题一 阅读理解 技法剖析 授之以渔考情分析1近三年全国卷阅读理解话题分布情况年份类型ABCD2016全国四位不同领域的女性先驱及其贡献老人在子女附近居住运送造血干细胞的工作经历沉默的不同含义全国四则广告：一个讲座、一个喜剧演员的演出、一个喜剧演员的工作室以及一个有爵士乐和美食的好去处通过拼装玩具培养孩子们的创造性和动手能力图书漂流网站的图书分享活动一次航海活动的记录全国音乐活动的广告女作家请朋友吃饭的一次经历节日(Apple Day)网络时代的好消息与坏消息2015全国伦敦运河博物馆的每月会谈快乐的萨拉索塔农贸市场之旅巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心心理学咖啡馆全国让人郁闷的彩色电视机室内环境对身材的影响“间隔年”现象四条一日游线路2014全国针对学生参加创新挑战赛的参赛通知旅鸽驯兽师的启示如何拯救那些面临消亡的语言全国失而复得的手提箱保护环境Chinese au pair在美国流行地铁袖珍指南2.近三年全国卷阅读理解题型分布情况年份类型细节理解题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题文章结构题观点态度题2016全国941100全国841200全国8312012015全国940101全国11111012014全国750201全国941100技法剖析授之以渔一 定位关键信息，拨云见日巧解细节理解题设问特点1考查事件、地点、人物和物品的具体细节；2问题一般比较直白；3答案常是原文的一句话或一个词，但可能变换了说法；4有时以true，false或untrue，except等提问；5错误答案往往明显与原文内容不符。常考问题1Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage?2Which of the following(sentences/statements) is NOT true according to the passage?3According to the passage，all of the following are true EXCEPT .4The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT .5In the passage，the author states that .6According to the passage，when(where，why，how，who，etc.).?7Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.8Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of.?解题技巧1速读题干抓“关键”，“跳读”文章锁信息，找准信息源是关键，即含有信息的那一段或那一句。2正误判断题：题干原文静心觅。在解答时要带着原题回到原文中，看它们之间的吻合性。这类题目头绪繁杂，在解题时一定要避免急躁心理。3数字计算题：“加减乘除”巧破解。弄清询问数据与原文数据的因果关系，必要时进行加减乘除或单位换算。4Paraphrase是常用手法，即把原文的说法换一种说法。5错误答案可能部分是正确的，但以偏概全；也可能根据常识正确但却与原文内容不符。典例(2016全国，A片段)Rosa Parks (19132005)On December 1,1955，in Montgomery，Alabama，Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year，and kicked off the civilrights movement.“The only tired I was，was tired of giving in，” said Parks.23Who made a great contribution to the civilrights movement in the US.?AJane Addams. BRachel Carson.CSandra Day OConnor. DRosa Parks.答案D解析细节理解题。由题干可以迅速将答案锁定在文章最后一段，根据“Her simple act landed Parks in prison.and kicked off the civilrights movement.”所提供的信息可知，Parks为美国的民权运动做出了极大贡献。故选D项。二 理顺上下文语境，字斟句酌攻克推理判断题设问特点1考查暗含的信息，文章没有直说。这类试题的题干中常含infer(推断)，learn about(知道)，suggest(暗示)，imply(暗示)，conclude(推断)，indicate(暗示)等词语；2在原文中一定能找到暗示；3设问含义深刻，不像细节理解题那么直白；4正确选项既符合逻辑，又与全文主旨一致；5错误选项的特点是过于直白，歪曲事实或夸大其词。常考问题1We can infer from the passage that .2The passage/author implies/suggests that .3It can be concluded from the passage that .4From the passage we can tell .5The writer suggests in the beginning that .6What probably happened in the end?解题技巧1根据事实细节，合理推断信息。在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠于原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。2解题时应注意以下两点：(1)直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项；(2)推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。3推理判断的主要方法：抓住关键词，结合全文，归纳演绎。归纳是具体到抽象，个别到一般；演绎是一般到个别，抽象到具体。4要依据原文推理判断，牢记是在原文中考查作者的想法，而不是考生本人的想法，原文是唯一的判断依据。典例(2016上海，C片段)Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark？“I think if you went and did the survey，people would like to think they would，” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton，UK，who studies open data.“We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter，he says.74It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether .Asocial media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeBpeople would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkCa kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleDthe kitemark would help companies develop their business models答案B解析推理判断题。根据第五段Nigel Shadbolt说“.if you went and did the survey，people would like to think they would.”，最后一句又说“But what would happen in practice is another matter，he says.”由此可推断，Nigel Shadbolt怀疑人们是否会真正和他们想的那样注意认证标记。故B项正确。三 探寻主线或主题，高瞻远瞩锁定主旨大意题设问特点1考查标题归纳、全文主旨或段落大意；2正确选项概括范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确；3错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或是偏离主题，主观臆断；4常以main idea，best idea，subject，mainly discuss等词提问。常考问题1The best title for this passage is .2The passage (or the first paragraph) is mainly about .3What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?4The passage chiefly discusses/deals with .5The passage mainly tells us that .6The main idea of the first/second/third.paragraph probably is .解题技巧1如原文有标题，则标题常反映主旨大意。2如问段落大意，应注意首句和尾句。3主旨信息常在for example之前，all in all之后。4若段首为疑问句，则回答即主题。5作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。6表示总结或结论的话常有therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等。典例(2015浙江，C片段)If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet.Instead，we are diurnal creatures，with eyes adapted to living in the suns light.This is a basic evolutionary fact，even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night：Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.54What might be the best title for the passage?AThe Magic Light BThe Orange HazeCThe Disappearing Night DThe Rhythms of Nature答案C解析标题归纳题。整篇文章都在说明光污染给生物带来的巨大影响，本来是宁静、舒适的夜晚也被人类设计的灯光所影响。所以，标题应该是The Disappearing Night。四 洞察逻辑关系，顺藤摸瓜明辨词义猜测题设问特点1从原文中找单词、短语或句子设问；2只有在具体的上下文中才可判断准确；3所考单词有的是生词，有的是旧词新意；4正确选项的特征是放在原文不仅单句合理，全文也合理；5错误选项或是字面意思，或是故意胡说；6考查某些指示代词的具体指代。常考问题1The word/phrase “.” in the passage means .2The word/phrase “.” could be best replaced by .3Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to “.”？4The word/phrase “.” probably refers to .5According to the passage，the word “.” is known as .6The underlined word “.” in Paragraph.means .解题技巧1利用构词法猜词英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。2利用语境及逻辑关系猜词利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。3利用同义解释猜词同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is (to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。4利用常识及生活经验猜词考生要运用非语言知识提示来提高分析能力，力图理解阅读中的生词，以明确把握作者的意图。典例(2016全国，C片段)I am Peter Hodes，a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012，Ive done 89 tripsof those,51 have been abroad，I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.In all，from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient，weve got 72 hours at most.So I am always conscious of time.29Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?Aprovider Bdelivery manCcollector Dmedical doctor答案B解析词义猜测题。由下文可知，“我”是一名志愿者，从事干细胞递送的工作。所以答案为B。五 理清全文构架，画龙点睛勾勒文章结构题设问特点1问题主要考查对文章结构的把握能力；2考查对文章组织形式的判断；3考查对文章基本架构的理解。常考问题1How is the text organized?2The author develops the passage mainly by .3The text is mainly developed in the order of .4Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?5The first paragraph serves as a(n) .6What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?解题技巧1发挥整体感悟能力，做结构题也要了解全文的主题。2判断文章体裁类型，是议论文、记叙文还是说明文。3记叙文通常以时间、地点或故事情节发展(开端、发展、高潮、结局)等为序进行写作。4议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类：“提出论点分论点一分论点二分论点三结论”；第二类：“引入段导出论点分点论述结论”；第三类：“提出问题分析问题解决问题”；第四类：“提出反面观点批驳反面观点提出正面观点”。5说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作。6了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构(总分；总分总；分总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)。典例(2016北京，D)Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity.However，now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence，during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations，college was a decisive break from parental control；guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades，however，continued connection with and dependence on family，thanks to cell phones，email and social media，have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility，universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility，college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally.While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges，we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群体) differs from the family，many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern，they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.Moreover，the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults：the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled，the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out，particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore，there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values，social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and selfregulation，of the necessary tension between safety and selfdiscovery.70Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I：Intro