中考必备语法 动词的被动语态.doc

中考必备语法 动词的被动语态二、考点跟踪解读 1.理解动词的语态在不同语境中的应用和结构变化。2.掌握相应的谓语动词变化形式和常用结构。3.掌握主动语态和被动语态之间的相互转化。4.掌握一般现在时，一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。三、要点精讲全解语态表明主谓之间的关系。英语的语态有主动语态和被动语态之分。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：he opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）the door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）（一）被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化：时态谓语动词构成一般现在时am/ is /arep.p.（vt.)（及物动词的过去分词）一般过去时was/were一般将来时will be现在完成时have/has been现在进行时am/is are+being过去进行时was/were+ being1.一般现在时：be（am/ is/ are）+ 及物动词的过去分词english is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。2.一般过去时：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词my bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。3.现在完成时：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。4.一般将来时：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词a speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。5.现在进行时：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词uncle wang is mending my bike now. my bike is being repaired by tom now.6.过去进行时：was/were+及物动词的过去分词this road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。7.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词your homework must be handed in tomorrow. 明天必须交上你的作业。被动语态的一般疑问句，须将第一个助动词移至主语之前构成。否定句须在助动词之后加not。如：肯定句：the letter is written in english.否定句：the letter isnt written in english.一般疑问句：is the letter written in english?（二）被动语态的用法1. 不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如：the bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。2.当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。如： the room hasnt been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。（三）主动语态变为被动语态1主动语态变为被动语态的步骤分清主句主谓宾，宾变主来主by宾。谓变be done 时不变，注意数格抄其余。即：（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语。如果主动句的宾语是代词，将其由宾格变为主格。bruce writes a letter every week. a letter is written by bruce every week. tom killed him. he was killed by tom. （2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”。根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。they held a meeting yesterday. a meeting was held by them yesterday.he has written two novels so far.two novels have been written by him so far.lucy is writing a letter now.a letter is being written by lucy now. they will plant ten trees tomorrow.ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.you must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave.（3）将主动语态的主语改为被动语态的by的宾语。如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。如：he sang a song. a song was sung by him. 2主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项（1）无to的要加to对于感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make等），它们用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但变为被动语态时，我们要把不带to的动词不定式前加上to。即：秃头带帽。如：i saw him make a face just now. he was seen to make a face just now.mother made her stay at home last sunday.she was made to stay at home last sunday. （2）双宾语要变人，变物要加to 或for。有些动词有双宾语，间接宾语（指人）和直接宾语（指物）。在变为被动语态时，一般要把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语；但要把直接宾语的变为被动语态的主语时，在间接宾语前要添加介词to或for。（buy, make, draw, sing等用for, 其它一般用to）如：i gave him a book yesterday.he was given a book yesterday.a book was given to him yesterday. she bought me a bike last week.i was bought a bike last week. a bike was bought for me last week.（3）动词词组是整体，不可省去任何词。不及物动词没有被动语态，但有些不及物动词加上适当的介词或副词构成动词词组后，能有自己的宾语，故有被动语态。在由主动语态变为被动语态时，要把动词词组看作是一个整体，不可省去其介词或副词。she often takes good care of the babies.the babies are often taken good care of by her.he listens to the radio every day. the radio is listened to by him every day.（四）使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1.主语是表示地点的名词变为被动语态主语是表示地点的名词变为被动语态，此名词不能变为“by”的宾语，应在前面加介词“in，on”或“at”。 如：the factory makes cars. cars are made in the factory. the farm grows rice. rice is grown on the farm.2. 不及物动词无被动语态。不及物动词没有宾语，若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)， appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，等。what will happen in 100 years？一百年以后将会发生什么呢？3.主动形式表示被动意义。英语中有些词语或句型可以用主动形式表示被动意义，而且这种情况还比较常见。如果我们不注意就有可能会用错，所以有必要把这种情况做个了解。下面是主动形式表示被动意义的一些典型形式。（1）want, need, require等词后用主动形式表被动意义。this shirt needs washing/to be washed.这件衬衣该洗了。（2连系动词 look, feel, smell, taste, sound,等后加形容词也表示被动意义。it tastes sweet.这有甜味。（3）be worth doing something句型中用主动形式表示被动意义。the idea is well worth considering.这个想法很值得考虑。（4）不定式做后置定语，且与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是动宾关系，与句子主语在逻辑上是主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。they have a lot of work to do this week.他们这周有很多工作要做。（5）当不定式前有good, easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, heavy, light, dangerous, safe等形容词修饰且与句子的逻辑主语是动宾关系时用主动表示被动意义。 these shoes are not very comfortable to wear.这双鞋穿起来不太舒服。（6）有些及物动词和及物动词短语(多表示“静态”)不能用于被动语态，常见的有have, cost, last, own, hold, fit, agree with等。the party lasted for two hours last night. 晚会昨天晚上持续了两个小时。（五）初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有： 1. be covered with被覆盖 2.be made of由制作（发生物理变化）be made from由制作（发生化学变化） be made in由（某地）制造 be made by被（某人）制造 3. be used for被用来 be used as被当作（作为）来使用 be used to do sth被用来做某事 4. be filled with 被装满5.it is said that据说 it is well known that众所周知四、思维误区警示（一）考查主动形式，被动意义【例题解析】1.（孝感市） these apples _ well because they _ nice. a. are sold, lookb. sell, lookc. sell, are looked d. are sold, are looked 答案：b。本题考查主动形式，被动意义。sell和连系动词look没有被动语态。2. the library needs , but itll have to wait until sunday. a. cleaning b. be cleaned c. clean d. being cleaned答案：a. need (实意) +（to do）sth.，need (情态)+ do；当表示“需要被做某事”用need doing sth. 本题考最后一种用法，选a。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。【易错知识点解析】look, smell, taste, feel等表示感觉的连系动词；sell作“销量（好坏）”；be worth doing意为“值得做”；happen / take place; belong to（属于）等动词的主动形式表被动意义。（二）考查被动语态结构【例题解析】1.（宁波）waiter, id like some ninbo dumplings. sorry, sir. ninbo dumplings_ only for lunch and dinner. a. serve b. served c. are served d. are serving 答案：c.本题考查一般现在时的被动语态，be (am/is/are)+p.p.2.（天津） did you go to jacks birthday party? no, i _. a. am not invited b. wasnt invited c. havent invited d. didnt invite 答案：b。本题考查一般过去时的被动语态。 was/were+p.p.【易错知识点解析】被动语态的结构是“be及物动词的过去分词（p.p.）.被动语态的不同时态是通过be的变化而实现的，其人称和数要和主语一致。（三）考查主动语态变为被动语态【例题解析】1. （四川）the children ate up all the apples.（改为被动语态） all the apples _ _up by the children.2. （辽宁）people use computer widely in the world. （改为同义句） computers _widely _in the world 答案：1. were eaten 2. are, used 【易错知识点解析】首先把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，再把谓语动词变为：be+p.p.,并通过be的变化来表达不同的时态，最后把主动句中的主语改为介词by的宾语。（四）考查短语动词被动语态【例题解析】1. （广东）a neighbor helped to keep our dogs. it _while we were on holiday.a. was taken care b. took care of c. is taken care of d. was taken care of 答案：d. take care of是一个词组，在变为被动语态时，应该看作一个整体。 2. （盐城）she will take good care of the children（变被动语态） the children will _ _ _ _ _ （by her）答案： be taken good care of【易错知识点解析】短语动词在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。（五）考查双宾语的被动语态【例题解析】1. （黔江）her mother gave her a new pen. （改为被动语态）a new pen _ _ _by her mother. 2. she bought me a bike last week. （改为被动语态） a bike _ _ _me by her. 答案：1. was given to 2. was bought for 【易错知识点解析】含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变； 将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。（六）考查含有复合宾语动词的被动语态【例题解析】1. （鸡西）the poor man was made_in the fields. . to work b. work c. working 答案：a。 make sb. do sth.的被动语态是：be made to do sth. 2. （济南）the young man was often seen _by the lake. a. to draw b. to drawing c. draw d. drew答案：a。see sb. do sth.的被动语态是：be seen to do sth. 3. （河北）we _to close the window before we left the lab.a. tell b. told c. are told d. were told 答案： d。 tell sb. to do sth. 的被动语态是be told to do sth. 【易错知识点解析】 一些动词能有自己的宾语和宾语补足语，构成 “svo+oc”。动词用何种语态，关键取决于动词后是否有宾语，一般有宾语就要用主动语态，没有宾语就要用被动语态。主动语态中, hear, see , feel等感官动词及let, make, have等使役动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补。但这些词在作谓语的被动结构中，to 要还原。【中考演练】i. 单项选择。1. english _ in canada, australia and new zealand as well as america and britain. a. speaks b. is speaking c. is spoken d. spoke2. what should we do first if we want to develop our village?a lot of new roads _, i think. a. must build b. have to build c. must be built d. have built3. please say “i am here” when your name_, will you? yes, mr. hu.a. will be called b. calls c. is called d. is called4. the boy _ to get supper ready after school a. was told b. is telling c. were told d. tells5. your coat looks niceis it _ cotton？yes. its shanghai.a. made of；made by b. made of；made in c. made for；made by d. made for；made in 6. the telephone _by alexander graham bell in 1876. a. was invented b. has been invented c. is invented d. will be invented7. a talk on developments in science and technology _ in the school hall next week. a. given b. will be given c. has been given d. gives8. this kind of food _ cool, clean and dry according to the instruction. a. should be carried b. must be put c. should be taken d. must be kept9. the flowers _ every day. or theyll die. a. must water b. can be watered c. should water d. must be watered10. great changes _ in china during the past 20 years. a. have happened b. happened c. have been happened d. were happenedii.用动词的适当形式填空.1. these pictures (take) in beijing last spring.2. both english and french (speak) in canada.3. these things cant (put) in this room.4. our time should (make) good use of.5. he (tell) to do the work just now.6. i (make) to wash clothes yesterday.7. the glass (break) by my sister this morning.8. the sports meeting (hold) in our school next sunday.9. dont worry about her. she (meet) by her friends as soon as he arrives.10. the bridge (build) in 2000.iii. 按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。 1.teachers must take good care of the students（改为被动语态） the students must _ _good care of. 2. was he made to stay at home by his parents yesterday? （改为主动语态） did his parents make_ _at home yesterday?3. people plant trees in spring.（改为被动语态） trees _ _in spring.4. a famous american writer wrote the book years ago.（改为被动语态） the book _ _by a famous american writer years ago. 5. ken is often h