人体解剖ppt课件

LOGO Anatomy Unit 1 English for Graduate Students Contents Brain-stormings1 Background Information 2 Text Explanation 3 Discussion and Presentation 4 V Translation in Medical Literature 5 After-class Reading and Writing 6 I Brainstorming vLets review some of the words you have learnt concerning anatomy: vSystematic anatomy vTopographic anatomy vAnterior posterior vInternal external vSuperficial profound vProximal distal vUlnar radial 系统解剖 局部解剖 前 后 内 外 浅 深 近侧远侧 尺侧桡侧 II Background information vWho do you know is the father of anatomy? Please say something about him. vWho do you know is the father of contemprory anatomy? vHerophilus vHerophilus of Chalcedon is the early “Father of Anatomy“ and Galen remarked that he was the first to have dissected human and animal bodies. Pliny states Herophilus was the first man to search for the cause of disease by human dissection, and goes on to say that Pharaoh Ptolemy witnessed some of these dissections. Celsus gave Herophilus credit for using prisoners condemned to die as subjects of study immediately previous to their last breath, by order of the sovereign. He was the first to accurately differentiate nerves, tendons, and arteries from veins. He divided motor from sensory nerves. He taught that the brain was the seat of the intelligence. He recognised pulsations in arteries and counted them with the aid of a clepshydra or water-clock. Herophilus gave us the name of the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum, which means “12 fingers long.“ He also named the prostate gland which means “guard“ of the bladder. His name is attached to the confluence of the venous sinuses in the occipital region of the cerebrum (the torcular of Herophili). This keen anatomist described the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, chyliferous vessels, and genital organs from which he wrote at least nine treatises. Is there any wonder that he is referred to as the early Father of Anatomy III Text Explanation vIn this unit, we are going to learn the structure of a lung and a kidney. vFirst, please read the new words and expressions. vPlease match column A with column B v A B v1vascular a 肋间的 v2 bronchial b 主动脉 v3 nutritive c 营养的 v4 alveolar d 心室 v5 aorta e 支气管的 v6 intercostal f 血管的 v7 ventricle j 小气泡 f e c j b a d v1 shunt a 门 v2 hilum b 小动脉 v3 coronal c 心房 v4 cortex d 髓质 v5 medulla e 皮质 v6 periphery f 毛细血管 v7 arteriole g 分流 v8 capillary h 外周的 v9 atrium I 冠状的 g a i e d h b f c III-2 In-class Reading Part A The Blood Vessels of the Lung In-class reading . Part B Elements of Renal Structure Part A vThe Blood Vessels of the Lung vThe lung receives its blood supply from two vascular systemsthe bronchial and pulmonary circulations. The nutritive blood flow to all but the alveolar structures comes from the bronchial circulation, which originates from the aorta and upper intercostal arteries and receives about 1 per cent of the cardiac output. vAbout one third of the venous effluent of the bronchial circulation drains into the systemic veins and back to the right ventricle. The remainder drains into the pulmonary veins and, along with the contribution from the thebesian veins in the heart, represents a component of the 1 to 2 per cent right-to-left shunt found in normal subjects. The pulmonary arterial system runs alongside the airways from the hila（肺门）to the periphery. vThe arteries down to the level of the subsegmental airways (2-mm diameter) are thin-walled, predominantly elastic vessels. Beyond this, the arteries become muscularized until they reach diameters of 30m, at which point the muscular coat disappears. vMost of the arterial pressure drop takes place in these small muscular arteries, which are responsible for the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung. vThe pulmonary arterioles empty into an extensive capillary network and drain into thin-walled pulmonary veins, which eventually join with the arteries and bronchi at the hilum and exit the lung to enter the left atrium. (P133) Questions v1. Where do the lungs get their blood supply? v2. Does the nutritive blood flow to the alveolar structures? The lung receives its blood supply from two vascular systemsthe bronchial and pulmonary circulations. No. It flows to all but the alveolar structures. v3. Where does 1 per cent of the cardiac output go? v4. What are the arteries down to the level of the subsegmental airways? It goes to the bronchial circulation. They are thin-walled, predominantly elastic vessels. v5. What is/ are responsible for the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung? Small muscular arteries are responsible for the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung. Part B vElements of Renal Structure v The human kidneys are anatomically positioned in the retroperitoneal space at level of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. Each adult kidney weighs approximately 150gm and measures about 12 by 6 by3cm. A coronal section of the kidney reveals two distinct regions. vThe outer region, the cortex, is about 1 cm in thickness. The inner region is the medulla and is made up of several conical structures. The bases of these pyramidal structures are located at the corticomedullary junction, and the apices extend into the hilum of the kidney as the papillae. vEach papilla is enclosed by a minor calyx; these calyces collectively communicate with major calyces, forming the renal pelvis. Urine that flows from the papillae is collected in the renal pelvis and passes to the bladder through the ureters. vBlood is delivered to each kidney from a main renal artery branching from the aorta. The main artery usually divides into two main segmental branches, which are further subdivided into lobar arteries supplying the upper, middle, and lower regions of the kidney. vThese vessels subdivide further as they enter the renal parenchyma and create interlobar arteries that course toward the renal cortex. These smaller arteries provide perpendicular branches, the arcuate arteries, at the corticomedullary junction. vInterlobular arteries arising from the arcuates extend into the cortex. The glomerular capillaries receive blood through afferent arterioles that originate from these terminal interlobular arteries. vHistologically, the kidney is composed of a vbasic structural unit known as the vnephron.Each human kidney contains vapproximately 1 million nephrons. The vnephron is composed of two major components: va filtering element composed of an venclosed capillary network (the glomerulus) v and an attached tubule. The tubule vcontains several distinct anatomic and v functional segments. (518words) v v(from (P182 CECIL Essentials of Medicine 3rd edition by Thomas E.Anderoli, vJ.Claude Bennett, Charles C.J. Carpenter, Fred Plum and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr. ) Questions v 6.Where do afferent arterioles come from? v 7.What do the interlobular arteries provide at the corticomedullary junction? Afferent arterioles come from terminal interlobular arteries. These small arteries provide perpendicular branches, the arcuate arteries, at the corticomedulary junction. Word Formation v kidney 英 肾 v ren- 拉 (prefix) 肾 renal adj. 肾的 v renal duct 输尿管 (ureter) v renal function test (= kidney function test) 肾功能试验 v renal calculus klkjuls 肾结石 v nephr(o)- 希 (prefix) 肾 nephric adj. 肾的( 同renal) v nephric duct 肾管 v nephritis nefraitis n. 肾炎 (nephritic adj. 肾炎的) v nephritic calculus klkjuls 肾结石 (同 renal calculus ) Word formation vheart 英 心 vcardi(o)- 希 (prefix) 心 v cardiac- adj. 心的 v cardiac muscle 心肌 v cardiac output 心输出量 cardioacceleratory .k: dikselrtri adj. 心动加速 的 Word formation vlung 英 肺 vpulmo- pulmon(o)- 拉 (prefix) 肺 vpulmonary plmnri adj. 肺的 vpulmogram plm grm n. 肺部造影 片 vpulmonology plmnldi n. 肺病学 Word formation vcut 英 切（断） v-tomy 希 (suffix) 切开术 voophorotomy .frtmi n. 卵巢切 开术，卵巢切除术 vototomy ttmi n. 耳切开术 vurethrotomy .jrirtmi n. 尿道切 开术 IV Discussion and presentation vNow we are going to read a passage and then according to what you have read, make a 3- minute presentation. V- 1 Translation (EnglishChinese) vBronchiectasis (chronic dilatation and inflammation of large or small bronchi and bronchioli) has a predilection for the basal segments of both lower lobes, the right middle lobe and the lingual of the left upper lobe. vThe nutritive blood flow to all but the alveolar structures comes from the bronchial circulation, which originates from the aorta and upper intercostal arteries and receives about 1 per cent of the cardiac output. vThese vessels subdivide further as they enter the renal parenchyma and create interlobar arteries that course toward the renal cortex. Answers v支气管扩张(大支气管或小支气管以及细支气管慢 性扩张和炎症)特别容易发生在两肺下叶基底部, 右肺中叶和左肺上叶小舌。 v因为支气管循环始于肺主动脉和上部肋间动脉, 获得约百分之一的心输出量,所以肺除气泡以外的 其他部位都依赖支气管循环提供营养血液。 v当这些血管进入肾实质并形成肾皮质走向的叶间 动脉时，将不断向周围分出许多侧支。 V -2 Translation ( Chinese -English) v 医学英语文摘翻译 v文摘的标题 v文摘的标题应简明、注目，突出论文中心，便于 检索。 v 大多数标题使用: v 名词短语+ 介词（或修饰语） v例如： vAortic Valve Insufficiency in a 45- year-old Male v 一45岁男性二尖瓣关闭不全病例讨论 v (Case Studies, Lab Medicine, June 2005) v2）Pleural Fluid Neopterin Levels in Tuberculous Pleurisy v (Clinical Biochemisty ,2007) v副标题的作用 v1突出重点内容 v 3) Acute-on-Chronic Renal Failure in the Rat: Functional Compensation and Hypoxia Tolerance v (Nephrology, February 24, 2006) v2 突出研究方法 v 4) New Insights into Erectile Dysfunction: A Practical Approach v (American Journal of Medicine, August 1998) v3 突出病例数 5) 62例心脏超声指导室间隔缺损介入治疗的应 用研究 v Echocardiography in transcatheter closure of ventricule septal deficit：a practical study of 62 cases Translation Exercise vPlease translate the following vsentences into English: v1.进行性肾脏病的新靶点趋化因子受体CCR1研 究 v2. 糖尿病酮症酸中毒诊断和治疗综述. v3 对慢性肾病及Tx移植病人血浆Cystatin C 和 肌酸酐之间的关系研究 Answers v 1.Chemokine Receptor CCR1: A new target for progressive kidney disease v (Nephrology ,July 22, 2005) v2.Overview of the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. v (The American Journal of the Medical Sciences) v3.Relationship between Plasma Cystatin C and Creatinine in Chronic Renal Diseases and Tx-transplant patients v ( Clinical Biochemistry) VI After class reading and writing vPlease read the following passage after class and write a summery . Answer vSynopsis vHow does the food people eat get to the cells? It is well known that the food people eat goes into the body through the mouth, the gullet and the stomach.