广水市花山水库水源地保护工程1.doc

running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. at that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. the officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. when they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. the man obviously wanted to talk. he was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. the prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. as the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could. lesson82 monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼？fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these monsters which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish. occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea. some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near madagascar. a small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. when it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. it had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, the fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.lesson83 after the elections 大选之后the former prime minister, mr wentworth lane, was defeated in the recent elections. he is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. my friend, crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of mr lanes radical progressive party. after the elections, crawley went to the former prime ministers house. when he asked if mr lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-prime minister had gone abroad. on the following day, crawley went to the house again. the same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when crawley asked the same question. though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. the day after, crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. this time, the policeman lost his temper. i told you yesterday and the day before yesterday, he shouted, mr lane was defeated in the elections. he has retired from political life and gone to live abroad ! i know, answered crawley, but i love to hear you say it ! lesson84 on strike 罢工busmen have decided to go on strike next week. the strike is due to begin on tuesday. no one knows how long it will last. the busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. many owners of private cars are going to offer free rides to people on their way to work. this will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. all the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. the students are going to take the test in two days time. even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. but so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the press. only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!lesson85 never too old to learn 活到老学到老i have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, mr regmald page, will be retiring next week. pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. all those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmasters home. we shall all remember mr page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. a great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next thursday. it is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, mr page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. after he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. for him, this will be an entirely new hobby. but this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn. lesson86 out of control 失控as the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. he waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violent1y into the sea. the speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. both men had just begun to swim towards the shore. when they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. it now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. in less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. after it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return. they had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. on this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. the petrol had nearly all been used up. before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift gently across the water.lesson87 a perfect alibi 极好的不在犯罪现场的证据at the time the murder was committed, i was travelling on the 8.0 oclock train to london, said the man.do you always catch such an early train ? asked the inspector.of course i do, answered the man. i must be at work at 10.0 oclock. my employer will confirm that i was there on time. would a later train get you to work on time ? asked the inspector. i suppose it would, but i never catch a later train.at what time did you arrive at the station ?at ten to eight. i bought a paper and waited for the train.and you didnt notice anything unusual ? of course not.i suggest, said the inspector, that you are not telling the truth. i suggest that you did not catch the 8.0 oclock train, but that you caught the 8.25 which would still get you to work on time. you see, on the morning of the murder, the 8.0 oclock train did not run at all. it broke down at ferngreen station and was taken off the line.lesson88 trapped in a mine 困在矿井里six men have been trapped in a mine for seventeen hours. if they are not brought to the surface soon they may lose their lives. however, rescue operations are proving difficult. if explosives are used, vibrations will cause the roof of the mine to collapse. rescue workers are therefore drilling a hole on the north side of the mine. they intend to bring the men up in a special capsule. if there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they would have completed the job in a few hours. as it is, they have been drilling for sixteen hours and they still have a long way to go. meanwhile, a microphone, which was lowered into the mine two hours ago, has enabled the men to keep in touch with the closest relatives. though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon. they have been told that rescue operations are progressing smoothly. if they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard rock, they would lose heart. lesson89 a slip of the tongue 口误people will do anything to see a free show-even if it is a bad one. when the news got round that a variety show would be presented at our local cinema by the p. and u. bird seed company, we all rushed to see it. we had to queue for hours to get in and there must have been several hundred people present just be- fore the show began. unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have ever seen. those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed as many of the artistes who should have appeared did not come. the only funny things we heard that evening came from the advertiser at the beginning of the programme. he was obviously very nervous and for some minutes stood awkwardly before the microphone. as soon as he opened his mouth, everyone burst out laughing. we all know what the poor man should have said, but what he actually said was: this is the poo and ee seed bird company. good ladies, evening and gentlemen !lesson90 whats for supper ？ 晚餐吃什么？though brazil is one of the richest countries in the world, much of it has not yet been developed. it was mainly for this reason that the brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of rio de janeiro. designed by the great architect lucio costa, the new city, brasilia, replaced rio de janeiro as the capital of brazif in 1960. brasilia has been carefully planned for modern living. its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been keptaway from living areas. children do not have to cross busy streets to go to school. housewives can visit-shopping centres on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars are unnecessary. at first, the government had great difficulty in persuading people to leave rio and to settle in brasilia. since 1960, however, the population has been growing all the time. brasilia has quickly established itself as the capital of the country. the idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of brazil.lesson91 three men in a basket 三人同篮a pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a royal air force station nearby. he informed the station at once, but no one there was able to explain the mystery. the officer in the control tower was very angry when he heard the news, because balloons can be a great danger to aircraft. he said that someone might by spying on the station and the pilot was ordered to keep track of the strange object. the pilot managed to circle the balloon for some time. he could make out three men in a basket under it and one of them was holding field-glasses. when the balloon was over the station, the pilot saw one of the men taking photographs. soon afterwards, the balloon began to descend and it landed near an airfield. the police were called in, but they could not arrest anyone, for the basket contained two members of parliament and the commanding officer of the station! as the commanding officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing ! lesson92 asking for trouble 自找麻烦it must have been about two in the morning when i returned home. i tried to wake up my wife by ringing the door-bell, but she was fast asleep, so i got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. i was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, i dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.i looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when i saw a policeman. i immediately regretted answering in the way i did, but i said, i enjoy cleaning windows at night.so do i, answered the policeman in the same tone. excuse my interrupting you. i hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station ? well, id prefer to stay here, i said. you see, ive forgotten my key.your what ? he called.my key, i shouted. fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.lesson93 a noble gift 崇高的礼物one of the most famous monuments in the world, the statue of liberty, was presented to the united states of america in the nineteenth century by the people of france. the great statue, which was designed by the sculptor auguste bartholdi, took ten years to complete. the actual figure was made of copper supported by a metal framework which had been especially constructed by eiffel. before it could be transported to the united states, a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built. the site chosen was an island at the entrance of new york harbour. by 1884, a statue which was 151 feet tall, had been erected in paris. the following year, it was taken to pieces and sent to america. by the end of october 1886, the statue had been put together again and it was officially presented to the american people by bartholdi. ever since then, the great monument has been a symbol of liberty for the millions of people who have passed through new york harbour to make their homes in america.lesson94 future champions 未来的冠军experiments have proved that children can be instructed in swimming at a very early age. at a special swimming pool in los angeles, children become expert at holding their breath under water even before they can walk. babies of two months old do not appear to be reluctant to enter the water, it is not long before they are so accustomed to swimming that they can pick up weights from the floor of the pool. a game that is very popular with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race. tricycles are lined up on the floor of the pool seven feet under water. the children compete against each other to reach the other end of the pool. many pedal their tricycles, but most of them prefer to push or drag them. some children can cover the whole length of the pool without coming up for breath even once. whether they will ever become future olympic champions, only time will tell. meanwhile, they should encourage those among us who cannot swim five yards before they are gasping for air.lesson95 a fantasy 纯属虚构when the ambassador of escalopia returned home for lunch, his wife got a shock. he looked pale and his clothes were in a frightful state. what has happened ? she asked.how did your clothes get into such a mess ? a fire-extinguisher, my dear, answered the ambassador drily. university students set the embassy on fire this morning.good heavens! exclaimed his wife. and where were you at the time ?i was in my office as usual, answered the ambassador. the fire broke out in the basement. i went down广水市花山水库水源地保护工程实施方案 广水市对接武汉城市圈工作委员会办公室二0一二年二月目 录1 基本情况41.1项目背景41.3 项目概况42 饮用水水源地概况62.1饮用水水源地基本情况62.2饮用水源地保护区内土地利用状况评价82.3社会经济发展对饮用水水源地的影响93 饮用水源地环境质量状况评价103.1饮用水源地水质状况评价103.2饮用水水源地环境问题分析103.3饮用水水源地环境评价结论114 饮用水水源保护区污染源调查分析124.1饮用水水源保护区违章建筑物调查分析124.2饮用水水源保护区点源污染调查124.3饮用水水源保护区非点源污染调查分析124.4污染源调查分析结论135 饮用水水源保护区划分146 饮用水水源地环境保护工程方案156.1措施布局156.2建设规模186.3 工程设计197 施工组织设计和分年实施计划248 工程投资估算278.1投资估算278.2项目效益分析331 基本情况1.1项目背景水资源是人类生存发展的重要物质基础，饮水安全关系到人民群众的身心健康，事关中华民族的繁荣与发展。党中央、国务院高度重视饮用水安全工作，胡锦涛总书记在2005年中央人口资源环境工作座谈会上，要求“把切实保护好饮用水源，让群众喝上放心水作为首要任务”；国务院在关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定（国发200539号）中明确提出“以饮水安全和重点流域治理为重点，加强水污染防治。要科学划定和调整饮用水水源保护区，切实加强饮用水水源保护，建设好城市备用水源，解决好农村饮水安全问题。坚决取缔水源保护区内的直接排污口，严防养殖业污染水源，禁止有毒有害物质进入饮用水水源保护区，强化水污染事故的预防和应急处理，确保群众饮水安全”。做好饮用水水源地安全保障工作,是维护最广大人民群众根本利益、落实科学发展观的基本要求。广水市应山城区作为全市政治、文化、经济中心，城市规模和居住人口不断增加，对供水的需求也在不断加大。据预测，2015年城市人口将增至12万人，全年用水需求量达600万吨。2020年，城市人口达15万人，全年用水需求量达800万吨。目前花山水库年可调节供水量15000万吨。水源地的供水量完全满足社会发展需求, 有效地保护好现有水源地，对城市供水和工、农业生产用水，都具有重要的现实意义。1.2 项目概况1.2.1广水市基本概况广水市位于湖北省北部偏东，以平靖关、武胜关与河南连界,自古为南北交通要冲，素有“鄂北门户”之称。地跨东径11331-11407，北纬3123-3205。北与河南省信阳县毗邻，东邻大悟县，南接孝昌县、安陆市，西连随州市曾都区。东西宽57.5公里，南北长78.7公里，国土面积2647平方公里，人口92.89万人。广水市国土面积2647平方公里，人口92.89万，辖3个街道办事处10个镇4个乡，共17个乡镇办事处,1个省管经济技术开发区和1个工业新区管委会,556个村民委员会,3701个村民小组，47个居民委员会,131个居民小组。广水市地处桐柏山脉南麓、大别山脉西端,属低山丘陵地带。地势北高南低，自北而南，山地、丘陵、岗地、沿河小块平原，依次分布。山地占总面积的30.1%，丘陵占67.4%，平原占2.5%。山地主要分布在西北和东北部，一般坡度为30至45，最高处大贵山海拨907.8米，相对高差在300至500米之间。岗地主要分布在中部、南部及东南部，海拔一般在100米上下，坡度一般在15左右。小块河谷平原主要分布在中部、西南及东南部，海拔一般在50米左右，最低处平林市水河床海拔37米，地势以鄂豫边界为脊干，以低山为屏障，丘陵岗地主体，由北向南逐渐倾斜，经横坡河的切割，形成岭谷平行并列的地貌景观。1.2.2现状城市供水量花山水库城市供水范围主要广水市应山城区，统计现有人口10万人。现状年城市供水量520万m3。2 饮用水水源地概况2.1饮用水水源地基本情况2.1.1花山水库概况花山水库位于广水市北43公里的淮河一级支流狮河上游，水库于1965年10月开工，1966年3月竣工验收投入运行，是一座以灌溉为主，兼顾防洪、发电等综合开发的大（ii）型水库。坝址以上控制流域面积129平方公里，总库容15380万立方米。水库枢纽有主坝、副坝、溢洪道、输水隧洞组成。主、副坝为粘土心墙，设计主坝顶高程245.0米，坝高54米，坝顶长375米，顶宽7米，底宽322.75米。副坝位于主坝右侧260米处的山凹处，最大坝高26米，坝顶长165米，顶宽6米，底宽148米。输水隧洞布置在主坝右岸，为钢筋混凝土衬砌的压隧洞，全长315米，洞径3米，进口高程194.30米，纵坡1：600，输水隧洞检修闸竖井距进口68.0米，内径4米，工作闸布置在隧洞出口，两闸相距237米。电站发电叉洞接主输水隧洞上，引水流量8立方米每秒，装机2500千瓦。溢洪道与副坝右端相连，全长519.2米。进口为无闸门控制的开敞式宽顶堰，进口净宽62米，堰顶高程237米。100年一遇设计，2000年一遇校核。 水库坝址以上控制流域面积129平方公里，流域周边高程在10001700米之间，坝址以上主流长50公里，平均河床比降15.53%，流域平均宽度约19公里。流域内为土石山区，但土层很薄，厚度大部分在0.51.0米之间，植被良好，林草覆盖率达90%，具有较好的拦蓄降水、径流的能力。该区为桐柏山区的降水、径流高值区，水量较为充沛。据实测资料分析，多年平均径流量为7219万m3，最大年径流量为1.75亿m3，最小年径流量为2806万m3。洪水期最大含沙量仅为10千克/万m3左右，多在每年第一次洪水中出现，年平均含沙量为1.3千克/m3，年均有九个月为清水期。水库常年水清澈，含沙量较小，河道经流区内人烟稀少无污染，为非地方病分布区，水质良好，可满足城市生活用水和工业用水对水质的要求标准。广水市属北亚热带大陆性季风气候。冷暖适中,冬干夏雨,雨热同季,四季分明。年平均气温在13-16之间，北部为13-14,中部为14-15,南部为15-16,南北温差2。一年中，最冷月为1月，月平均气温2.3；最热多在7月，月平均气温27.9。极端最低气温出现在1976年1月30日，为-16；极端最高气温出现在1959年8月23日，为41.6。平均无霜期在201至240天之间，年平均降水量在940至1040毫米之间。极端降水最多年出现在1980年，年降水量13303毫米，最少年出现在1978年，年降水量497.7毫米。年日照时数为2083小时，最多年份在1978年，为2300小最少年在1982年，为1713小时。2.1.2经济状况本项目区位于广水市境内，总面积64.48km2。涉及2个镇（郝店镇和吴店镇）22个村民小组，7416户，总人口31892人，人口密度502人/km2，其中农业人口30773人，农业劳动力18684个，项目区总耕地面积3239.25hm2，人均土地0.20hm2，人均耕地0.10hm2，粮食总产量1.91万吨，人均产粮600kg人。 2.1.3 水源保护现状花山水库流域水源保护治理项目区水土流失以水力侵蚀为主，其中面蚀广泛，部分地区有沟蚀；局部有泻溜、滑坡等重力侵蚀，风力侵蚀程度微弱。坝址下游植被覆盖度差，以坡耕地和荒草地为主，有少量的疏林，加上本区降雨量多集中在7、8、9月的大雨、暴雨、连阴雨期间，地面水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀极为严重。年侵蚀模数在5038t/km2，是水土流失最严重的地区。库区和河道水面裸露，有10多个自然村分散在库区周边和河道以及渠道两岸，当地村民生活垃圾和到水库游玩的人群容易对水质造成污染；北干渠已运行30多年