优质高效油茶林种植项目可行性研究报告-2009年.doc

trouble with the hero jordan, yet he is a main character as his wife pilar is. minor characters are those in remote and static relation with the hero. it is wrong to think that minor characters are all unimportant. in some novels, one or some of the minor characters may serve a critical role, structurally or interpretationally.foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. they may be main characters or minor characters. in a word, they serve as foils to the hero or heroine. cohn in the sun also rises is a good example. he is one of the main characters. like jake, he is also “lost,” trying vainly to escape the past by courting women and drinking. but during their stay in spain, cohn displays qualities in contrast to those cherished by jake, which makes jake realize his own problems and finally find a solution, though temporarily. cohn works mainly by contrast. wilson in the great gatsby works by presenting. gatsby lost his lover to tom and wilson lost his wife to tom. by presenting wilsons case the novelist intends to point out the profound cause of gatsbys tragedy. dr. watson in the stories of sherlock holmes serves as a foil to the hero, rendering the detective smarter than he would otherwise appear to the reader.by the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. this division is proposed by e.m forster. round characters are fully developed while flat characters are not. or we can say that round characters grow while flat characters do not. usually the reader is allowed access to the inner life of the round character and permitted to learn about many sides of the round character. the flat character is a “closed” character to whose inner thoughts the reader is denied access. usually one side of the flat character is shown in the novel. most heroes are round characters who grow emotionally or spiritually.chapter three themearistotle in poetics lists six basic elements of tragedy. melody (song) and diction (language) fall in the general category of style, and spectacle is relevant to setting in our discussion of fiction. the other three aspects are mythos or plot, ethos or character, and dianoia, which we generally translate into “thought” in english. according to aristotle, plot is the “soul” or shaping principle or fiction, and characters exist primarily as functions of the plot. in most of the stories, plot plays the role of principal structure of the story. but, as northrop frye points out, besides the internal fiction of the character and his/her society, there is an external fiction consisting of a relation between the writer and the writers society. we indeed have literary works by the likes of shakespeare and homer in which artistry is completely absorbed in their internal characters and we can hardly perceive the existence of the author. however, as soon as the authors personality appears on the horizon, a relation with the reader is established, and sometimes there seems no story at all apart from what the author is conveying to his/her reader. in this case, the primary interest in dianoia, the idea or thought that reader gets from the writer, which in modern criticism we generally call “theme”.i. what is theme?one of the safest comments to make about novels is on the theme. everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its definition is the least restrictive. the theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight. being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. so the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. ii. clarification about themecommon as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. one misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. in fact, some novels, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. for example, many novels of ratiocination and novels of horror. these novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. they may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but these issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. theme exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels of ideas).another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. some people discard the novel when they think that they have got the theme. it should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. the novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. an analogy from daily life may help clarify this question. people all need vitamins and get them from various kinds of vegetables and fruits. only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to take vitamin pills to get the required amount. the difference between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables. the reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. theme appeals solely to the intellectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level.another pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. it is something of a rule by which one can regulate his behavior. for example, “be kind to your neighbors,” or “honesty is the best policy.” but a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave.a novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one theme. in some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. in reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. for example, moby dick can be interpreted in more ways than one.finally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. the theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an affair. “love is invincible” may be a theme, but “love” is only a subject. a subject may be universal. the subjects of the scarlet letter, the great gatsby, and women in love are all “love.” but these novels have different themes. a theme is particular to its novel, though there are many similar themes to be found in other novels.iii. five requirements for stating a themethe statement of a theme may be brief or long. and there are different ways to express oneand the same theme. but it should meet the following requirements.a theme must be expressed in the form of a statement with a subject and a predicate. for example, “love of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.” if a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. one can say that the theme of a novel is “futility of envy.” the phrase can be changed to “envy is futile.” when one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. for instance ,the phrase “selfless maternal love” does not always mean that “maternal love is selfless.”the theme is generalization about life based on the novel, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. so in thematic discussion of wuthering heights, one may mention “peoples psychology of revenge,” but not “heathcliffs.”though a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. so words like “always,” “never,” “all,” and “every” should be avoided. instead, one should use words like “some,” “sometimes,” and “may.” when making a generalization, one should strictly keep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience.since theme is the central and unifying idea of the novel, it must account for all the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel.since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like “beauty is only skin-deep.” if one crams every new experience into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of new perception provided by reading novels.iv. where to look for the themethe novelist may state or imply the theme. he uses every possible method to convey the theme. though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some important areas in which to look for the theme.how the novel is entitled. the title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. for example, pride and prejudice is about darcys pride and elizabeth bennets prejudice. main street is about the life of middle-class people in a midwestern town. think what the title of for whom the bell tolls tells about its theme, and as i lay dying.how the novelist shows his interest. if the novelist is interested in something, he would allow more space to it, describing or narrating in great detail. yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of ernest hemingway. the point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others.how the novelist deals with a common subject. often the novelist has to include in his work some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so.important symbols. symbols are loaded with important meanings. so if a symbol appears repeatedly or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. a good example is the letter “a” in the scarlet letter.important speeches. characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the other characters or event. the characters judgments may give important clues to the theme.v. obvious and unobvious themeobvious theme:the theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. in some stories, the theme is rather obvious. for example, in aesops fable about the council of the mice that cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: “it is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out.” in some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. for example, jane austens pride and prejudice is named after its theme, and the whole story unfolds itself around that theme. in some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. for example, uncle toms cabin by h.b.stowe and the grapes of wrath by john steinbeck voice the themes of slavery and migratory labor respectively. the title of the grapes of wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous civil war song, “the battle hymn of the republic.” the line is, “he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored,” which means “an unjust or oppressive situation, action or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition.” the song was written by a famous and influential social activist, julia ward howe. unobvious theme: but in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. that is, generally a theme is not a moral nor a message, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. when we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the plotto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. to say of james joyces “araby” that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a young woman but arrives too late is to summarize plot, not theme. in many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. in hemingways “a clean, well-lighted place,” as observed by kennedy and gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full of meaning. for a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to look to other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts and feelings of the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. one try on the theme may be: “the older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place.” but here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are not优质高效油茶林种植项目可行性研究报告湖南兴宇投资有限公司二00九年四月目 录一、总论 （一）项目名称及建设地点 （二）项目建设单位及负责人 （三）项目组织单位 （四）项目建设规模（五）项目依托单位（六）项目建设工期（七）项目投资概算及资金来源二、项目建设背景与必要性（一）项目建设背景 （二）项目建设的必要性三、项目市场定位与投资回报分析（一）项目市场定位（二）项目投资回报分析四、项目目标与建设方案（一）项目建设指导思想及建设目标（二）项目总体规划方案五、项目技术方案与创新性、示范性、公益性分析（一）项目技术来源及产权情况（二）项目技术方案（三）项目技术创新性分析（四）项目示范性分析（五）项目公益性分析六、项目技术依托单位与建设单位基本情况与能力分析（一）项目技术依托单位基本情况与能力分析（二）项目建设单位基本情况与能力分析七、项目建设条件与可行性分析（一）项目建设条件（二）项目建设可行性分析八、项目组织管理方案（一）项目组织管理（二）项目运行机制九、项目效益评价（一）项目建设的社会意义（二）经济效益十、研究结论与建议（一）结论（二）建议第一章、总论（一）项目名称及建设地点：1、项目名称：优质高效油茶林种植2、项目建设地点：湘乡市毛田乡（二）项目建设单位及负责人1、项目建设单位：2、项目建设负责人：（三）项目组织单位：湘乡市林业局、湘乡市农业局、湘乡市毛田乡人民政府。（四）项目建设规模：本项目计划开发种植优质高效油茶林3000亩，其中改造现有低效油茶林500亩，新开垦种植油茶林2500亩。（五）项目依托单位：湖南省林业科学研究所、湘乡市林业局。（六）项目建设工期：项目建设工期计划为两年，即从2009年10开始至2011年9月建成完工。（七）项目投资概算及资金来源：本项目种植面积3000亩，经测算，包括租赁土地费、土地开垦平整费、配套排灌设施费及苗种购量等，共计需投入资金500万元。其资金来源为：公司自筹150万元，争取政府扶植资金80万元，向金融机构申请贷款270万元。第二章、项目建设背景及必要性（一）项目建设背景油茶是世界四大木本食用植物油种之一，加工后的茶油以其味美、营养价值高而深受人们的青睐，成为人们最常用的食用油之一，且随着物质生活的不断提高，市场需求量不断增大。据联合国粮棉油组织统计，茶油市场日益呈现出供不应求的状况。为此，我国政府于近年来研究制定了一系列加快油茶产业发展的政策措施，特别是党的十七大更是把加快我国农业发展作为全党当前和今后一个时期的一项重要中心任务，号召全党致力于农业和农村工作，并把加快油茶产业发展列为我国当前十大产业发展规划，制定和推出了具体的扶植政策，在全国启动跨世纪油茶先导工程和国家油茶低效改造工程。国务院总理温家宝今年初又进一步批示要加大我国油茶建设工程的发展力度，在全国建设一批优质高效油茶林种植推广示范基地，以此带动全国油茶产业的快速发展，从而为我国的油茶产业发展带来了广阔的空间和商机。（二）项目建设的必要性湖南高品质油茶良种基地建设是生态资源优势转化为经济优势的需要。湖南是全国生态农业大省，油茶无论是在产量还是在面积、良种选育技术方面都位列全国的首位。生态环境十分优越，生态资源十分丰富，是生产无公害食品和绿色食品的天然场所，油茶林比较适宜粗放管理，可不施用化肥和喷洒农药，在未被污染的环境中生产的山茶油是一种有机绿色食品，发展山茶油产业是充分利用生态优势转化为经济优势的必然选择。同时，山茶油产业与湖南省的旅游业相互渗透，山茶油可丰富我省的旅游食品市场，冬季连片的山茶花盛开的美景能吸引大量游人驻足观光。山茶油是一种富含不饱和亚油酸的木本油脂，优质茶油以油酸、亚油酸为主的不饱和脂肪酸含量占90%以上，比国际公认的最好的橄榄油还多1%，食后易消化，有效促进脂溶性维生素的吸收，具有降低油脂，降低胆固醇，预防心脑血管疾病的功能，并具有较好的护发养颜功效，是一种集食用、养生保健、美容于一身的安全营养健康食品，是21世纪人们普遍追求的高级食用油。 目前，我省茶油产量从20世纪80年代5.6万吨，90年代5.8万吨发展到现在的年产油均在7万吨以上，约占总产量的二分之一，其中2002年产油7.6万吨，2003年达到8.9万吨。但是，按2003年产量计算，全省亩平产油5.03kg。油茶总体产量仍处于很低的水平。 就油茶的产值来说，按每公斤20元销售价计算，全省茶油年产值17.8亿元。加上35万吨茶枯，60多万吨茶壳的用，我省油茶产业产值为20亿元左右。第三章、项目市场定位与投资回报分析（一）项目市场定位 1、油茶产品市场分析（1）国内市场分析1）我国油料生产分析我国地域广大，地理和气候条件多样，适合多种油料作物生长，随着科技技术的发展，可料作物范围越来越大，因而国内食用油产品极为丰富，划本作物如菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、芝麻油、葵花籽油、棉籽油，还有新开发出来的米糠油和玉米胚油等，等：木本植物有油棕、桃油等。我国国内油料年生产量约40005000万吨，主要以油菜籽与大豆为主，两者约占80%，但大豆绝是作为粮食，用于榨取食用油的不足一半，所以表中数据大豆榨油约150万吨左右。从表中也可 内生产的木本油料以油茶为主，但所占的比重还很低（见表1）。 表1：国内主要油料生产结构油品播种面积（万亩）总产量（万吨）折油（万吨）占当年比例（%） 菜籽油 10715 1053 402 40.6 大豆油 13183 1615 382 38.6 花生油 7517 1495 70.3 7.1 棉籽油 6276 337 43.8 4.4 芝麻油 1198 90 36.0 3.6 茶 油 5500 90 18.0 1.8 2）我国油料消费分析我国年人均食用植物油“八五”期间的约4.9公斤（未包括进口数量）提高到了目前的lo公斤低于世界平均水平15公斤，更远低于发达国家的20-30公斤。国内食用油年消耗量为1400万吨，量从1995-2001六年共17490万吨，年平均折合油600万吨。消费缺口从“八五”的28%到如今的 油料生产主要是油菜籽和花生，2001年油菜籽和花生的产量分别是1132和1447万吨。大豆油在 年代起逐步成为新的食用油品种，1998年产量150多万吨。棉籽油在“八五”期间曾占16.5%， 大幅度减少。国内植物油部消费量每年都大幅度增加，从1998年的1097万吨到2003年的1436万中2）。所以，我国食用植物油供应严重不足，每年都需进口大量的植物油和油料。据海关统计，共进口食用油1400多万吨。仅2003年实际进口775万吨，其中棕榈油332.5万吨，豆油188万吨，15.16万吨，油菜籽16.67万吨（折油5.8万吨），大豆2074万吨（折油234万吨），豆粕1788万吨一方面，国内油料播种面积增长变缓并呈萎缩的趋势，将会加大中国对世界食用植物油市场的 度。随着社会经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，食用油的从单纯的考虑数量提高到数量和质j在增加食用植物油数量的同时，也对食用油提出了保健作用的要求。3）国内油茶产品市场特点我国油茶栽培面积5500万亩，年产茶油1820万吨，相当于我国食用油消费总量的l1.8 小油料种类，从总产量来而言，根本无法与大豆、花生、油菜籽、棉籽、葵花籽、芝麻等8种主接竞争，所以，油茶产品市场的发展重点瞄准食用油的高端市场，针对大中城市的高消费人群 等特殊保健需要的人群。在市场打造过程中逐步树立油茶产品知名品牌。茶油作为优质食用油，一直以来就得到产区群众的认可，就是初榨原油的市场价格也是菜 3倍，2