2011考研《英语》冲刺模拟试题及答案（2套） .doc

2011全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题（一）section i use of englishwhat impact can mobile phones have on their users health? many individuals are concerned about the supposed ill effects caused by radiation from handsets and base stations, 1 the lack of credible evidence of any harm. but evidence for the beneficial effects of mobile phones on health is rather more 2 . indeed, a systematic review 3 by rifat atun and his colleagues at imperial college, rounds up 4 of the use of text-messaging in the 5 of health care. these uses 6 three categories: efficiency gains; public-health gains; and direct benefits to patients by 7 text-messaging into treatment regimes.using texting to 8 efficiency is not profound science, but big savings can be achieved. several 9 carried out in england have found that the use of text-messaging reminders 10 the number of missed appointments with family doctors by 26-39%, and the number of missed hospital appointments by 33-50%. if such schemes were 11 nationally, this would translate 12 annual savings of 256-364 million.text messages can also be a good way to deliver public-health information, particularly to groups 13 are hard to reach by other means. text messages have been used in india to 14 people about the world health organizations strategy to control lung disease. in iraq, text messages were used to support a 15 to immunize nearly 5 million children 16 paralysis. 17 , there are the uses of text-messaging as part of a treatment regime. these involve sending reminders to patients to 18 their medicine, or to encourage accordance with exercise regimes. however, dr. rifat notes that the evidence for the effectiveness of such schemes is generally 19 , and more quantitative research is 20 .1. a so b even c despite d and2. a interesting b abundant c clear d reasonable3. a went b came c performed d turned4. a approaches b situations c problems d examples5. a reality b reorganization c delivery d discovery6. a fall into b sum up c associate with d subject to7. a cooperating b incorporating c adapting d adopting8. a rise b boost c produce d encourage9. a questions b incidents c cases d trials10. a reduces b degrades c deserves d drops11. a called upon b switched to c rolled out d went through12. a into b for c on d from13. a what b whose c which d who14. a ask b inform c adopt d contact15. a campaign b event c decision d communicationsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a，b，c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)text 1prudent investors learned long ago that putting your eggs into lots of baskets reduces risk. conservationists have now hit on a similar idea: a population of endangered animals will have a better chance of survival if it is divided into interconnected groups. the prospects of the species will be better because the chance that all the constituent subpopulations will die out at the same time is low. and, in the long term, it matters little if one or two groups do disappear, because immigrants from better-faring patches will eventually reestablish the species old haunts.one endangered species divided in just this way is the worlds rarest carnivore, the ethiopian wolf, which lives high in the meadows of the bale mountains. just 350 exist in three pockets of meadow connected by narrow valleys in the bale mountains national park, with a further 150 outside this area.two of the main threats to the ethiopian wolf come from diseases carried by domestic dogs. one of these, rabies, is of particular concern because it is epidemic in the dog population. at first blush, vaccinating the wolves against rabies seems a simple solution. it would be ambitious, because the prevailing thinking that all individuals matter and therefore all outbreaks of disease should be completely halted implies that a large proportion of wolves would need to be vaccinated.dan haydon, of the university of glasgow, and his colleagues believe that conservation biologists should think differently. with the exception of humans, species are important but individuals are not. some outbreaks of disease can be tolerated. in a paper published this week in nature, they recast the mathematics of vaccination with this in mind.on epidemiologists standard assumption that every individual counts, vaccination programmes are intended to prevent epidemics by ensuring that each infected animal, on average, passes the disease on to less than one healthy animal. this implies that around two-thirds of all the wolves would need to be vaccinated. a programme that sought to save a species rather than individuals would allow each infected wolf to pass the disease on to more than one healthy animal and hence require fewer vaccinations. dr haydon and his colleagues have calculated, using data from a rabies outbreak in 2003, that vaccinating between 10% and 25% would suffice, provided veterinarians gave jabs to those wolves living in the narrow valleys that connect the subpopulations.if the threat of rabies arose every five years, targeting all the wolves in the corridors would cut the risk of extinction over a 20-year period by fourfold. if this were backed up by vaccinating a mere 10% of the wolves in the three connected meadows, the chance of extinction would drop to less than one in 1,000. saving a few seems to be an efficient way of protecting the many.21. by citing prudent investors idea, the author wants to illustrate that_.a conservationists got inspirations from it.b endangered animals can be protected in a similar way.c the prospects of some species depend on conservation.d the subpopulations will die without being put into different groups.22. the ethiopian wolf_.a is facing the risk of extinction as the rarest carnivore.b is separated into three groups to achieve survival.c lives in narrow valleys in the bale mountains.d has altogether 350 alive in the world.23. the idea that nearly all the wolves would need to be vaccinated_.a is due to that rabies carried by dogs is epidemic.b is very easy to be realized by local medical administration.c is based on the thinking that every wolf is necessarily protected.d is supported by dan haydon of the university of glasgow.24. from the last two paragraphs, we know that_.a if each individual counts, one-third of wolves have to be vaccinated.b dr. haydon proved epidemiologists standard assumption is right.c to vaccinate 10% to 25% of wolves living in the connected meadows is enough.d it takes 20 years to reduce risk of extinction if all the wolves are targeted.25. the main purpose of the text is to_.a show the dangers ethiopian wolves are facing with.b inform people of the prospects ethiopian wolves.c teach how to divide ethiopian wolves into groups.d tell how to protect ethiopian wolves from rabies.text 2it is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. this has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. morgan stanleys mr. roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the global labor arbitrage is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. it is no longer just basic data processing and call centers that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. these can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.the standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. so far fewer than lm american service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. forrester research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in america every year. the trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as it advances and education improves in emerging economies.alan blinder, an economist at princeton university, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. this would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. in practice the number of jobs off-shored to china or india is likely to remain fairly modest. even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages:moreover, says mr. blinder, education offers no protection. highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. this may help to explain why the real median wage of american graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages.in the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significantly. but since then, according to a study by david autor, lawrence katz and melissa kearney, in america, britain and germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. office cleaning cannot be done by workers in india. it is the easily standardized skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. a study by bradford jensen and lori kletzer, at the institute for international economics in washington d. c., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.26. to off-shore services that were once non-tradable results from _.a the blue-collar job marketb the geographic location of the underdeveloped worldc the fierce competition among skilled workersd the dive of telecoms fee27. which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring?a service-sector has sustained a great loss.b white-collar workers will not have a narrow escape.c most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.d outsourcing abroad has no significant impact.28. according to the text, forrester research prediction might be different if _.a outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter muchb the proportion of jobs that can be moved will risec more comprehensive factors are taken into accountd education improvement in emerging economies plays a role29. the narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on _.a the standard retort to the argumentsb off-shoring and the resulting incomec the future off-shoringd the counter-measures at hand30. which of the following could be the best title for the text?a business consulting.b blue-collar jobs.c non-tradable services.d white-collar blues.text 3the mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. by using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message.perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in aesops fables, told and retold during the era of the greek empire. aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. this choice of characterization allows us to see that the greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than steanning from, human beings.aesops fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflecting the importance of those traits in early greek society. the folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. for example, one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. after failing at several attempts, the fox gives up, making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway. the fables lesson, that we often play down that which we cant achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche.the mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as aesops fables did. the stories of roman gods, aztec ghosts and european elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community, and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.31. the author appears to view fables as _.a the most interesting and valuable form of mythologyb entertaining yet serious subjects of studyc a remnant tool of past civilizations, but not often used in the modern aged the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations32. the way that fables were used in the past is most similar to todays _.a fairy tales that entertain children at homeb stories in childrens school textbooks that reinforce the lessonc science documentaries that explain how nature worksd movies that depict animals as having human characteristics33. the main purpose of paragraph 3 is to _.a examine how one of aesops fables sheds light on certain facets of greek beliefb dissect one of aesops fables in order to study the elements that make up greek mythologyc learn from the lesson presented in one of aesops most well-known fablesd illustrate a fable typical of aesops style, so as to examine how one goes about studying the meaning behind it34. the author names the roman, aztec and european cultures in order to _.a identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and valuesb explicitly name the various types of characters in those cultures fablesc stress that mythology was used by cultures other than the greeks to convey societal moralsd establish them, in addition to the greeks, as the societies most notable for their mythology35. the main point of this text is _.a aesops fables provide a valuable glimpse into early greek thought and beliefsb the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient culture is through study of its mythologyc without a thorough examination of a societys fables and other mythology, a cultural study on that society would be only partiald through the study of a cultures mythological tradition, one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those storiestext 4much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. it must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness.the poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action，that is，through behavior that flows from an individuals decisions and plans. in other words，when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty，it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences of powerlessness. the solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships. this appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power. but since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness，not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor，and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services，the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely，unless accompanied by other measures，to be ineffective in a wealthy society.in order to reduce poverty related psychological and social problems in the united states，the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broad