写作训练之一：宝典

写作训练之一：宝典 大学英语四级考试作文如何分配时间？ 很多考生拿到作文题目之后直接就动笔开写，这是一个误区。其实 30 分钟的写作时间 绝对绰绰有余，如果直接开写，很容易会造成跑题，或写到一半发现无话可说的现象，导 致考生开始绞尽脑汁的编句子，凑字数。那么，应该如何分配考试的写作时间呢？建议考 生把 30 分钟的时间分成三部分。 1准备时间（5 分钟） 如果没有充分的准备，看完作文题目就直接动手写，会让考生写到最后无话可说。俗 话说得好：磨刀不误砍柴工。所以，何不分出一点时间让自己好好地思考该怎么写呢？ 在这充足的 5 分钟内，先审题，看清题目要求，免得写偏题了。然后进行一个提纲和 内容的构思，想清楚自己文章的大致结构，是否需要举例说明等等。 2撰写时间（20 分钟） 在正式写作的时候，也要注意以下几点： （1）如无把握，宁愿写简单句也不写长难句。 （2）卷面整洁。清晰明了的段落和结构、工整的字迹会给阅卷老师留下深刻的正面印 象；如果一不小心写错单词，千万不要涂黑，一笔划掉就好。 3检查时间（5 分钟） 由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制，考生写作的时候会出现很多问题，于是这就 需要在写完后进行一个检查了。主要检查以下三个点： （1）拼写是否正确。看文章中是否有拼错的单词、多余的符号和写掉的介词等等。 （2）用词和搭配是否正确。 （3）语法是否正确。主要是人称、时态、语态是否正确，有没有出现本应用过去时态 却用的是现在时，动词的第三人称单复数是否用正确了。 大学英语四级写作高分“五步法” 一、了解英语写作的测试目的，准确把握题目的要求 英语写作测试，其实主要还是要考查学生组织英语语言的能力和用英语表达思想的能 力，体裁不外乎议论文，说明文和应用文，主题也是在大学生熟知话题基础上的翻新或扩 展。 综观历年的四级作文真题，变化趋势是从三段论的议论文向实用性更强的应用文体， 尤其是书信写作方面倾斜。考生平时应有意识地就他们感兴趣的一些话题进行思考和拓展， 争取在实践中磨练敏锐的审题能力。 二、迅速梳理写作的思路，列出并借助提纲进行写作 到了大学阶段，学生还是非常善于思考的，他们不仅想象力非常丰富，晚上做梦，还 经常 daydream, 各有独特的思维和写作思路。但是，如何将千头万绪的思路梳理清楚，学 生则必须有真工夫。为此，在进行四级写作时，考生一定要首先形成自己的观点，之后合 理运用一些手段，如常用的有四种：陈述理由、举例说明、提供数据、下定义等，之后充 分就此展开论说。这样通过高效思考，严密组织，再辅以提纲形式的文章架构，考生一定 会写出较符合规范的文章。 三、扩展写作提纲，草拟文稿，表述主要观点 在利用提纲展示个人写作思路的基础上，学生还应充分利用现有的英语水平，按照一 定的逻辑思路，充分表达个人的观点。写作之初，学生不必字斟句酌，只要脉络清楚，具 备轮廓就可以了。草拟文章的过程实际是把思维结果外在化的过程，学生应力争使文章具 有连贯性和流畅性。草拟过程的顺利与否，在很大程度上取决于平时训练所达到的水平。 许多考生畏惧作文，经常懒于动笔；还有一些考生认为写作很难提高，干脆放弃平时的训 练。这些想法都是错误的。为真正提高写作水平，笔者建议大家从开始准备四级的那天起， 就应有针对性地分体裁、分话题、分阶段地进行实战模拟，强迫自己一气呵成将文章写完， 不必追求完美，不必在乎自己的文稿到底语言有多么不地道或出现多少语法错误。熟能生 巧。只要坚持多写、多练，平时注意扩大阅读，写作的水平自然就会提高。 四、在反复揣摩的基础上，完善文章的草稿 自己修改作文是个好习惯，从训练之初就应注重在这个方面下功夫。修改作文必须从 下面几个方面把握：注意句式结构的变化（要背诵一定的经典句型，而且要能够注意套改 这样的优美句型）。例如：Not because I love Caesar less, but because I love Rome more（不是我不爱凯撒，而是我更爱罗马）。需要指出的是，虽然习作中应注意使用优美 或地道的句子，但不可简单地堆砌；句子长短也要错落有致，应包含一些相对复杂的句式， 同时避免犯一些基础性的语言错误。 此外，学生还要注意文中运用的英语表达必须是简单且地道的（即 easy but right English）。实际上，所谓这类的表达法界于词汇与句子之间，可称为语汇（英语中可用 chunk 来表达）。为了提高书面语言表达的地道性，学生应经常记忆这样的语汇，如 an effective system for environmental protection 和 an effective system to protect the environment 等。笔者在此处提出这个概念，且希望同学们加强这方面语汇的记忆， 是因为太多的中国考生经常使用汉语的语法、英语的单词来组合一些中式（chinglish）表 达。例如：高手（high hand）地道的英语表达是 master hand; 老手（old hand）地道的 英语表达则是 seasoned hand；能手（can hand）的地道表达则是 skillful hand, 以及 you go me go, you no go me no go 等。 至于如何做到语言表达地道，笔者认为只有一种办法，那就是大量阅读，分类摘抄， 在具体的语境中有针对性地体验英语表达。 五、正确把握遣词造句的原则 正确选择词汇非常重要，考生切不可盲目地追求大词、生词。其实，四级作文要求考 生选词范围尽可能灵活宽泛，但非常忌讳以辞害义，如果能够用 decrease，就别用 plummet（也是下降的意思）。那么考生到底怎样才能利用有限的词汇资源，写出比较鲜活 的英语作文呢？笔者在此推荐如下使用词汇技巧： 1、尽量使用同义词避免简单重复 如“增加”可用 increase, rise, grow, climb, go up, soar 等；“重要”可用 important, critical, vital, significant, crucial 等。 2、尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段 和汉语一样，变化词性也是丰富英语表达的重要途径，是学习者提高英语水平的重要 标志。英语学习者如果能够用 to voice some different opinions 来替代 to give/express some different opinions; 或 to double/triple 来表示翻倍或增加三倍 则会使文章在表达上更为形象而生动。 3、尽量使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点 英语的构词特点就是使用前缀、后缀来完成灵活多变的语言特色。例如，it is of great importancehelp/use/significance 来替代 it is very important/significant/helpful/useful 本身就是英语水平的一个综合展示。另外，考生 作文如果能够出现 not unnecessary/not unimportant 来表达非常重要或者必要，则更能 显示考生的英语功底。 六、灵活运用句式变化的规则 前面也提过，四级作文长度要求不少于 120 个词，按考生作文句子的平均长度 11 个词 估算，一般需要 1012 个句子。在四级作文评分标准里，对于句子长度虽然没有具体描 述和量化给分，但是阅卷老师一般都会给文章里使用正确的长句子加上印象分，也会给错 落有致的句式变化以奖励分数，如果考生能够在作文中恰当地使用一定难度的复杂句子， 则更能起到锦上添花的作用。在写作训练中，考生其实可以欣赏范文，摘录名句，改装结 构，模仿使用，直到熟练运用。笔者认为只要努力，下面的策略可以帮助立志争取作文高 分的学生可以通过下面的几个措施来提高作文水平。 1、欣赏范文，但不要囫囵吞枣式地整篇背诵。准备一个写作专用的笔记本，从范文欣 赏中摘抄自己喜欢的、老师讲评的、值得推荐的句式结构。比如：I love you not because who you are, but because who I am when I am with you.（我爱你，并不是因 为你是谁，而是因为我跟你在一起时的感觉。） Few People today, if any at all, would risk their lives swimming across the river dominated by flesh-eating crocodiles.（今天已经很少有人，如果还有的话，愿意冒生命危险游过那条鳄鱼出没的河 流。）, If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.（如果你没能做计划，你就是计划着 去失败。） 2、模仿名句，但不要生搬硬套。准备足够的草稿纸，把自己摘抄来的名句（如有不懂， 应当向明白人求教）拆卸八块，然后重新组合，如是反复数次，直到熟练，甚至于可以自 如组装，灵活运用。比如：上面的句子学生就可以在熟练掌握的基础上分别演绎出：I suggest that you choose English as your major not because it is easier to learn, but because it is promising when you take better prospect of employment into account.（我建议你选择英语专业，并不是因为她学起来更容易，而是因为她更有前景， 如果你考虑到更好的就业机会。）；Most of the students, if not all, are likely to be absorbed in PC games such as counterstrike, which is more frequently known as CS（大多数学生，如果不是所有的学生，很可能被诸如反击这样的电脑游戏所吸引，这 种游戏经常被更多的人叫做 CS。）. 3、巧用心思，套用经典句型。鼓起勇气，说出自己想说的话，如果是母语，可能还好 办，换成英语，大家最怕的是出错，出错扣分当然不好。但是利用经典句型组装一些长句 子、靓句子和复杂句子对作文高分非常有帮助。比如作文开头常用句型：It is undoubted that ; There is no doubt that; Undoubtedly, there is; It is beyond doubt that . 4、写作是学生英语运用水平的具体体现，写作的功夫又是通过阅读、欣赏、模仿等具 体手段训练出来的。写作过程中间很多实用技巧，需要读者舍得花时间、花精力、花心思 去挖掘、去发现。 2013 年 12 月大学英语四级高分作文常用句式 1 1.表示坏处 1) It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2) It does us much harm. 3) It is harmful to us. 例如： However，everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can d o harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television. 2.表示好处 1) It has the following advantages. 2) It does us a lot of good. 3) It benefits us quite a lot. 4) It is beneficial to us. 5) It is of great benefit to us. 例如： Books are like friends. They ca n help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to u s. 3.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb. to do sth. 2) We think it necessary to do sth. 3) It plays an important role in our life. 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools o r in business. Soon，computers will be found in every home，too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age. 4.表示措施 1) We should take some effective measures. 2) We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties. 3) We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4) We should solve the problems that we are confronted (faced) with. 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.T herefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it. 5.表示变化 1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 2)A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications. 3)The computer has brought about many changes in education. 例如： Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years. The major rea sons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays，more and more people are switchi ng from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins. 6. 表示事实、现状 1) We cannot ignore the fact that. 2) No one can deny the fact that. 3) There is no denying the fact that. 4) This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5) However，thats not the case. 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution. To solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollut ion. The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner envi ronment. 7.表示比较 1) Compared with A，B. 2) I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 3) There is a striking contrast between them. 例如：Compared with cars， bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise. 8.表示数量 1) It has increased(decreased)from.to. 2) The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000. 3) The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January. 例如： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased. 再如： From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increa sed from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000. 注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式 12。考生将句式 9 和句 式 12 结合在一起，便可较好地写出 2002 年 6 月 CET -4、6 短文写作的第一段。 9.表示看法 1) People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth. 2) People have different opinions on this problem. 3) People take different views of (on)the question. 4) Some people believe that.Others argue that. 例如： People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their rene wed endeavor. However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 再如： Do “lucky numbers” really bring good luck? Different people have different views on it. 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 10.表示结论 1) In short，it can be said that. 2) It may be briefly summed up as follows. 3) From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that . 例如： From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examinati on is necessary，however ， its method should be improved. 注：例句 1 可用于任何一个段落的结论句;例句 3 则多用文章结论段的第一句。 11.套语 1) Its well known to us that . 2) As is known to us，. 3) This is a topic that is being widely talked about. 4) From the graph (table，chart) listed above，it can be seen that . 5) As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way. 例如： As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus. The reason for this is obvious. Nowadays，the society is changing and developing ra pidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower”. As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus. Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate. 再如： Does it pay to be honest? This is a topic that is being widely talked about a nd different people have different opinions on it. 1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有 4，000，000 人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations wit h homework. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明 像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not com plete with graduation. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a life time study. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons phy sical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the gre at efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effect s of international tourism. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游 业的不利影响。 9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects o n construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like cr ime and prostitution. 越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却 怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。 10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large numb er of passengers. 许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可 能已满载乘客。 英语四六级考试作文活用句型 1. 用于文章主题句 1.不用说 It goes without saying that 子句 = (It is) needless to say (that) 子句 = It is obvious that 子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2.是不可能的; 无法 There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例不可否认的成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3.我深信 I am greatly convinced (that)子句 = I am greatly assured (that)子句 例我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4.在各种之中 Among various kinds of = Of all the , 例在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5.是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that)子句 例时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6.无论如何强调都不为过 cannot be overemphasized 例交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7.就我的看法;我认为 In my opinion, = To my mind, . = As far as I am concerned, = I am of the opinion that 子句 例就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health. 8.(A) 每个人都知道 Everyone knows (that)子句 (B) 就我所知 As far as my knowledge is concerned, 例就我所知下列方法对我帮助很大。 As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me. 9.毫无疑问地 There is no doubt (that)子句 例毫无疑问地近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。 There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country. 10. 根据我个人经验 According to my personal experience, = Based on my personal experience, 例根据我个人经验微笑已带给我许多好处。 英语四级作文常用句型模板及套句大全 综合运用篇 Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that 随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是_。 As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes. 然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法) As society develops, people are attaching much importance to 随着社会的发展，人们开始关注 People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting 求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。 As to whether it is worthwhile ., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it. 关于是否值得_的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不 同的观点。 In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma. 在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。 Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that 最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心_。 The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, with the increasin gly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our atten tion. 人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我 们带来了很多问题。 plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of t he present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?“ _显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过， 问题是：“我们该如何抉择 ?“ Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges, 现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。 展现问题篇 问题的常用词：question, problem, issue Recently, the issue of has been brought into public focus. 近来，_的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。 Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practice. 现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了 很大改变。 Recently the issue of whether or not . has been in the limelight and has aroused wi de concern in the public. 近来，是否_的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。 The issue whether it is good or not to has aroused a heated discussion all over t he country. _的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。 At present, some people think while others claim .Both sides have their merits. 目前，一些人认为_而另一些人则认为_。其实，两种观点都其可取之处 。 People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue. 对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。 People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same cas e. 不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。 The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different back grounds hold different attitudes towards the issue. 这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。 When asked ., some people think. while some prefer. 说到_，有人认为_，而另一些人则认为_。 Just as the saying goes: “so many people, so many minds“. It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person. 俗话说，“。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。 To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes. 对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。 There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that. 万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，_。 When it comes to ., most people believe that ., but other people regard .as 提到_问题，很多人认为_，不过，一些人则认为_是_. When faced with, quite a few people claim that , but other people think as. 提到_问题，仅少数人认为_，但另一些人则认为_。 There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of There who criticize .ar gue that , they believe that .,but people who favor , on the other hand, argue that. 目前，_问题争议较大。批判_的人认为_，他们认为_，不 过，另一方面，赞同_的人则认为_。 Some people are of the opinion that 有些人认为_。 Many people claim that. 很多人认为_。 A majority of 绝大多数 A large number of 很多人 Some people contend that . has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages) 有些人认为_有很多有利之处(不利之处) 。 Those who argue for . say that .economic development of the cities. 觉得_的人认为，_ 城市的经济发展。 Some people advocate that 有些人在坚持认为_。 They hold that . 他们认为_。 People, who advocate that ., have their sound reasons (grounds) 坚持认为_的人也有其说法(依据) 。 Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it. 那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。 Those who strongly approve of . have cogent reasons for it. 强烈认同_的人有很多原因。 Many people would claim that. 有人会认为_。 People who support . give some or all of the following reasons. 那些支持_观点的人列出了如下原因：_。 But others hold the view that .但是，另外一些人则认为 _。 观点的用词：Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组：Take, have, come up with ，set forth, put forward 等。 But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that,. 不过，另一方面，也有少部分人坚持认为_。 But people who are ., on the other hand , maintain that. 不过，另一方面，_的人认为_。