高考英语短文改错考点分析

1、高考英语短文改错考点分析通过对历届高考英语短文改错题的深入研究和反复比较，我们发现：高考英语短文改错的设错(即考点)很有规律，并且呈现出极强的稳定性。常规考点主要集中在动词、冠词、介词、连词、名词、形容词和副词、各类从句引导词、行文逻辑等方面。进一步的研究还表明：动词：主要考查时态(每年必有)、非谓语动词(每年必有)、语态(有时有)等方面。冠词：主要考查基本用法(冠词设错几乎每年都有)。介词：主要考查介词的习惯搭配(比如与名词搭配、与动词搭配、尤其是与形容词的搭配等，介词设错几乎每年都有)。名词：主要考查其可数性或单复数的使用情况等(几乎每年都有)。形容词：主要考查比较等级、搭配、修饰、用法区

2、别等(形容词设错几乎每年都有)。副词：主要考查副词修饰其他词的正确性，有时也考查搭配与行文逻辑方面的问题等。代词：主要考查前后指代的一致性以及某些习惯用法等。并列连词：并列连词考查主要涉及行文逻辑。各类从句：包括状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句等。主要考查各类从句的引导词的正确使用问题(大部分年份有)。另外，从近10来年的短文改错考题来看，在错词行、多词行、漏词行、无错行等设错形式方面也有很强的规律性：错词行：一般为56行(通常是与漏词行合为7行)多词行：一般为12行(以2行为多见)。漏词行：一般为12行(通常是与错词行合为7行)无错行：一般为1行。高考英语短文改错的改错切入点一、多一词(1)

3、多一介词或副词 有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中是及物动词，可能多一个介词。如：serve for the people, follow after him, play with her in a match, marry with her, engage with her 有些动词可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，但搭配不同，可能混淆而多一个介词。如：join in the game, 但 join in the club; pay for a TV set, 但 pay for three dollars; search for the map, 但 search for the th

4、ief for his watch 有些“动词 + 介词”形式的动词后面没有宾语时，后面的介词是多余的。如：He looked at but could see nothing. How are you getting on with? 有些动词、名词、形容词后接名词或代词时须加一个介词，但接that从句时，必须去掉介词。如：agree to it, 但 agree to that.; be sure of it, 但be sure of that; be sorry for it, 但 be sorry for that 有些副词或介词词组后加一个介词，组成了复合介词，若后面没有接宾语时，最

5、后的介词则是多余的。如：If you wont go, Ill go instead of.He walked out of. 有些连词后加 of 成为复合介词，如果后接从句，of 是多余的。如：Because of he was ill 地点副词的意义中已经包含了介词 to，如果再用 to则是多余的。如：on my way to there, get to home, go to upstairs, return to home last year, next month, this week, one day等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面用介词是多余的。 有些动词受汉语意思影响而多一副词

6、，如：stop down(停下来), raise up (举起来), return back(归来，回来), repeat again (复述) 有些动词在一种用法中要加副词，而在另一种用法中加副词则是多余的。如：build up our country, 但 build up railways(2) 多一连词 状语从句与主句之间多一并列连词，如：though but; because so; the more and the more 充当状语的分词与主句之间多一并列连词。如： Sitting down and he began to work.Regarded as the best in

7、 the class, so he was praised at the meeting. 从属连词后多一 that。如：because that since that, unless that 复合宾语前多一 that。如：I heard that him say it.I found that her lying on the ground.(3) 多一代词 主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。如：Some people dont like football, but many people who do like it. 作定语的分词前多一关系代词。如：I know the boy who st

8、anding there.(也可在 who 后加 is)The man who invited to the ball last night is my friend.(也可在 who 后加was) 定语从句中的名词已由关系代词取代，再用代词则是多余的。如：She bought the book (that) she had first asked for it.I have seen the girl (whom) you are talking of her. 用不定式作定语时，如果其逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是被修饰的名词词组，后面再用代词是多余的。如： The tea is too hot

9、to drink it.He is a good comrade to work with him. 在“形容词 + 不定式”句型中，如果不定式的逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是句子的主语，再用代词作宾语或介词宾语则是多余的。如：This question is too difficult to answer it. The house is nice to live in it. 在“连词 + 分词 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词词组”结构中，加上代词作主语是多余的。如：He took notes while he reading.If it heated, ice turns to wat

10、er.(4) 多一助动词 时间、条件从句中用一般现在时表示将来时，用 will, would 是多余的。如：If he will try hard, he will succeed.Ill tell them about it as soon as they will come. be sure 或 make sure + that 从句中用一般现在时表将来，用 will, would 是多余的。如：I make sure that you will come early. 在宾语从句中主语前的助动词是多余的。如：Would you tell me what do you want? 独立结构

11、中的 be(助动词或连系动词)是多余的。如：The game was over, he went home.She smiled, tears were still running down her face.(5) 多一冠词 与介词 at, in, to连用的名词 school, class, town, hospital, church, prison, bed 等表示与其有关的活动时，用冠词是多余的。如：go to the school(上学), be in the prison(坐牢), be in the bed(在睡觉) 与 by 连用的交通工具名称和 air, land, sea

12、 等名词前用冠词是多余的。如：by the bike, by the sea, by the train 表示游戏活动而不是表示游戏工具的名词前不用冠词。如：play the / a volleyball, play the chess, play the table tennis 由“专有名词 + 普通名词”构成的专有名词前不用定冠词。如：the Beijing Airport, the Oxford Street, the Hyde Park 在一些固定搭配中。如：at the first, at the last, the most of us most 作“非常”解时，前面用 the

13、是多余的。如：Oh! Its the most beautiful! She is the most diligent. 含有 Day 的节日前加 the 是多余的。如：the May Day, the Womens Day, the National day, the New Years Day 在“名词 + as / though”结构中，名词前不用任何冠词。如：a child as he is / a fool as he is(6) 多一小品词 to 在 had better, would rather, rather than 后的不定式前用 to 是多余的。如：You had be

14、tter not to go.I would rather to stay at home. 在 make, let, have, see, feel, watch, notice, observe 等使役、感官动词后充当宾语补足语的不定式前用 to 是多余的。如： He made me to do heavy work. Let me to hear you to play. 二、缺一词(1) 缺一介词 有些动词后有时有介词，有时没有介词，可能混淆而缺一介词。如：attend a meeting, 但 attend (to) the patient; prepare breakfast, 但

15、 prepare (for) the exam; join us, 但 join(in) a game. 表语形容词通常具有动词意义，很可能误以为是动词而漏掉介词。如：be afraid (of) nothing, be present (at) the meeting, be sure (about) it。 except, instead of, from, since, till, until 后面可跟另一介词词组充当介词宾语，可能会漏掉第 2 个介词。如：He came on foot instead of (by) bike.A big bear ran out from (behi

16、nd) a tree. hundreds, thousands 等后面可能漏掉 of。类似的还有millions (of), dozens (of), scores (of)(2) 缺一连词 汉语常用意合法，分句与分句之间往往不用连词，但英语里不行。如：It began to rain, (and) they had to stop the match. (如果中间用分号可不用连词)It was late, (so) we went home. You like sports, (while) Id rather read.He looked for the key, (but) didnt

17、find it. 受汉语影响，并列动词词组之间可能缺一个and。如：She smiled (and) said good-bye to her father. 名词性从句 that分句置于句首或作同位语时不可缺少连词。如： (That) she is beautiful is known to us all.We heard the news (that) our team had won. even 后可能缺少 if 或 though。如：He walks as (if 或 though) he were drunk.(3) 缺一代词 充当定语从句主语的关系代词不能缺少。如：The acci

18、dent (that) happened yesterday was very serious. 英语中用来替代前面的“the + 名词”的 that(单数)和 those(复数)，在汉语中往往很可能漏掉。如：The population of China is much larger than (that) of Japan.These shirts are expensive, but (those) which we saw the other day were even more expensive.(4) 缺一助动词或连系动词 be 表语不是名词时，可能缺少连系动词 be，因为汉语在

19、这种情况下不用“是”。如：He (is) afraid of his father. The match (is) over. 被动语态中缺少助动词 be，成了主动语态。如：He has (been) asked to sing in English. 完成体中缺少助动词 have，成了一般过去时。如：We realized that we (had) lost our way.They (have) lived here since 1980. 在倒装句中缺少助动词或情态动词。如：Hardly (had) I reached the bus stop when the bus started

20、. Seldom (do) I get invited into the office alone. Only in this way (can) you learn English well.(5) 缺一冠词 在 such 或 so + 形容词与单数可数名词连用时，不可缺 a (an)。如：He is such (an) honest boy that all of us like him. This is so good (a) book that I read it again. 表示“有些”时，little, few前面不可缺少 a。如：Dont hurry. There is (a)

21、 little time left. many 前有 great, good 时，要加 a。如：(a) great many people.若 many 后接单数名词，中间须有 a (an)。如：Many (a) man has tried it before. 一些不可数名词前，有形容词修饰表示“一种(场)等”时，要加 a (an)。如：Its (a) famous Chinese tea. There was (a) heavy rain last night. 用专有名词表示“一个像(叫)的人”时，用 a (an), 如：He wished to be (a) Lei Feng. (A)

22、 Mr Wang called you up just now.“形容词比较级 + of the two”前必须用 the。如：He is (the) better one of the two.(6) 缺小品词 to 不定式充当各种成分，一般都不能缺少 to。如： She went there (to) see her mother.He asked me not (to) go there. I have something important (to) tell you. make, let, have, see, hear, notice, observe, watch 等动词变成被动

23、语态时，充当主语补足语的不定式前的 to需还原。如：She was made (to) do heavy work. The blind man was seen (to) cross the street三、错一词错一词的情况最为复杂，大致可分为虚词选择错误、实词词形错误、同(近)义、形似词选择错误等。(1) 虚词选择错误 介词或副词选择错误：这种情况极为复杂，各种情况都有可能。这里只提供几组作为参考：before / ago, among / between, after / in, below / under, on / above / over, across / through, e

24、xcept / besides, with / in(用), to / for (对于), like / as 等。 连词选择错误或连词与介词混淆。如：because / for(since, as), if / whether, if / unless, so as / so that, hardly when / no sooner than, while / when, till / until等。 感叹句用词选择错误：how / what。 冠词选择错误：a / an, a (an) / the。(2) 实词词形错误 名词词形错误：名词的单复数形式，特别注意不规则名词的复数形式；名词的

25、所有格，特别注意不规则复数名词的所有格，如：the childrens；名词所有格的绝对形式。如：My son is older than my elder brothers. (from www. ) 动词词形错误：不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误，特别注意几组易于混淆的词，如：lie(躺) / lie(说谎) / lay；hang(挂) / hang(绞死)；find / found(建立)；fall / fell(砍倒)；bear(忍受) / bear(生育)等的过去式与过去分词。非谓语动词用法的选择，特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在

26、分词(取决于主语、名词中心词与宾语的关系)；在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词(取决于to是介词还是小品词)；以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式，必须与第 1 个动词保持一致。谓语动词时态形式的选择，是现在时还是过去时还是其他时态；情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的选择(只能用原形)。 形容词与副词词形错误：是用原级、比较级还是最高级，是加 more, most 还是加 -er, -est 构成比较级和最高级。 词性选择错误：不同的词性充当不同的句子成分，要注意实词的词性是否适合其功能，不符合则应换用适当的派生词。其中特别要注意：连系动词后常

27、用形容词充当表语，而不用副词。如：He feels cold. 作状语用副词，而不用形容词。如：He works well.(3) 同义词、近义词、形似词选择错误这里举一些常见的例子： accept / receive, alive, living / lively, allow / let, alone / lonely, aloud / loudly, already / yet / still, also / too / either, number / amount / quantity, answer / reply, asleep / sleepy / sleeping, brin

28、g / take / fetch / carry, clothes / clothing, deep / deeply, cost / spend / take / pay, hard / hardly, high / highly, job / work, late / lately, lend / borrow, raise / rise, say / speak / tell / talk, sit / seat, sound / noise / voice高考英语短文改错的答题技巧一、分清错误的类别，对症下药1缺词考点漏掉的往往是冠词、介词、连词等虚词，这通常与前后词的搭配有关，见到名

29、词，应考虑是否缺了冠词；见到动词，可注意后面是否少了应与之搭配的介词或其他词；见到某些固定搭配，如 in front of, as soon as，应考虑是否完整，不是固定搭配的，也要注意英语行文习惯或逻辑上的搭配，如英语不可说 She shook head，而应说 She shook her head。(如下表)命题角度考点解题思路名词冠词名词前是否缺冠词不及物动词介词不及物动词后是否缺介词不定式小品词to不定式中是否缺少了不该省的 to 被动语态助动词被动语态中是否缺少了助动词be母语迁移词类用法将形容词、副词或介词视作动词，使句子缺少谓语动词固定搭配惯用法惯用法中是否漏了不可缺少的词【考

30、例】The day before the speech contest English teacher talked to me. (全国卷)【分析】在English 前加my。根据句意可知应是指“我的英语老师”。【考例】afternoon. You wont find difficult to get to the city. (甘肃、青海卷)【分析】在 find 后加 it。构成 find it difficult to do sth，it 作形式宾语。2多词考点多余的词，往往是结构词，如冠词、介词、代词等等，一种是根据涉及到的名词、动词的特点等判断是否多了冠词、介词或副词；另一种是根据全

31、句的结构和意义，判断是否多了连词或其他词。(如下表)命题角度考点解题思路名词冠词抽象名词、物质名词表泛指是否多了冠词动词介词及物动词后受母语影响是否多了介词不定式小品词 to不定式前是否多了应该省略的 to 状语介词时间或地点状语中是否多用了介词形容词、副词比较结构形容词、副词比较结构中是否多了相似词固定搭配惯用法固定搭配是否画蛇添足【考例】 in a school for students from Tibet. As we were all left home(天津卷) 【分析】去掉 were。动词 leave 作“离开”时，是不及物动词，没有被动语态。3错词考点错词的类型复杂，不胜枚举。

32、但常见的还是搭配错误与语法错误，特别是同学们平时写作时常出的错误最易为命题者所关注，对于平时常常疏忽、常常出错的地方要精心改正，做题时更要小心仔细。错词是改错题中最主要的错误类型。(如下表) 命题角度考点解题思路名词冠词判断名词前的冠词是否误用名词名词的数句中名词该用单数还是复数动词动词时态、语态以及主谓一致根据上下文判断动词时态、语态是否有误、主谓搭配是否正确非谓语动词分词、动名词、不定式根据上下文判断非谓语动词是否误用代词人称代词的格、指代及关系代词与从句关系人称代词的格是否误用代词前后指代是否一致定语从句中关系词是否误用形容词、副词词法判断句子中形容词和副词是否混淆使用介词惯用法惯用法中

33、介词是否误用连词句法判断句子并列连词、从属连词是否误用【考例】told me that something happened when her parents was out. (福建卷)【分析】waswere。parents是复数，应用复数谓语。【考例】Im a newcomer here of a small town. I would (山东卷)【分析】offrom。of 表示所属关系，from 表示从某地来。二、保持原意的原则一般应遵循保持句子原意的原则，即不能改变文章或作者所表达的意思，包括其语气和上下文的逻辑关系，只对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、行文关系错误进行改正，且小改不能大改

34、。换词不能改意，加词不能增意，去词不能减意。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其善者而从之。【考例】But I have spent most my money, so I cannot (四川卷)【分析】在 my 前加 of。也有同学去掉 most，这种改法虽改正了语法错误，但改变了原意。作者想说的是“花掉了大部分的钱，而不是全部”。【考例】are still many people living in poor conditions. They make their lives. (广东卷)【分析】livesliving。make a / ones living 为一固定短语。只需将 l

35、ives 改成 living 就可以了，不要将 their lives 改为 a living。三、虚词以添加或者删除为原则历年高考题需要添加或删除的地方为三四处。这些需要添删的词一般是冠词、代词、介词、关系词等，而动词、名词等难得添删，因为太容易改变句子的原意。【考例】asked him to spend in more time preparing for the (安徽春季卷)【分析】去掉in。“spend + 时间 + (in) doing”是固定用法。【考例】As everyone knows, its famous mountain with all kinds of (全国卷)【

36、分析】在 famous 前加 a。mountain 是可数名词，在这里是泛指，故在其前加不定冠词。四、实词以改变形式为原则在短文改错中，实词的处理一般只改变它的形式，不改变其词义，也不换成另一个实词，更不能随便添删。【考例】parents got mad, try to have a conversation with them (北京卷)【分析】gotget。从全文可以看出，这里需要用一般现在时态，表示经常发生的动作。若将 got 换成 became 等其他连系动词，虽然语法对了，但又犯了搭配错误。【考例】Finding information on the Net is easily. B

37、ut not all (广西卷)【分析】easilyeasy。因为一般的副词不能作表语，而应用形容词。切记不要换成 simple 或其他的近义形容词。五、关注行尾和行首的联系很多错误处于此行结尾和下一行首，它们之间往往存在一定的语法或逻辑联系，而考生往往忽略此处。另外，我们以句子为单位而不是以行为单位进行判断，注意分行的技巧，注意上下文的逻辑关系，注意标记的准确性等。【考例】Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the worldbut could make the delicious dishes. One time, I just (江苏卷

38、)【分析】cooker 意为“炊具”，cook 意为“厨师”。故第 1 行将 cooker 改为cook。如果我们以行为单位来判断，就很难找到第 2 行的错误。只要以句子为单位，我们就很容易知道这两行的主体部分是一个句子，再根据两个谓语是联合式的并列，而不是转折关系，故将 but 改为 and。错误(but)位于行首，较为隐蔽，不易被发现。高考英语短文改错题的常见考点1. 动词的非谓语形式非谓语动词的不定式和分词形式是历年高考短文改错题的考查重点。【考例】Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as (全国卷)【分析】talktalking。

39、enjoy 后一般接动词的 -ing 形式作宾语。2. 名词的单复数变化【考例】Sometimes, we talk to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at (全国卷) 【分析】strangerstrangers。stranger意为“陌生人”，为单数可数名词，根据句意可知这里应用其复数形式。【考例】Their word were a great encouragement to me. (全国卷)wordwords。根据句子的谓语动词为复数形式 were 可知主语应用复数。3. 代词的各种

40、变化【考例】We had to do the washing, cleaning and shopping by us. (天津卷)【分析】usourselves。ourselves 意为“我们自己”，符合句意。4. 形容词各种用法【考例】hobby which is both interested and fun. (浙江卷) 【分析】erested 意为“感兴趣的”，interesting 意为“令人感兴趣的”，由此可知应用 interesting。5. 词性的变化【考例】I would describe myself as shy and

41、 quietly. (全国卷) 【分析】quietlyquiet。在此 quiet 和 shy 是并列成分，同作宾语补足语。6. 介词与动词、形容词等构成搭配【考例】We have a lot on common and have a lot to talk about. (福建卷)【分析】onin。have a lot in common 意为“有许多共同之处”，是英语中的习惯用法。【考例】the teacher was handing in the tests. I was feeling very nervous. (湖南卷)【分析】inout。hand in 意为“上交”，而 hand

42、 out 意为“分发”。根据句意可知，此处应用 hand out。7. 冠词的基本用法由于汉语中没有与英语冠词相对应的词语，学生往往会忽略冠词。【考例】I had not studied at all at the weekend as I had thought it would be easy test. (湖南卷) 【分析】在 easy test 前加 an。test 为单数可数名词，根据句意和 easy 的读音以元音开头可知应加上不定冠词 an。8. 英语中的一致性现象包括主谓一致、代词一致、时态一致等。【考例】growing up. I am always young when I

43、was staying (湖北卷)【分析】wasam。根据主句谓语动词的时态可知，从句的谓语动词也应用现在进行时。9. 英语中的并列现象在表达并列现象时，一般要用相同的语法结构。并列结构常用 and 或 or 连接。【考例】Then, I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer (湖南卷) 【分析】openingopened。opened 与 put, started 一起构成并列谓语。10. 句意逻辑关系【考例】I had to look up the word many times,

44、for which was quite troublesome. (重庆卷)【分析】去掉 for。这里主要考查非限制性定语从句，which 在此指代前面提到的 the word。11. 句与句之间的并列或从属关系【考例】Clever as she is, but she works very hard. We have a (福建卷)【分析】去掉 but。Clever as she is=Although she is clever，所以此处要去掉并列连词 but。高考英语短文改错考点归纳错词考点错词的情况最为复杂，大致可分为虚词选择错误、实词词形错误、同(近)义、形似词选择错误等。一、虚词选择错误 介词或副词选择错误：这种情况极为复杂，各种情况都有可能。这里只提供几组作为参考：before / ago, among / between, after / in, below