赖世雄 英语语法

1、第1章 句子的构成最后，来翻译英文观止里面的句子。弄完了以后，打印出来，装订好。语法的目标：看懂句子，分析句子的结构，这是学习语法的终极目标。修饰的时候不一定是连接在一起的, 要分清格局, 用大块结构的形式来分析.动词块, 不定式块.1.句子由主语（subject）+谓语(verb)构成；2.主语省略时，构成祈使句。 Work hard! Be quite! Dont be silly.1.1 可充当主语的词类1.名词2.代词3.动名词，不定式短语Seeing him makes me angry.其实应该是动名词短语做主语或不定式短语作主语To see him makes me angry.

2、但是，这种动名词或不定式短语做主语时，一般用形式主语。It makes me angry seeing him.这里不是修饰angry。 It makes me angry to see him. 分析句子时，先看一看是不是形式主语。4.名词从句做主语That he doesnt work hard makes me angry.三种形式：that从句，whether从句，疑问从句（when what how where why）Where he lives is still a doubt.一、名词从句：名词从句作动词宾语I know that he will go abroad in th

3、e nearest future(名词从句作动词宾语)I dont know how hell handle it.名词从句作介词的宾语I am worried about whether he can do itI am sure of how hell cope with the problemI am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.I am worried about the fact that he can do it.这里因为介词+ that从句，所以，需要在介词后加the fact ,that 从句变为the fac

4、t的同位语，都是介词的宾语。I am worried about his playing around all day.I am worried about his not studying.这里，介词后边的还是宾语，其实是由that 引导的。但是介词加that从句，需要变换，所以变成这样了。原句是：that he plays around all day.-his playing around all day. that he not study.- his not studying.变化的过程中，去掉that,助动词，变所有格，动词变成动名词。that he doesnt study- h

5、is not studying.That the team will win the gamethe teams winning the game.be + adj. + that 从句I am worried that he plays around all day.(状语从句，修饰形容词)I am sure that the team has won the game(状语从句).有时，介词后也可以直接加that从句。是固定的。In that = becauseExcept that He is great in that he can speak five different langu

6、ages.二、名词短语做主语名词短语：疑问词+不定式短语Where to liveWhether to try again.When to talk to hime三、表距离的地点副词短语做主语From .to It is about 160 kilometers from Beijing to Xiamen.1.2 动词的种类及其用法完全(complete) 及物(intransitive) 两种修饰，出来4个形态，还有一个是授予动词(Dative)，所以总共有5种动词。Atransitiveverb has a direct object. (动词) 及物的; 传递；及物动词1. 完全不及

7、物动词 判断方法：把动词放入中间。我。他他被我。两句都没有毛病的及物，有毛病的，不及物。如kill 我杀他 他被我杀，可以，为及物动词Dance 我跳他，他被我跳，不及物动词有的动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如kill 有杀某人，也有杀戮的意思，前者是及物，后者是不及物动词2. 不及物动词+同源名词有些不及物动词，以同源名词作宾语后，可以变为及物动词Dream a terrible dream.Live a happy lifeSmile a bright smile.3. 完全及物动词与完全不及物动词完全及物动词(需要加宾语的动词)：即加了宾语后，意思完全。He killed her.

8、有一个作用对象的动词。完全不及物动词（无需加宾语）：He laughed.The book was written by himThe book :主语，此时，为write的对象。He wrote a book.4. 完全不及物动词出现的形态。Something happened.过去时Something was happening. 进行时。完全不及物动词：完整的动词，放在主语后，可单独存在，意义完整，无需任何词类补充其意思的不足；但，完全不及物动词之后，可接副词或副词对等语（如介词短语，状语从句），以修饰该动词。Something happened yesterday. 时间名词作状语，修

9、饰happened.这里，yesterday做时间状语He died in an accident. 介词短语，做副词，修饰died.He left because he didnt want to see Mary again. 状语从句，做副词，修饰left5. 不完全不及物动词即，系动词，意思不完全，无法单独存在，周后要接名词、形容词的对等语（如代词，动名词，不定式，动名词从句，名词短语等），以补充其意思的不足。此类补足语，同时修饰主语，故称为主语补足语或表语。He looks happy. Look是系动词，形容词happy做补语，做主语补语。He became a good stud

10、ent. 名词做补语，做主语补语，修饰主语。My trouble is that I have no money 名词从句做补语，做主语补语。He is in danger now. 介词短语做补语，做主语补语。6. 不完全不及物动词的判定方法 系动词我。他他被我。 如become（1）确定及物不及物我变成他他被我变成。所以为不及物动词（2）确定完全不完全。 主语+动词 主语+be+动词-ing 我变成 我在变成。 所以为不完全动词。综上为，不完全，不及物动词，需要加补语。什么是完全，即看看要不要加补语。7. 不完全不及物动词的种类及其主语补语用法 系动词7.1 be动词be动词后用名词对等语

11、（名词，名词从句，名词短语，动名词，不定式），形容词（做形容词的现在分词，过去分词，介词短语，地点副词或地点副词短语）做补语。Be动词的三种翻译：名词作补语时，翻译为“是”；形容词做补语时，be动词，不翻译；地点副词或地点副词短语做补语时，be动词，翻译为“在”。He is a great hero 名词作补语。The problem is whether he can join us 名词从句做补语。The question is when to set off 名词短语做补语。My hobby is collecting stamps. 做名词用的动名词短语，即名词，做补语My purpo

12、se is to see him. 做名词用的不定式短语，即名词，做补语。She is beautiful. 形容词做补语。The question is interesting. 做形容词用的现在分词做补语。I am interested in the question.做形容词用的过去分词做补语。 The book is of no use.做作形容词用的介词短语做补语。Of+抽象名词（形容词） She is there.地点副词做补语。 They are upstairs.地点副词做补语。 Is he home now?地点副词做补语。Be 动词后的现在分词有两种形式：做形容词，做动词。

13、形容词时，翻译为“。的”动词时，翻译为“正在。”Be 动词后的过去分词也有两种形式：形容词，动词的被动语态。形容词时，翻译为：的。动词时，翻译为：被是哪个词性的判断方法：把be动词后面的和主语互换，看能不能换。He is washing the car.换了以后：Washing the car is he.不可以，所以是现在分词，不是动名词。His job is washing cars.换了以后：Washing cars is his job。可以，所以，是动名词，动词短语做主语。Whether从句做及物动词的宾语时，名词从句连接词whether可用if代替。I dont know whet

14、her the typhoon will come.= I dont know if the typhoon will come. Whether引导的名词从句，作宾语。介词之后无宾语时，可单独存在做副词使用，和地点副词一样，有形容词的功能，也可以作为be动词之后的补语。He is in.介词副词。He is in the house 地点副词短语，有形容词功能，做补语。强迫/要求/催促。此类动词+宾语+不定式短语。此时，不定式短语宾语补足语。I forced him to recite the lesson. 不定式短语做宾语补足语，即修饰宾语。I asked him to write th

15、e letter. 不定式短语做宾语补足语，即修饰宾语。He was asked to write the letter 不定式短语修饰主语，做主语的补语。任命动词：选举，指派，宾语之后用表支委的名词作补语，通常该名词之前要省略冠词。Elect ,assign.We elected him chairman of the committee.We assigned him platoon leader.认定动词：即，表“视为”的意思，加了宾语以后，用名词或形容词做宾语的补语We regard him as a geniusWe take him for a genius.We consider

16、 him to be a genius.也可以省略to beWe consider him a genius.一般介词之后只能用名词或动名词做宾语，但表示“视为”意思的动词与介词as或for连用时，该介词之后省略了动名词being,而直接连接形容词与其后。所以，动词表“视为”的意思时，后面的介词后直接加形容词。其他情况，加名词或动名词。I regard him as nice(adj. 介词后的形容词，做宾语的补语)虚宾语：Think,believe,find,deem,consider这五个动词做不完全及物动词时，不得直接用不定式短语做宾语，一定要用虚宾语，即it取代。主语+think+it

17、+宾语补语+to V(真宾语)I think it necessary to do the job.It是形式宾语，necessary 形容词，做宾语的补语，to do the job 真正的宾语。但find, believe, think, deem, consider也可做完全及物动词，此时要用that引导的名词从句做宾语。I believe that it is worthwhile to study hard. 宾语从句做宾语有时，that从句做及物动词的宾语时，that可以省略。I believe it is worthwhile to study hard. 省略that的宾语从句

18、做宾语。Make 表示“使成为”时，为不完全及物动词，此时不定式短语不能做宾语，必须要用It做形式宾语。He make it a rule to get up early. 不定式做真宾语 it做形式宾语，a rule做宾语补语。授予动词授予动词有两个宾语：第一个宾语做间接宾语，表授予的对象，第二个宾语做直接宾语，表授予的东西。I will give you his watch. you 做间接宾语，his watch做直接宾语。直接宾语与间接宾语倒置的方法：1. 表“给予”的意思，用to.I gave him the books.= I gave the books to him.2. 表“

19、代劳”的意思，用forI made him a chair. = I made a chair for him.3. 表“从中”用of.I asked him a question I aske a question of him.He required nothing of me. 这里me 和 nothing都是宾语，不是做修饰。与授予动词并用的ofHe robbed me of my money. me和my money是宾语，但是rob时，对象是Of前面的。表“提供”的授予动词。Offer,proviede，除offer以外，要和介词with 连用。He offered me all

20、I needed. Me 间接宾语，all I needed直接宾语。He provided me with all I needed = He provide all I needed for me.Present时，用to.He presented a watch to me = He presented me with a watch.第2章 句子的连接2.1 破折号破折号，连接句子或同位语。第一种用法：补充第一个句子。用来强调第一个从句，补充意思的不足，翻译为“也就是说”，“换句话说”。He is a trashhe is good for nothing.破折号前后都是句子，翻译为：

21、他是个垃圾，换句话说，他什么都不是。第二种用法：连接同位语His hobbytaking picturesis a far cry from mine.此时，不能His hobbytaking pictures is a far cry from mine.He finally made his purpose known to usto run after Susan不定式，做purpose的同位语，即，放在修饰后面。不是直接连接一起的。2.2 冒号冒号连接句子时，强调句子中的名词。He has made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.

22、2.3 分号2.3.1分号=，+连词He is a man of principle, so we all respect him. He is man of principle; we all respect him.2.3.2 句号代替逗号。He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on; and that he expected me to help him.Because of his ill temper是插入语。He said that he h

23、ad no money, that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.有三个that从句，做said的宾语，叫做，并列从句，用逗号相隔。加上插入语 because of his ill temper时，怎么插呢，插在中间时，因为插入语会引入两个逗号，这样就看不出来，哪个是并列从句，哪个是宾语，所以加上分号。这样一看就看出来是并列的宾语。 He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends

24、 to count on; and that he expected me to help him.划线的是said的三个that宾语从句。He enjoys dancing, swimming and jogging.加上插入语后。He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming; jogging.或者：He enjoys dancing; swimming, which he often does on Sundays; and jogging.或者：He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming

25、, which he often does on Sundays; and jogging.2.4 并列连词And ;or;but;not only.but also;rather than1.连接单词词，只有三个and or ,but He is kind and handsome.并列连词做主语补语。2.连接短语He came to see him and tell him the truth. 并列的不定式短语。第二个to省略了，找不到的一般是省略了。He came to see him and to tell him the truth.4. 连接句子He succeeded both

26、 because he was intelligent and because he worked hard. 并列的状语从句。Not only can she sing, but he can dance. 并列的句子。连词的独立用法：此时是根据上下文。.And he took my advice.2.5 连接副词只能用于连接句子和句子之间，即连接从句。I like him because he is easy to get along with.When he came , I was writing a letter.这里是，连接副词。常用的连接副词：because, though, i

27、f, unless, as soon as, when, once等等。连接副词引导状语从句，修饰主句。连接副词冠于任何一个从句前面，该从句就成为一个状语从句，即状语从句。状语从句不能单独存在，需要依赖主句，整个状语从句可视为副词，用来修饰主句。I like him because he is nice 状语从句，修饰主句。 Because he is nice, I like him.任何一个连接副词引导的状语从句置于主句之后，两句间不置逗号，若，状语从句置于主句之前，则两句间通常置逗号。Though he did poorly on the exam, his father didnt b

28、lame him.= His father didnt blame him though he did poorly on the exam.偶尔，当然，有的人也可以加逗号的，只是不专业。His father didnt blame him, though he did poorly on the exam.连接性副词：即，副词有连词的意味，但却不能做连词用，此类副词称为连接性副词；此类副词前要有分号，用以连接两个句子，即不加分号时，看着就不对。He is nice; however I dont like him.He is kind; we, therefore, like him. 一样

29、的，此时把however插入到句子中。即。He is nice; however I dont like him= He is nice; I , however, dont like him. 就是把逗号换成分号而已。While做连接副词及并列连词表“当”时，while视为连接副词，引导状语从句；表“而”时，视为并列连词，引导主句。He is nice, while his brother is bad. 并列连词。 While he is nice, his brother is bad. 把while提前了，但意思时一样的，都是引导主句。He is nice 和his brother i

30、s bad 都是两个主句。While I was writing a letter, she was doing dishes.While I was writing a letter做状语从句She was doing dishes 主句。第3章 关系词3.1 关系代词relative pronoun 关系代词；相对的代词。 关系代词有连词的功能，用以引导定语从句。He is a man who always means what he says.Who指代a man这个词。Thats the book which I like.Which 指代the book这个词。He works ha

31、rd, which is a fact that we all know.Which前有逗号，所以which指代的是he works hard这个句子。That指代的是a fact.指代人时，主格用who，即在who引导的定语从句中做主语，宾格用whom，即，在所引导的定语从句中做宾语。Which主格宾格都是which,代替事物和句子时也都是which关系代词之前要有它要代替的先行词；关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要做主语、宾语或be动词的补语（补语只有be动词有）；否点关系代词之前一定要用介词。He is a good student who studies hard.Who指代student

32、,在所引导的定语从句who studies hard中，who是主语，studies是谓语，hard做状语。He is a boy whom everyone loves.Whom指代 a boy，在所引导的定语从句whom everyone loves中whom做及物动词loves的宾语，everyone做主语。He is a man for whom I enjoy working.Whom指代a man ,所引导的定语从句for whom I enjoy working中I做主语 enjoy 做谓语，working做宾语，所以for whom什么都不做，即关系代词之前有介词即表示，只是一

33、个连接词，什么成分都不做，但翻译时要翻译出来。He is a man for whom I enjoy working 他是一个我很乐意为他工作的人。 He is man with whom I enjoy working.The house in which we live is very largeWhich指代the house ，引导的定语从句we是主语，in which we live中，live为不及物动词，所以which什么都没做，就需要在前面加上介词，怎么在关系代词前面加介词呢，看后面的谓语live而加上去。关系代词之前有介词时，介词可移动到所引导的定语从句末尾，此时可省略关系

34、代词。即关系代词的省略。只是移动到所引导定语从句的末尾，而不是整个句子。还原的时候找先行词的位置，加上去即可。He is a man I enjoy working with. A man 是先行词，在后面加上关系代词即可，疑问是，什么都不做，为什么要用宾格呢，有介词要用宾格？ He is a man whom I enjoy working with. He is a man with whom I enjoy working.The house we live in is very large. 找到先行词the house在后面加上which The house which we liv

35、e in is very large The house in which we live is very large.有些固定的动词短语，即动词+介词/动词+名词+介词，在定语从句中出现时，介词不能置于关系代词之前，以保持该动词的完整性。如，pay attention to ; call on; take over; warm up等有介词的动词短语。This is a question you should pay attention to . This is a question which you should pay attention to . This a question to

36、 wich you shoud pay attention.但这个句子不好，不要这么写。John, who was lazy, scored quite high marks on the exam, which somewhat surprised me.Which前面有逗号，所以代表整个句子 。那中间的插入语时怎么回事呢，只要是个句子，或者短语都可以做为插入语，或者看着像非限制性定语从句。We spread our clothes in the sun to dry, which they did very quickly.这里有逗号which, they 指代our clothes, w

37、hich代替了dry的概念，这里，which指代了前句中的部分概念。所以逗号+which可能是指代前面的一整句，或者指代前句中的部分概念。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即独一无二的就不能限定，比如妈妈，爸爸只有一个就不能限定。专有名词或独一性名词本身就有特殊性，不用再用形容词来限定。I met John, who is my classmate.I went to the train station this morning,写到这里，下边一句可以用非限制性定语从句来修饰其中的某个概念，这样就不用直接加which，还不知道修饰的什么。当不知道要定语从句要怎么加在后面时，这时，可以用非限制性

38、定语从句来修饰。所以这里我想修饰一下the train station就可以用非限制性定语从句。I went to the train station this morning, which was crowded witch passengers.限定修饰：一些名词本身未具有特殊性，可用定语从句加以限定修饰，以加强其特殊性。限定修饰的定语从句，其关系代词前不用逗号。翻译时，限制性的定语从句要先翻译定语从句部分，再翻译被修饰的部分。当时是直到翻译名词时，再用修饰来修饰名词。He is a boy who works hard.限定性的定语从句，翻译时先翻译后面的定语从句部分，而who就不要翻译

39、。他是工作认真的一个男孩。当然也可以用非限制性定语从句。限制的可以用非限制，非限制的不能用限制。为什么呢，因为这时，一般名词已经有形容词在修饰了。比如。He is a good boy, who works hard.关系代词的省略。This is the boy I saw yesterday. This is the boy whom I say yesterday. 即，关系代词做宾语时，可以省略。还有就是关系代词是介词的宾语，介词移动到句尾时，关系代词也可以省略。This is the house we lives in. This is the house which we live

40、s in. This is the house in which we lives.3.1.1 That做关系代词That可以做关系代词，去到who whom which，但that做关系代词时，不能有逗号，即只能用在限制性定语从句中，也不能用于有介词的定语从句中。I like the girl that is sitting there. I like the girl who is sitting there. 为限制性定语从句 that is sitting there是修饰作用的，不止是一个句子，还是一个定语从句。He is a man that we all respect. He

41、is a man whom we all respect.还有一种情况是定语从句中不能用who whom which，只能用that.The first man that came here was Peter. That came here was Peter是一个限制性定语从句，这里前面有一个first，即序数词，所以后面只能用that做定语从句的引导词。Who is the man that is standing there? 这里前面有疑问词who，所以用who, which ,whom的话会重复，只能用that.这里that引导的that is standing there做定语从

42、句修饰 man.除了who之外，还有what where how 之后也只能用that.He is the best student that Ive ever taught.这里有最高级，后面也只能用that.He is the very man that I met yesterday.The very+名词后面也只能用that.还有几种情况，但不了解了，我的目的是看懂文章，不用理那么多，只要记住，that还可以引导定语从句。限定修饰的定语从句简化为分词短语：The girl dancing here yesterday is my sister.其实原来是一个定语从句= who danc

43、ed here yesterday.所以分词短语有时也是一种定语从句。非限制性定语从句不可简化为分词短语。I met John, who said that he loved Mary very much.这里不可等价于 saying that但是，非限制性定语从句可简化为先行词的同位语I met John, a good friend of mine. I met John, who is a good friend of mine.这里，a good friend of mine是John的同位语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。即去掉who或which+和be动词之后就可以变成同位语。He

44、works hard, a fact known to us. He works hard, which is a fact known to us. He works hard, a fact that is known to us. He works hard, which is a fact that is known to us.A good friend of mine, John came to see me yesterday. John, a good friend of mine, came to see me yesterday.这里a good friend of min

45、e是John的同位语。主语的同位语可置于主语前或者后的位置。3.1.2定语从句与插入语什么是插入语？即 主语+表认知的动词。其他的都是非限制性定语从句，或其省略。I believe ; I think; I fell; I know; I consider; I find.He is a man who I think never breaks his word.I think 是插入语，who没有变成whom 因为who还是never breaks his word的主语。He is the man whom I believe I met yesterday.当然有时，还是可以做后面的宾语

46、的。He is a man whom I think to be nice.Whom做think的宾语 to be nice做whom的宾语补语。3.1.3定语从句变为不定式短语He has no house to live in. 这里to live in实际上是一个定语从句。= He has no house in which to live.Lend me your pen to write my address with.= Lend me your pen with which to write my address.To write my address with是定语从句。3.2

47、 关系代词的所有格关系代词所有格和关系代词一样，引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词。She has an uncle whose name is Peter She has an uncle. His name is Peter.可以断句，即关系代词的所有格，基本上可以断句处理。但是翻译的时候也可以一句话一起翻译。他有一个名叫做Peter的叔叔。还是定语从句。其实是这样的，想要在先行词后再接一个名词时，就可以用关系代词的所有格来进行处理。I like that house, whose location looks good to me. I like that house. Its locatio

48、n looks good to me. 关系代词所引导的名词要做定语从句中的主语或宾语。I hate John, whose words are seldom true.Whose words做定语从句中的主语。I hate John, whose words I dont believe.Whose words做 定语从句中的宾语。I hate John, whose words I have no trust inHave及物动词 no trust 宾语 whose words 什么都不做，所以需要在关系代词之前要加介词in. I hate John, in whose words I h

49、ave no trust.即，关系代词引导的什么都不做时，要在前面后末尾加上介词，分析的时候要注意，什么都不做的这种情况，其实一种做法就是看看有没有介词，有介词的话，基本上都是这一种情况，即可认为，关系代词引导的名词什么成分都不做。虽然不做成分，但是翻译的时候需要翻译出来的。I like to study in this school, of which the faculty and facilities are topnotch. I like to study in this school, the faculty and facilities of which are topnotch

50、. I like to study in this school, whose faculty and facilities are topnotch.Whose可代替人和物。当代替物时，whose + 名词= the+ 名词+ of which=of which +the+名词。This is a fancy car, whose color I like very much.这里whose指代的物，所以可以做替换。 This is a fancy car, the color of which I live very much. This is a fancy car, of which

51、the color I like very much.所以以后看到of which+the+名词时，可以直接理解为whose+名词。This is Tom, whose father is an English teacher. 非限定定语从句。Tom独一无二，所以无需再修饰。I met a boy whose father is an English teacher. 限定修饰。Boy没有最终确定是谁，所以可以加上限定的定语从句，进行修饰。3.3 关系副词关系副词有四个：where when why how 即除了what that which之外都是。关系副词都可由，介词+which替换而

52、来。Where = in which; at which; on which When = in which ; at which; on whichWhy = for whichHow = in which.即地点，时间，原因，方式；这4种为状语，或副词。This is the city where I met Mary.He came on Friday, when it was raining very hard.I dont know the reason why he cried.Thats the way how he handled the thing.关系副词引导的定语从句用于

53、修饰前面修饰的词。Where : 大地点时用in, 小地点用at ;内部时用In, 外面时，比如在上面时用onThis is the city where I met Mary. This is the city in which I met Mary. 大地点。When:表那一天时，用on;表一段时间时用In,表时刻时用at.He came on Friday, when it was raining hard. He came on Friday, on which it was raining hard.Why:只有for whichHoe:只有in whichI shall never

54、 forget the day he came. I shall never forget the day when he came.Thats the reason he left Thats the reason why he left.即when why how都可以省略引导词，还是定语从句。所以定语从句的几种情况：Who;whom;which ;that; when; where;why;how;介词+which 引导，分词短语引导，不定式短语，省略的情况。这都是定语从句。定语从句省略名词的情况：有be动词，定语从句做补语时就是省略掉了名词，而我们看不到。Thats where he

55、was born. Thats the place where he was born.Thats when hell come. Thats the day when hell come.Thats why he left. Thats the reason why he left.Thats how he did it. Thats the way how he did it.Where; when; why ;how也可以视为疑问代词，引导名词从句，做及物动词的宾语。I dont know when hell come. When引导的名词从句做宾语。Put it where you found it. Where做副词，做连接副词。 Put it at the place where you found it.Where 做连接副词时，等语in/at the place where .Where there is a will, there is way.