2015考研翻译讲义第二部分深谈_W

1、考研英语强化课程-翻译翻译主讲：武峰欢迎使用在线考研英语强化课程-翻译深谈翻译方法导图（请去武峰老师微博：BrotherFive 打印清晰版大图）/1413907332/wbphotos/large/photo_id/3481099227171774考研英语强化课程-翻译考研英语强化课程-翻译真题讲解（所附参考译文，仅做全文理解参考所用。具体划线句子的准确译文，请认真听讲、记好笔记。）1998 年 天体物理学（典型理科类） They were by far, the largest and most distant objects that scien

2、tist had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light- years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That

3、was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite-Cobe had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeva

4、l explosion that has discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required

5、for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, co

6、ndensing in to particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers world like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of

7、local objectslike clusters and super clusters of galaxies. They shouldnt have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the考研英语强化课程-翻译South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spo

8、ts look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, prope

9、lled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it istrue.参考译文迄今为止，科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是：离地球大约 150

10、 亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。（71）更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是 150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之国国家航空航天局的 Cobe 号（宇宙背景探测器）已经发现了划时代的证据，表明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，人们称之为大爆炸（此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量的爆炸）。 （72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是 20 年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。按照这一理论，宇宙形成于一团亚微观的、密度相当大的纯能量团，它在向四面八方发散的过程中放出辐射线，浓

11、缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体在引力的压缩下形成星系、恒星、植物，甚至最终产生人类。 设计 Cobe就是要观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更小的热点，即，像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必等待很长时间。（73）天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。 （74）假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说认为，很久以前，在一种反引力的驱动下，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内膨胀了无数倍。（75）宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它

12、是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。 考研英语强化课程-翻译2000 年政府与经济 （文理科搭配） Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying m

13、easures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests

14、upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, includ

15、ing the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, eco

16、nomics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs

17、 and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example, 74) in the early industrialized

18、 countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in socialpatterns that followed was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and

19、tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the考研英语强化课程-翻译governments concerned.75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern mea

20、ns of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments arebecoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.参考译文世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设，即，本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富。（71）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中 控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助

21、。（72）再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些门，以便提高生产率，确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益。例如，政府可能利用各种方法鼓励研究工作，包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改变教育结构，或进行干预，以便减少自然资源的浪费，开发尚未利用的资源；或者在日益增多的跨国科学、经济和工业项目中直接进行合作。无论如何，一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科技人才。 （73）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。与此同时，与过去相比

22、，世界各地社会变化的正常速度越来越快。例如，（74）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种 深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。这一切带来的后果就是，在社会内部 营造了异乎寻常的压力和紧张气氛，从而给有关政府带来了严重问题需要处理。（75）由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动 相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。目前，以上所有这些因素产生的后果就是，各国政府为了制定合理的计划并将之付诸实施， 越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会学家。 考研英语强化课程-翻译2001 年未来学 （文理科搭配）

23、（评分细则解释） In less than 30 years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71）There will be television chat shows hosted

24、 by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72） Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital

25、 age will have arrived. According to BTs futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73）Pearson has pieced together the w

26、ork of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendarthat gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy an

27、d dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environm

28、ents, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says.74）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the

29、next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecastsfor when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does考研英

30、语强化课程-翻译expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.75）An

31、d home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychologicaldisorderkitchen rage.参考译文在未来不到三十年的时间里，特列克星号的全息舱面就会成为现实。大脑神经系统和计算机之间的直接连接还会创造出全方位感受虚拟环境， 使电影全部回忆中展示的虚拟假期成为可能。 （71）届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。（7

32、2） 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就要来到了。 依 BT 的未来学家亚恩皮尔森做出的预见，这些都属于新世纪头几十年发展计划之列，届时，超级计算机将急剧加速各个生活领域的发展。（73）皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。一些最大的进展将在医学领城，包括人预期寿命的延长和数十种人造器官，这些将在现在到 2024 年之间陆续实现。 皮尔森还，在计算机与人的连接上会有一个重大突破。他说：“通过直接与我们的神经系统相连，计

33、算机可以知道我们的感觉，并且，我们希望，它可以模仿感觉，这样，我们就能够发展全方位感知环境，就像电影全部回忆中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面。”（74）但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿。” 通过研究，皮尔逊能够大多数突破的发生时间。然而，对于何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术能够得以完善，何时可以进行时间旅行，却依然没有预见。但他的确预见技术进步引起的社会问题。比如，到 2010 年，住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将引发问题；仿真机器人意味着人类可能无法区分同类朋友和这些机器人伙伴。（75）家

34、用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病 厨房狂躁症。 考研英语强化课程-翻译2003 年人类学（典型文科类） Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environme

35、nt in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more

36、harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62) S

37、ocial science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political sc

38、ience, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative meth

39、od in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edw

40、ard Tylors formulation of the concept of culture was one of the greatintellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as“that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law,考研英语强化课程-翻译 custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of so

41、ciety.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concep

42、t of “set ” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possibleimmense amounts of concrete research and understanding.参考译文人类无时无地都在探究他们所居住的这个世界，并且惊叹于他们所处的地方。人类有思想、有创造性，而且具有难以满足的求知欲。(61)此外， 人类具有改变他们生活环境的能力，从而，使其他的生命形态都服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象力。因此，运用冷静和系统的方法对人类的丰富性与多样性进行研究，是至关重要的。我们希望通过这些研究获得的知识可以促进人与人之

43、间、以及人类与地球上的所有其他生命形态更加和谐地共存。 “Anthropology”一词起源于希腊语 anthropos“人类”和 logos“研究”。从名称上来看，人类学包含了对全人类的研究。 人类学属于社会科学。(62)社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方 式去研究人类及其行为。 社会科学包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学等学科。社会学的每一学科都包含一门与人类学密切相关的副学科或专业。 一切社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一门以实地考查为导向的学科，在分析过程中需要广泛地运用比较法。(63)强调收集第一手资料，

44、加上在分析过去和现在文化时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 文化理念是人类学分析的重要基础。艾德华泰勒爵士对文化理念的表述是19 世纪科学所取得的重大知识成就之一。(64)泰勒把文化定义为“一个复杂整体，它包括人作为社会成员获得的、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。”这项真知灼见，表述简洁却寓意深刻，为观察和了解人类生活开辟出一条崭新的途径。泰勒的文化定义隐含着这样一层意思：即文化是一种学习、交流和模仿的行为。 (65)因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中的“集”的概念一样是一个抽象的概念，它使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能。 考研英语强化课程-翻译模拟题

45、 （请认真听讲，做好笔记。无配送的参考译文，请以老师课程讲解为准）Is the world headed for a food crisis? India, Mexico and Yemen have seen food riots this year. Whats the cause for these shortages and price hikes? Expensive oil, for the most part. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) reported last week that, at nearly $100 a barrel, the price of oil has sent the cost of food imports skyrocketing this year. Add in escalating crop prices, the FAO w