医学英语课件：Human disease

1、,Shangqin Chen Childrens Hospital of WMU,Human disease,What will we learn in this passage?,disease and pathology the classification of diseases germs invasion of the human body the bodys defense against invasion the bodys immunity to diseases,fundamentals of medical sciences,anatomy physiology physi

2、cs + biology pathology the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease * pathology -ology: physiology / psychology patho-病：pathogen pathological physiological anatomy,医学英语术语的构词法是单词理解和记忆的捷径 但，读时要注意：并不按构词法分割音节 * Lymphadenitis 淋巴结炎 Lympha- -denitis ？,医学英语的重读一般遵

3、循拉丁语词汇的重读体系 简而言之两句话 重读不在最后一个音节， 重读在倒数第二个音节，或倒数第三个音节 * vasculolymphatic urinology 泌尿学 *endoscopy 内窥镜检查法 edema hepatocyte n. hepatocellular adj.,what is a disease?,disease - a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, ca

4、n succumb to disease. * impair damage/hurt/weaken,* disease dis- + -ease ailment 疾病(尤指微恙), 不宁, 不安 illness Upset adj.心烦意乱的,不适的；不舒服的 disability Paralympics paralysis n. 瘫痪, 麻痹,* People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses

5、.,Germs: The Smallest Member of Our Environment are the Scariest,Yes. Superbug,organism /microbe /germ/ pathogens/ bug,Bacteria (pl.) / bacterium Viruses (pl.) / virus Fungi (pl.) / fungus 真菌类, 蘑菇,anaerobic bacteria 厌氧细菌 lactic acid bacteria 乳酸菌 non-pathogenic bacteria 非致病菌 Pathogenic bacteria 病原菌,n

6、on-spore-forming bacteria 无芽孢细菌 Spore bacteria 有芽孢细菌 superbug,Each disease has its own particular set of symptoms and signs,Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. * diagnose v. diagnosis n. T

7、he doctor diagnosed the illness as influenza. 医生诊断此病为流行感冒。,symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ. * symptom symptomatic adj. asymptomatic adj. 无症状的,Diseases

8、 can be classified differently,an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. / H1N1 flu /SWINE flu an epidemic disease strikes the same region year after year endemic disease /hypothyroidism *epidemic : adj Epidemiology n. 流行病学 prevalent adj. 普遍的, 流行的 *endemic : adj.某地特产的(动、植物

9、); 地方病的 Exotic 异国情调的, 外来的, 奇异的,An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. * attack : n./v. heart attack , liver attack 肝病突发 hit * fatal fetal * acute ?,A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes

10、years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. * rheumatic fever romantic fever? diarrhea 腹泻,subacute :between the acute and chronic * sub-表示“下，在下；低于，次于，副； 亚，次”之义 subway subacute Subarachnoid adj. 解蛛网膜下的 arachnoid adj. 蛛网状的, 蛛网膜的 n. 蛛网膜 Subaxile 腋

11、下的 axile adj. 轴的, 轴上的,classified by causative agents - infectious disease,* an infectious, or communicable disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze.,classified by causative agents -infectious disease（cont）,Tiny organisms such

12、as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another.,Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier ca

13、n then pass the disease on to someone else. * asymptomatic: a- ?,a- 无，缺，非 anemia 贫血, 贫血症 apnea 无呼吸, 呼吸暂停 atonia 张力缺乏, 弛缓 asymptomatic,classified by causative agents - Noninfectious disease,Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. organ or tissue degeneration, *de- 剥夺, 分离 errati

14、c cell growth faulty blood formation and flow. disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems.,* Stomach n.胃, 胃口, 胃部 v. 容忍 Stomachache n. 胃痛, 肚子痛 Stomatitis n. 口腔炎 stomatology n. 口腔病学 gastritis,classified by causative agents - Noninfectious

15、disease （cont）,Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the bodys defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system. *deficiencies: 不足 deficiency de- 剥夺, 分离 detoxication 解毒 toxication efficiency n.效率, 功效 * lapses Collapse n.倒塌, 崩溃, 失败, 虚脱 Prolapse n.（直肠、子宫等）脱垂，脱出,Disability and

16、 illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems. * Disability disable able * drug * obesity * malnutrition: mal- 表示“坏, 错误”之义 malfunctions malignant恶性的 benign,a thousand or more inh

17、eritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns,Since tiny genes are responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health.,Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolis

18、m. Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.,* hereditary. inheritable inherit v. inherited adj.,How Germs Invade the Body?,Humans live in a world where many other living things compete for food and places to breed.,The pathogenic organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs, that caus

19、e many diseases are able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the bodys defense system can ward off these invaders. * ward off v. 避开, 挡住 defend fend off,Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways,Be breathed in common cold, pneumonia, tu

20、berculosis * tuberculosis TB tuberculo- 表示“结核病，结核性”之义 tuber n. 植块茎, 突起, 解结节 tube,Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways,through sexual contact of human bodies - those that cause venereal diseases through contaminated food, water or utensils those that cause hepatitis, colitis, chole

21、ra, and typhoid fever,* - itis (it is?) 炎 Hepatitis， colitis bronchitis, stomatitis * hepato- 肝 Hepatitis， hepatomegaly -megaly * colo- 结肠，大肠 colitis 结肠炎， colon大肠 clone 克隆 colotomy 结肠切开术 -otomy,Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers,Flies can carry germs from human waste or oth

22、er tainted materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector.,Whats next?,Body Battles !,Meet your Immune Team,Team 1 Team 2 Team 3,How the Body Fights Disease - first line of defense,a healthy body has a number of physical b

23、arriers against infection. The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resistance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms.,Team 1,physical barriers,If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor case

24、s, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, large areas of the body might become infected.,Team 1,Breathing passages,Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mucus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. * particles pa

25、rticular *vulnerable 易受攻击的, 易受.的攻击 Susceptible adj.（与to连用）易受影响的,易动感情的； Sensitive adj.（常与to连用）敏感的； 易感受的,Team 1,minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract. * cilia villus,How the Body Fights Disease - first li

26、ne of defense,In addition, foreign matter in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing.,Team 1,Unfortunately, repeated infection, smoking and other causes can damage the respiratory passage ways and make them more susceptible to infection. *

27、 susceptible to Vulnerable to Sensitive to,Team 1,body temperature,Many potential invaders cannot stand body temperature (98.6 F or 37 ). Even those that thrive at that temperature may be destroyed when the body assumes higher, fever temperatures.,Team 1,Wax in the outer ear canals and tears from ey

28、e ducts can slow the growth of some bacteria. stomach acid can destroy certain swallowed germs.,Team 1,How the Body Fights Disease - The second line of defense,in the blood and lymph. Certain white blood cells flock to infected areas and try to localize the infection by forming pus-filled abscesses.

29、 (abscess) Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread.,Team 2,When the infection spread, the infection is first blocked by local lymph glands.,For example, an infection in the hand travels up the arm, producing red streaks and swollen, tender lymph gland

30、s in the armpit. Unless the infection is brought under control, it will result in blood poisoning. * swollen swallow * blood poisoning sepsis,Team 2,How the Body Fights Disease - The second line of defense,Phagocytes are located at various sites to minimize infection. * Phagocytes 噬菌细胞 -cyte phagocy

31、tosis n.噬菌(作用) Macrophage 巨噬细胞,Team 2,One type of Phagocytes in the spleen and liver keeps the blood clean. Others in such high-risk areas as the walls of the bronchi and the intestines remove certain bacteria and shattered cells. * bronchi 单数bronchus bronchitis支气管炎,Team 2,How We Become Immune to Di

32、sease?,a special way of handling infection. a system that fends off the first traces of an infectious substance then, through a memory, gives the body a long-lasting immunity against future attacks by the same kind of invader.,Team 3,Antigens antibodies,Many substances could harm the body if they ev

33、er entered it. These substances, or antigens, range from bacteria and pollen to a transplanted organ (viewed by the body as an invader). To fight them the body makes special chemicals known as antibodies.,Team 3,Antibody,Antibodies are a class of proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody is mad

34、e of a heavy chain of chemical subunits, or amino acids, and a light chain of them. * immunoglobulin hemoglobin,Team 3,Antibody,The light chain has special sites where the amino acids can link with their complements on the antigen molecule. When an antibody hooks up with an antigen, it often puts th

35、e antigen out of action by inactivating or covering a key portion of the harmful substance. * molecule 分子 atom 原子 electron 电子,Team 3,Antibody,In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibodies butter the surface of some antigens and make them tastier to phagocytes, which engulf the antig

36、ens. * opsonization 调理作用 opsonin 调理素,Sometimes an antibody hooks to a bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, or complement, to actually destroy the bacterium. * complement 补体 compliment n.称赞, 恭维, 问候, 道贺 vt.称赞, 褒扬, 恭维,As the antibody-antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex fixes co

37、mplement to it. the complement causes powerful enzymes to eat through the bacterial cell wall and make the organism burst. * enzyme 酶,There are several kinds of immunoglobulins,IgM: the largest IgG: the most plentiful and versatile; IgA: the next most plentiful and specially adapted to work in areas where body secretions could damage other antibodies. Other immunoglobulins are tied in with allergic reactions.,Team 3,IgM is later supplanted by the more effective IgG.,IgM is made at the first signs of an antigen.,immune response,Whe