英语科技论文写作（三）.ppt

1、英语科技论文写作（三）,2008.4.,正文_实验方法,包括： 实验目的； 实验的研究对象、样本或材料： 测试仪器仪表及测试系统(可用附图)； 实验步骤； 实验结果的收集方式和分析结果的方法。,正文_实验方法,时态的应用： 一般现在时态：句子的内容是普遍的、不受时间影响的事实。如： 标准实验设备 设备的原理和功能 标准实验程序,正文_实验方法,一般过去时态：句子的内容是特定的、过去的行为或事件。如： 实验目的 为满足实验工作的要求自行设计、制造或改造的设备 实验步骤,正文_实验方法,语态的使用： 描述试验方法和步骤的句子通常使用被动语态。 描述实验设备的句子通常使用主动语态。,正文_实验方法,

2、例:Experimental apparatus and procedure （实验目的）The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of flowing ice water slurry in a straight pipe, and thus provide fundamental information for the new ice thermal energy storage system.,正文_实验方法,（实验装置）The schemati

3、c diagram of experimental apparatus is shown in Fig.1. The apparatus consisted of a test section, an ice water slurry tank, a hot water circulating loop, and associated measuring instruments. The test section was a horizontal double tube heat exchanger of 2,000mm in length with an entrance section o

4、f 800mm in length. Ice water slurry flowed in an inside tube of the heat exchanger and hot water circulated in an annular gap between the inside and outside tubes. In this study, two kinds of heat exchanger were used. One was and the other was .,正文_实验方法,（测试手段） In this study, ice packing factor (IPF=

5、volume of ice / volume of ice water slurry) of ice water slurry is a very important factor, so an IPF controller and an IPF measuring device were used. IPF controller, which was a double tube, is shown in Fig.2. For measuring IPF of ice water slurry ,the electric conductivity method was chosen in th

6、is experiment. It is a method using a principle that . Fig.3 shows the detail of the IPF measuring device.,正文_实验方法,The velocity of ice water slurry in the test section was controlled by a vortex pump with an inverter. Thermocouples were set in the test section to measure both the inlet and outlet te

7、mperature of the ice water slurry and the hot water.,正文_实验方法,（实验步骤） The experiments were performed using the following procedure. Ice particle were mixed with water in the ice water slurry tank. After controlled IPF and velocity of ice water slurry, is was passed through the test section and heated

8、by hot water. The amount of melting heat transferred from hot water to ice water slurry was calculated with the difference between the inlet and outlet temperature of hot water. In addition, the behavior of the ice particles passed through the test section was recorded by a video camera for flow vis

9、ualization.,正文_实验方法,（实验条件）For the present experiment, the ice water slurry velocity, ui, ranged from 0.15 to 0.6 m/s, the IPF of ice water slurry at the test section inlet, IPFin, between 0 and 15%, the hot water temperature, Thin, between 20 and 30, and the hot water velocity, uh=0.35m/s.,正文_研究结果,一

10、般而言，结果部分的内容包含下列三个主要项目： 介绍研究结果，而且往往以一个句子指出反映完整研究结果的图表。 概述最重要的研究结果。 对研究结果作出评论或概括由这些结果得到的推论。 以上三个项目可能含在几个段落中多次出现。而且每个段落通常由这三个项目组成，段落的第一句为第一个项目，第二个项目是段落的主要部分，第三个项目则是由段落的最后的一、两个句子表达。,正文_研究结果,例Results （介绍研究结果）Table 1 shows that the measured drop Texh caused in the temperature of exhaust gases between the

11、inlet to the heat exchanger and the exit from it is considerably more than what was predicted by modeling studies. （叙述最重要的结果）Thus, referring to Table 1, it is observed that the Texh values measured on the actual setup are considerably above the predicted values. This occurrence is especially strikin

12、g at the tower inlet temperature. （推论）These observations signal that the modeling was on the conservative side.,正文_研究结果,介绍研究结果的句子： 时态的应用： 使用一般现在时态，而且其动词常用show、present、display、summarize、及illustrate。 注意：当图表用于作某种总结时，才可使用summarize,而illustrate只有在指图形时才可使用。,正文_研究结果,语态的使用： 可以采用被动语态或主动语态。前者把结果的内容作为主语，后者则把图表的

13、名称当作主语。介绍研究结果的句子究竞采用被动语态还是主动语态，取决于句子强调的内容及主语部分的长度。由于结果部分的焦点是结果本身，所以在介绍研究结果时，最好把名词短语作为主语，此时句子采用被动语态。但是，名词短语作为主语很长时，会使整个句子出现不平衡、不自然的结构，此时宜把图表名称作为主语，句子采用主动语态。,正文_研究结果,第一类句型： Fig.5 shows the influences of secondary fragmentation on char loading. Data in Table 3 show that operating and capital costs of D

14、iCTT technology are significantly lower. The effect of having higher turbine inlet temperature on the cycle thermal efficiency is shown in Fig.4.,正文_研究结果,第二类句型: 直接陈述结果，并在句子中插人一个短语或括号中的说明，以告诉读者这些结果在哪个图表中示出。,正文_研究结果,At night the average hourly release from storage is massive (see Fig. 3). At night the

15、 average hourly release from storage is massive (Fig. 3). At night the average hourly release from storage is massive, as shown in Fig. 3. At night the average hourly release from storage is massive, as Fig. 3 shows. As shown in Fig. 3, at night the average hourly release from storage is massive. As

16、 Fig. 3 shows, at night the average hourly release from storage is massive.,正文_研究结果,叙述研究结果的句子： 在叙述研究结果或对结果作总结时，因为所述的内容是过去事件的事实，所以通常采用一般过去时态。 表示研究过程中得到的具有普遍性的结果，可用一般现在时。 由数学模型和理论推到得到的结果，往往用一般现在时。,正文_研究结果,科技论文中，作者常常必须叙述的研究结果为： 某个参数或变量在某段时间内的变化情况。 在这种句子中，被研究的参数或变量常作为主语，而表达时间段的短语通常位于句末。,正文_研究结果,正文_研究结果,

17、不同试样、方法或研究对象之间的比较: 在进行比较时句子中常出现形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。,正文_研究结果,不同参数或变量之间的关系或影响。 常用的句型包括含有如correlated、related等动词的句子以及包含描述其中一个参数或变量变化的从句的复合句。 简单句：,正文_研究结果,复合句：,正文_研究结果,说明或评论研究结果： 作者对研究结果的评论或说明通常包含下列内容之一: 根据本人的研究结果作出推论。如： The results suggest that 作者解释研究结果或说明产生研究结果的原因。如: These findings are understandable becaus

18、e 作者对此次研究结果与其他研究者曾发生的结果作比较。例如提出自己的结果是否与其他研究者的结果一致。 These results agree with Gerners analysis, in that ,正文_研究结果,作者对自己的研究方法或技术的性能与其他研究者的方法或技术的性能进行比较，这种比较常出现在工程类研究论文中。例如： The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Tokens system. 作者指出自己的理论模型是否与实验数据符合。如: The measured temperatures alon