中科院考博英语 培训资料 Language.ppt

1、GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,The language of writing,1。句式多样化 sentence variety 1）变换句子的开头：名词做主语放句首，介词短语，副词状语，状语从句，分词短语以及形容词短语做状语放在句首。 2）使用不同结构的句型：简单句，复合句，并列句。 2。使用表达委婉语气的情态动词：would, could, may, might. E.g. I would argue 3。注意使用信号词（signal words）用来暗示上下文逻辑关系，作者思路。 1）表示结构的词汇：in conclusion, in sum, to c

2、onclude, to sum up.,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,Continued-信号词（signal words）,2）表示肯定程度的词汇： -表示非常肯定的：certainly, clearly, plainly, apparently, surely, undoubtedly, obviously. -表示某种保留的：possibly, perhaps, likely, probably, potentially, presumably, to some extent, in large sense, in some sense, in a s

3、ense, generally speaking, normally. 3）引出新观点的词汇：first, second, third, finally, in the first place, in the second place, last but not least, first of all, next, another, in addition, further (more), moreover, also, likewise, similarly, for one thingfor another( 表示并列，相同性质。而 on the one handon the other

4、hand表示对照，相反对的关系 ), suppose, imagine, what if.,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,Continued-信号词（signal words）,4）引出详细解释的词： Specifically, particularly, one, for e.g., in this case, in that, such as, in addition to . 5）表示对照或其他观点出现的词汇： Otherwise, however, nevertheless, though, although, yet, meanwhile, whi

5、le, but, instead, still, anyway, unlike, on the contrary, by contrast, by comparison, in any case, at any rate, in spite of, rather than, on the one handon the other hand, even if, apart from, instead of, even so. 6）表示证据出现的词汇：since, because, actually, in fact, as a matter of fact,GUCAS English Depar

6、t. Hu Jiangbo,Continued-排比,7）表示推理的词汇：as a result, accordingly, consequently, hence, thus, ultimately, thereby, therefore, as a consequence, if so, if not, according to. 8）表示反复说明的词汇：in other words, briefly, that is. 4. 使用排比对称结构 Despite all the evidence, experts continue to debate whether global warmi

7、ng exists （ 从句）, the extent of the problem （ 短语）, what the likely effects will be and whether any remedy is possible （从句） . Debate 后面接的只有一个短语，其他都是从句，可全改为从句。 将改为how extensive the problem is 或者全改为短语: the existence of global warming, the extent of the problem. its likely effects and possibility of any

8、remedy.,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,Continued-排比,The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as and or or.“ (A). With the -ing form (gerund) of words: Eg, Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. (B). With infinitive phrases: Eg, Mary likes to

9、hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. 排比可以体现在名词，动词，形容词，副词等的连续使用上。 （1）The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,Continued-排比,（2）The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do som

10、e warm-up exercises before the game. （3）The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation. （4）The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunci

11、ations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs .,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,Continued-排比,排比对称结构更多的是一种句子内部的现象，如：几个谓语动词排列，几个宾语从句排列。 也有句子之间的,如: I came, I saw, I conquered. Caesar (铿锵有力的排比,有一种君临天下的感觉.) -原文是拉丁语： Veni, vidi, vici. （既押头韵，又押尾韵，更妙。） I came, I saw, I conquered writing.,GUCAS English Dep

12、art. Hu Jiangbo,Continued5, 6,5. 避免不完整的句子 如这两个单句- If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do. （不完整的句子） 可改为: If you find that writing is hard because it is hardone of the hardest thing that people do. 6. 避免分词短语作状语的错误（在语法时经常分析） Holding her in his a

13、rms, the moon hid behind the cloud. (很有诗情画意,仿佛月亮都通人性) 如果改为：As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he hold her in his arms. (意义改错),GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,Continued7,8,也错: After holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.(用分词短语比用状语从句作状语,显得更书面化)分词的逻辑主语还是主句的主语. 正确: After he hold

14、 her in 7.修饰词放错位置: E.g., Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger. 改为: Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead. 8. 修饰手法 : 最常用的是比喻(明喻和暗喻). e.g., Man has wretched from nature the power to make the world a desert or to make deserts bloom. There is no evil

15、in the atom, only in mans soul. (atom 即 technology,提喻手法,用局部代替整体).,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,Continued-修饰手法,E.g., (明喻) I was uneasily conscious that my friendship with Tom was like owning dog that bites. E.g., (暗喻) American has given the Negro people a bad check, which has come back marked ins

16、ufficient funds. ( 坏支票,被退回了,上书“资金不够,不能兑现”) -含有对比的句子: Extremism(极端主义) in defence of liberty is no vice; moderation(中庸) in the pursuit of justice is no virtue . (在维护自由时表现出极端主义并不邪恶,在追求正义时表现出中庸并不是美德.),GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,常用过渡词和句型,1.常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子 (1)To begin with首先例：To begin with, smoking

17、should be banned in public areas. (2)Generally speaking一般地说，总体上说例：Generally speaking, it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries. (3)First of all 第一，首先例：First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty. (4)With (the development /progress /growth) of (economy /society).随着(经

18、济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长).,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,常用过渡词和句型,(5)Recently近来例：Recently，the problem (conflict, production) of grain shortage has become the world focus. 2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子(1)In conclusion最后，在结束时例：In conclusion, the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war. (2) I

19、n a word,简言之 (3) in brief,总之 (4)It is high time that.到.时候了例：It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.,GUCAS English Depart. Hu Jiangbo,常用过渡词和句型,(5)It is only when.that.只有当.才.例：It is only when people become the masters of the country that science can serve the people. 3.常用于表示先后次序的过渡词语及句子 (1)first, second, third.第一，第二，第三(2)To begin with.,moreover.,finally.，首先.，此外.，最后.(3)Meanwhile同时例：Meanwhile, the better skills and knowledge children possess, the more opportunities they will be ensured. (4)since then自此之后(5)Therefore因而,GUC