XML之运用---知识管理工具.ppt

1、XML之運用-知識管理工具Topic Maps (ISO/13250),溫達茂 中華民國91年8月22日,What is XML,XML is a method for defining special markers or tags that can be inserted into text to indicate its logical structure and to make explicit the meaning or rhetorical role of its component parts,Why XML?,HTML: Containing information only

2、 about a pages appearance. The future of the electronic scientific literature by John Smith XML: Document to be tagged with machine-readable metadata The future of the electronic scientific literature JohnSmith,HTML VS. XML,Latin phrase Quid pro quo in HTML Quid pro quo US Battle Ship in HTML USS Co

3、nstitution,Latin phrase Quid pro quo in SGML Quid pro quo US Battle Ship Title USS Constitution,XML Intelligence,George Washington - 華盛頓總統 George Washington Washington, D.C.- 地名Washington, D.C. Washingtons Army - 華盛頓的軍隊Washingtons Army USS Washington - 華盛頓號戰艦USS Washington,XML Structure for Journal

4、Article,XML-Structured DocumentforJournal Article,What does that mean? (I),Every part of the document is not just displayable, but also definable, including tables and/or charts. For example, in a scientific article, XML tags can be used to distinguish the title of the article from the names of its

5、authors or the cells in a table,What does that mean? (II),Analytical Structural,XML - Analytical,Tag (Marker) - standardize - metadata: Data Interchange - Dublin Core System Communication - OpenUrl,XML - Analytical - Application,Data Interchange 數位典藏計劃聯合目錄(OAI標準) MARC的XML化 Machine Communication Open

6、Url Resolver,XML - Structural,Logical Structure Logical Relationship,XML - Structural - Application,XML in Hierarchical and Structural Context Metadata Within XML Knowledge Structure Knowledge Organization Tools,Three General Categories of Knowledge Organization,Term List: Emphasizing lists of terms

7、 with definitions Classification and Categorization Emphasizing the creation of subject sets Relationship List: Emphasizing the connections between terms and concepts,Term Lists,Authority files Glossaries Dictionaries Gazetteers,Classification and Categorization,Subject headings Classification schem

8、es, taxonomies, and categorization schemes,Relationship Lists,Thesauri Topic Maps Semantic network Ontologies,Principles of Knowledge Organization,Group By Association,Key Issues in the Principle,Terms - Subjects - Concepts Subject Relationship - Concept 與 Concept 之間的關係,What is Concept(概念)?,定義: 概念是知

9、識基本單位，也是思維最小單位 概念是人類斯為的重要組成部分, 是反映事務特有屬性的思維方式 屬性: 概念的內涵: 事務反映到概念的特有屬性, 亦即構成此一概念的屬性總和 汽車的內涵是下列屬性的總和: “車”, “由發動機驅動”, “有駕駛”. 外延概念的外延是事物反映到概念的數量範圍 該概念所包括的各個個體的總和，稱同類外延 大象此一概念的外延是印度象, 非洲象. 構成整體的各部分的總和，稱成分外延 “化學元素系統”此一概念的外延是指氫, 氧, 硫.,概念的邏輯暨語義關係(I),同一關係 兩個概念的外延一樣。例如：機器翻譯和自動翻譯，都表示用機器進行的翻譯。 屬種關係 一個概念的外延把另一個概

10、念的外延完全包含。 屬概念：例如：交通工具。外延較大，包含另一個概念全部外延的概念。 種概念：例如：汽車。被屬概念包含，外延較小的概念。,概念的邏輯暨語義關係(II),交叉關係 兩個概念外延有一部份相同，另一部份不同。例如：作家、教授。有部分作家是教授，也有部分作家不是教授。 全異關係 並列的全異關係：例如：鋼鐵工人、紡織工人，工人共同的鄰近屬概念。 非並列的全異關係：無共同的鄰近屬概念。例如：茶杯、水果,概念的邏輯暨語義關係(III),否定關係 一個概念的否定關係構成了另一個概念的屬性。例如：加壓、減壓,概念的邏輯關係暨語義關係,概念的屬性- 邏輯- 語義關係如何定義及運用於K.O.?,Wh

11、at is Topic Map？,Topic Map 之定義,Definition: (T. A. O.) A set of Topics, Associations, Occurrence, Facet, and Added Theme Elements that are used to Manage a set of Terms relevant to a particular Knowledge Domain.,Topic Maps,a Topic Map is a collection of topics and (semantically meaningful) relationsh

12、ips between these topics Topic Maps link these topics with external references, such as resources behind URLs XTM serves as XML-based interchange format for topic maps,Topic Maps (contd),TMs are a “superimposed semantic layer” connection between topics and resources are URLs TMs capture real-world s

13、ubjects/objects but also concepts, like “TCP” or “love” these are defined not absolute but relative to each other,Topic Maps (contd),can deal with incomplete knowledge: I know that Prince Charles was married but I do not know the name of his wife. can be merged: Maybe someone else knows that someone

14、 called Dianna was married to a British Prince merging maps by identifying common topics,Topic Maps (contd),are supposed to deal with many thousand topics are built to denote information, not knowledge (no semantic network) are not built for a specific application but will be reused in many differen

15、t contexts,What is Topic Map,Information connection is not just web hyperlinks, instead a structured semantic link network over the resources - easy and selective navigation to the requested information.,Elements of Topic Map,Topics Association Occurrence and Resources Scope,Reification (Definition)

16、,creation and/or identification of a subject this topic stands for the subject (proxy) in this process, a topic will be created and characteristics (name, .) will be assigned,Topics,A topic can be any thing. Regardless whether it exists or not, whether it is of physical nature or just an idea or exp

17、ression Web resources (Stock Quotes, Documents .) real world (someone, people, countries, .) A topic can be any concept. Abstract idea (Happiness, Effectiveness) Each topic has an internal identification (id), an external representation (baseName), can have any number of external references (occurre

18、nce) and any number of classification (instanceOf) Topics are only representants: they represent (proxy) the subject; the subject itself exists outside the topic map - This is what a subject is reified by a topic means and why subjectIdentity element is proposed.,Topic (Example),Topic Names,every to

19、pic has an unique id within a map this id is for internal use only every topic can have (one or more) names: this name is visible to end users,Topic Name - BaseName,The element specifies a topic name A topic name is represented by one string: the content of the child of The context within which the

20、assignment of a name to a topic is valid may be expressed using a child element. A topic may have multiple base names in the same and/or multiple scopes.,Topic Name - Variant,The element is an alternate form of a topics base name appropriate for a processing context specified by the variants child e

21、lement A variant name whose parameters include the “display” or “sort” published subjects, which is semantically equivalent to display names and sort names (respectively) as defined in ISO 13250.,Variants,variants are names for a specific purpose and/or in a specific format: name, as it should appea

22、r on a mobile display logo on black&white screen high resolution low resolution be used for sorting,Variants (contd),external representations organized as a tree parameters control which variant will be used,Topic Types,any topic can have any number of types every type is itself a topic either withi

23、n the same map then university must be a defined topic or defined via some other document ,Topic Types (contd),topic types introduce a type hierarchy every topic map has its own type hierarchy there is NO global type system (ontology),Topic - instanceOf,The element specifies the class to which its p

24、arent belongs, via a or child element. The element is a syntactic shortcut for an association of a special type defined by the class-instance published subject.,Topic Types (Example), Bond University ,Topic - SubjectIdentity,The element specifies the subject that is reified by a topic, via , , and/o

25、r child elements. When a topic has an addressable subject, the subject can be addressed directly via a element. In that case, it is the resource itself which is considered the subject of the topic, not what the resource means or indicates. There can be only one such resource per topic. Resources may

26、 also be subject indicators, as opposed to subjects in and of themselves. Resources are used to indicate subjects via elements, of which there may be more than one per topic. A topic may also indicate that it has the same subject as another topic by addressing that topic via a element.,Associations,

27、topics can participate in relationships, called association, in which topics play roles as members Among the associations, which relationship two or more topics have to each other. It must be explicitly defined. topics play there Members: the topics involved in the association are called members Rol

28、e: and the members play the role. typical associations is-located-in, lived-in, written-by is-facillity-provided-by, requires-to-have,Association (Example),Associations (contd),all newly introduced topics has to be defined: is-located-in, building, location also these topics can be linked with assoc

29、iations associations can have any number of members (1, 2, 3, .),Topic Occurrences,reference external resources documents: via URLs http:/www./where/is/the/document.pdf defined by IANA/ICANN: via URNs urn:inet:.au:tech_report01 not defined, but globally unique: ? urn:my-social-security-numbe

30、rs:1234-5678-9 a topic can have any number of resources,Topic Occurrences (contd), Bond University ,Scopes,not all topic characteristics are valid in all contexts scopes limit a characteristic scopes are topics themselves,Scopes (contd),occurrences: a web document could be written in german the docu

31、ment is not for a beginner, but an expert a visa to visit a country is not relevant for residents, only for non-residents names the document writes about trees in computer science but not about trees in agriculture,Scopes (contd),associations “Santa Clause brings the presents” is good enough for chi

32、ldren, but not for adults,Scopes (contd),if no scope was defined, then the characteristic is valid in ALL scopes unconstrained scope,Scopes (Example),mergeMap,A element references an external element through an xlink:href attribute containing a URI. ,Topic Map-DTD,Topic Map-XML,Topic Map-XSL,Topic M

33、aps Limitation,XML-enabled Database and Search Engine Association is only Part of Relationship (Non-directional Relationship),Database-supported Topic Maps,What is an ontology,Philosophy: Theory of existence An ontology is an explicit specification of objects and relations in the target world intend

34、ed to share with the community and to use for building a model of the target world It is a taxonomy of concepts,Ontology,To support the sharing and reuse of formally represented knowledge, it is useful to define the common vocabulary in which shared knowledge is represented. A specification of a rep

35、resentational vocabulary for a shared domain of discourse - definitions of classes, relations, functions, and other objects - is called an ontology.,Ontology,Ontology is a Specification of a Conceptualization Ontology: a formal explicit description of concepts and relationship in a domain of knowled

36、ge Class - Concepts Slot (roles, properties) - Features & attributes of Concepts Facet (role restriction) Subject Description & Analysis: Relationship: Vertical & Horizon Hierarchical & Structured Semantic and Conceptual Relationship,Ontology,Classes describe concepts in the domain A class can have

37、subclasses that represent concepts that are more specific than the superclass An ontology together with a set of individual instances of classes constitutes a knowledge base Ontology ends and the knowledge base begins,Components of an ontology,Concepts Taxonomy of the concepts Relations among concep

38、ts Formal specification of the concepts and relations,Ontology has:,A common vocabulary An explicit representation of thing (conceptualization) usually left implicit behind a system An explicit representation of a shared understanding of the target world,Ontology Engineering,Ontology Engineering: De

39、fining terms in the domain and relations among them Defining concepts in the domain (classes) Arranging the concepts in a hierarchy (subclass-superclass hierarchy)- (taxonomy) Defining which attributes and properties (slots) classes can have and constraints on their values Defining individuals and filling in slot values,Ontology,What is “Ontology”? 利用定義好的字彙來描述目前已存在之實體 以樹狀結構勾畫出實體間彼此之關係 進而建構專業領域中可解釋並利用之知識架構 提供一致性的相關 “詞彙” 解釋與定義 資訊呈現的單一化 資料分類與註解的標準化,ontology,Concept Rela