国际关系与国际法 2.ppt

1、国际关系与国际法,何志鹏 吉林大学法学院,第二讲国际关系的主体与主题,国际关系主体,国际关系中的行为体有哪些？,Actors Through the Definition of International Relations 1,A strict, narrow and somewhat classical definition of International Relations would be that it is : “the study of relationships among the worlds governments”,Actors Through the Definiti

2、on of International Relations 2,In practice, when talking of International Relations, we also take into account international dimensions of relations of governments with other actors, (not just with each other). These other actors, e.g. international organizations, multinational corporations China d

3、ecides to join the WTO; Sweden gives $1 billion in credit to developing countries. etc. Actually, though focusing on the state per se helps simplify things, it overlooks the fact that there are various individuals & groups & organizations that can & do take & implement decisions in the name of the s

4、tate, including, for example, governments & diplomats, parliamentary committees & assemblies.,Actors in IR: Non-State Actors (a),While a state-centric understanding of the international system traditionally dominated, there is now increased recognition of role of non-state actors in what some refer

5、to as a multi-centric international system, i.e. one where media companies like CNN or Al Jazeera, & environmental groups such as Greenpeace & the World Wildlife Fund, & terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda, & transnational or multi-national corporations such as Coca Cola, IBM & Toyota & Unileve

6、r, & even influential individuals such as say Bob Geldof, have a big impact.,Actors in IR: Non-State Actors (b),While states may still be the most important actors in IR, they are often strongly limited or influenced in their actions by a variety of non-state actors We can Identify 3 main categories

7、 of non-State Actors in IR: 1) Substate Actors 2) Transnational Actors 3) Nongovernmental Organizations,Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(c),Substate Actors Defined as: “Groups & interests within states that influence the states foreign policy.” E.g. Greek-American lobby & arms embargo on Turkey in 1975

8、 or TSİAD & Turkeys policy regarding the EU, or Turkish consumers who boycotted Italian products when Italy gave temporary shelter to PKK leader calan.,Actors in IR: Non-State Actors (d),Transnational Actors (i) Defined as: International actors who “operate across state borders” Businesses commonly

9、described as Multinational Corporations (or MNCs) have become very impt. transnational actors that over the past century have had an increasingly large impact on IR. One of earlier famous examples of this is related to the term banana republic.,Actors in IR: Non-State Actors (d) Transnational Actors

10、 (ii),The BaNaNa RePuBlic .,When we talk of banana republics we are referring to corrupt administrations or states, where things are not determined by, & in the interests of the people of the state (or by their representatives), but by external powers.,Actors in IR: Non-State Actors (d) Transnationa

11、l Actors (iii),This term originates from early C20th & the relationship of the MNC the United Fruit Company with small states in Central America, many of which were major suppliers of bananas. We now know that it was through the actions of this company that some governments were established to defen

12、d the companys interests. In return for the United Fruit Companys support, politicians were basically made dependent.,The BaNaNa RePuBlic .,Actors in IR: Non-State Actors (e),Nongovernmental Organizations Nongovernmental Organizations (commonly known as NGOs) can also be important international acto

13、rs. Such NGOs are private organizations which have membership, collect finances from & take actions in various parts of the world. E.g. Greenpeace, The International Committee of the Red Cross & Red Crescent, Amnesty International.,Actors in IR: Non-State Actors (f),Intergovernmental Organizations I

14、GOs* are not actually states, but rather organizations with memberships composed of various national governments. No doubt, the most famous is the United Nations (UN), but there are thousands of others from OPEC to NATO to ASEAN to the EU & AU to the WTO, & the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Council

15、.,* Together we refer to INGOs (International NGOs) & IGOs as International Organizations, or IOs.,国际关系的主题,Key Concepts in IR,思考和讨论,中国大阅兵,2009年10月1日，中国在北京举行了盛大的阅兵式。请思考： 这种阅兵有何国际影响？ 这种阅兵代表了中国对于国际关系的何种理解？,中国对于国际关系的认识,安全第一 周边安全不保障 世界和平有隐患 实力决定地位 落后就挨打 弱小就被欺负 这种认识与和谐世界的主张是否合拍？,Hypothesis,Despite some re

16、cent striking successes in international cooperation, present international patterns do not yet adequately protect the vital needs and fundamental interests of all nations and peoples in the global community.,Two Central Concepts,The standard of national interest The primary role of power Some, such

17、 as R.L. Holmes, maintain that the nation-state system itself is the major contributing factor in contemporary wars,国际关系的核心概念,国家利益 国家利益是主权国家制定和推行对外政策的依据，是对外活动的目的 利益相同：合作的基础 利益相悖：摩擦和冲突,国家力量 国家力量亦称综合国力。是主权国家赖以生存和发展的基础，是捍卫本国利益的能力，是衡量一个国家在国际社会中地位、作用的重要尺度,二者的变化决定国际关系变化发展,无政府及其解释,无政府状态 治国方略中的权势与原则 政治现实主义的

18、六项原则 政治如会，被人性法则统治 以权力或实力为出发点定义的利益概念是基础 被定义为权力的利益概念放之四海而皆准，但其解释可变 政治行为中道德重要性 拒绝以通用的道德法则来判断某一具体国家的道德诉求 政治现实主义对政治事务的鲜明的学术和道德态度都无可否认 无政府的解释 世界政治的无政府结构 无政府与权势斗争 无政府乃各国所为,无政府的缓解,世界政治中合作的条件 康德、自由遗产和对外事务 联盟：制衡与搭车 外交的未来 国际法的用途和局限 相互依赖与国际体制的效能 联合国与国际安全,Goals of the State,Can one be completely independent, aut

19、onomous, and self-sufficient? No, we are all interdependent Foreign Policy: States conduct to promote goals of Security, Stability, and Prosperity Generally constructed by elites out of the public eye. What is the (dis)advantage of this? Do not have the benefit of public feedback but often dont want

20、 to tip our hat to others,Characteristics of IR,Equilibrium/Balance of Power 均衡/权力平衡 Cooperation/Multilateralism 合作/多边主义 Dominance and Dependence 主导地位与依赖 War 战争,International Power Distribution Patterns,Equilibrium or Balance of Power between two or more states,Cooperation/Multilateralism,Most coope

21、rative multilateral relations are informal Are many types of formal cooperation Diplomacy - contact by skilled mediators Treaties and Alliances - contracts between one or more nations International Law - is a world court in the Hague but many nations dont accept such a threat to sovereignty Inter-Go

22、vernment Organizations (IGOs),Dominance and Dependence,Colonialism: Military, Economic, and Political Domination Neo-Colonialism: Transnational globalization of Culture/Institutions (McWorld) IMF/World Bank: Tell countries that want loans to change economic policies,国际关系的范围,国际关系观察、思考、讨论的范围是什么？,IR &

23、Its Issue Areas,We refer to key topics studied in international relations as its “issue areas”. The importance of an issue area can vary over time depending upon developments, but we can give the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Regional Integration, Terrorism & Climate Change as examples which are prominent.

24、,What are the central challenges facing the world today?,Globalization: World Merchandise Exports, 19532002,Source: World trade Organization, International Trade Statistics, 2003, ,Globalization,Global Threat Nuclear proliferation in other parts of the world Increase in the lethality of t

25、errorism Emergence of militant Islam Global Poverty and Disease Ecological problems: population, ozone deterioration, global warming, etc. Global Concern Alarming increase in civil wars based on ethnicity, religion, and tribe and clan loyalties Global Resolution,Challenges of Globalization,国际关系学中的新议

26、题 主权问题: A challenge to sovereignty 国家属性的变化与新的安全挑战 Political instability Environmental degradation The plight of labor 性别问题,IR & Its Subfields (1),IR is closely related to political science, (in fact sometimes, esp. in the USA, it is considered a subfield of political science), & as such it is concer

27、ned with international politics, i.e. “the decisions of governments concerning their actions towards other governments”. However, the boundaries of the field of IR are somewhat uncertain & it can be considered in some respects an interdisciplinary field which relates international politics to other

28、fields, such as history, economics & sociology.,IR & Its Subfields (2),We can also try to determine the limits of IR by outlining the subfields it includes. We can identify 2 main subfields: International Security & International Political Economy(IPE).,IR & Its Subfields (3),Traditionally study of IR has focused on the central questions of war & peace (Why is there war? How can peaceful relations among states be established? Does a balance-of-power help