财务管理基础20

1、Chapter 20,Long-Term Debt, Preferred Stock, and Common Stock,After Studying Chapter 20, you should be able to:,Understand the terminology and characteristics of bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. Explain how the retirement (repayment) of bonds and preferred stock may be accomplished in a numb

2、er of different ways. Explain the differences between various types of long-term securities in terms of claims on income and assets, maturities, security holders rights, and the tax treatment of income from the securities. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of issuing/buying the three differen

3、t types of long-term securities from the perspective of both the issuer and investor.,Long-Term Debt, Preferred Stock, and Common Stock,Bonds and Their Features Types of Long-Term Debt Instruments Retirement of Bonds Preferred Stock and Its Features Rights of Common Shareholders Dual-Class Common St

4、ock,Bonds and Their Features,Basic Terms Par ValueCoupon Rate MaturityBond Ratings,Bond A long-term debt instrument with a final maturity generally being 10 years or more.,Trustee and Indenture,Trustee A person or institution designated by a bond issuer as the official representative of the bondhold

5、ers. Typically, a bank serves as trustee.,Indenture The legal agreement, also called the deed of trust, between the corporation issuing bonds and the bondholders, establishing the terms of the bond issue and naming the trustee.,Types of Long-Term Debt Instruments,Investors look to the earning power

6、of the firm as their primary security. Investors receive some protection by the restrictions imposed in the bond indenture, particularly any negative-pledge clause. A negative-pledge clause precludes the corporation from pledging any of its assets (not already pledged) to other creditors.,Debenture

7、A long-term, unsecured debt instrument.,Types of Long-Term Debt Instruments,In this case, subordinated debenture holders rank behind debenture holders but ahead of preferred and common stockholders in the event of liquidation. Frequently, the security is convertible into common stock to lower the yi

8、eld required by subordinated debenture holders (often less than regular debentures).,Subordinated Debenture A long-term, unsecured debt instrument with a lower claim on assets and income than other classes of debt; known as junior debt.,Types of Long-Term Debt Instruments,Frequently, there is a cumu

9、lative feature, which provides that any unpaid interest in a particular year accumulates. The cumulative obligation is usually limited to no more than three years. The bonds are unpopular with investors (usually limited to reorganizations), but are still senior to preferred and common shareholders i

10、n the event of liquidation.,Income Bond A bond where the payment of interest is contingent upon sufficient earnings of the firm.,Types of Long-Term Debt Instruments,These are bonds with a rating of Ba (Moodys) or lower. Principal investors are pension funds, high-yield bond mutual funds, and some in

11、dividual investors. Liquidity varies depending on investor sentiments. Junk bonds were used frequently in the 1980s as a means of financing leveraged buyouts (LBOs).,Junk Bond A high-risk, high-yield (often unsecured) bond rated below investment grade.,Types of Long-Term Debt Instruments,The issue i

12、s secured by a lien on specific assets of the corporation. The market value of the collateral should exceed the amount of the bond issue by a reasonable margin of safety to help protect bondholders.,Mortgage Bond A bond issue secured by a mortgage on the issuers property.,Types of Long-Term Debt Ins

13、truments,If the corporation defaults, the trustee can foreclose on behalf of the bondholders. The bondholders become general creditors for any residual amount after the sale of the collateral. The corporation may have a first mortgage and a second mortgage on the same assets. The first mortgage has

14、a senior claim on the assets.,Mortgage Bond (Continued),Types of Long-Term Debt Instruments,A railroad arranges with a trustee to purchase equipment from a manufacturer. The railroad signs a contract with the manufacturer for the construction of specific equipment. When the equipment is delivered, e

15、quipment trust certificates are sold to investors.,Equipment Trust Certificate An intermediate- to long-term security, usually issued by a transportation company such as a railroad or airline, that is used to finance new equipment. Let us look at an example using a railroad.,Types of Long-Term Debt

16、Instruments,Proceeds plus the railroad downpayment are used to pay the manufacturer. Title of the equipment is held by the trustee, and the trustee leases the equipment to the railroad. Lease payments are used to pay a fixed dividend to the certificate holders and to retire a specified portion of th

17、e certificates at regular intervals. After the final lease payment (all certificates are retired), title to the equipment passes to the railroad.,Equipment Trust Certificates (Continued),Asset Securitization,Purpose: To reduce financing costs Firm picks assets to “package” and use cash flows Assets

18、removed from the balance sheet and sold to bankruptcy-remote entity (special-purpose vehicle SPV) SPV raises money by selling asset-backed securities,Asset Securitization The process of packaging a pool of assets and then selling interests in the pool in the form of asset-backed securities. Asset-ba

19、cked Security Debt securities whose interest and principal payments are provided by the cash flows coming from a discrete pool of assets.,Retirement of Bonds,The corporation makes a cash payment to the trustee, which calls the bonds. The corporation purchases bonds in the open market and delivers th

20、em to the trustee.,Sinking Fund Fund established to periodically retire a portion of a security issue before maturity. The corporation is required to make periodic sinking-fund payments to a trustee.,Two forms for the sinking-fund retirement of a bond:,Sinking Fund and the Retirement of Bonds,When b

21、onds are called for redemption, the bondholders will receive the sinking-fund call price. The bonds are called on a lottery basis (by their serial numbers) and published in periodicals like The Wall Street Journal. Bonds should be purchased in the open market if the market price is less than the sin

22、king-fund call price.,Sinking Fund and the Retirement of Bonds,Volatility in interest rates or a decline in the credit quality of the firm could lower the market price of the bond and enhance the value to the firm of having this option. Bondholders may benefit from the orderly retirement of debt (am

23、ortization effect), which reduces the default risk of the firm and adds liquidity to bonds outstanding.,Sinking Fund and the Retirement of Bonds,Many bond issues are designed to have a larger final payment to pay off the debt. For example, a corporation may undertake a $10 million, 15-year bond issu

24、e. The firm is obligated to make $500,000 sinking-fund payments in the 5th through 14th years. The final balloon payment in the 15th year would be for the remaining $5 million of bonds.,Balloon Payment A payment on debt that is much larger than other payments.,Serial Bonds,For example, a $10 million

25、 issue of serial bonds might have $500,000 of predetermined bonds maturing each year for 20 years. Investors are able to choose the maturity that best fits their needs (wider investor appeal).,Serial Bonds An issue of bonds with different maturities, as distinguished from an issue where all bonds ha

26、ve identical maturities (term bonds).,Call Provision,Not all bonds are callable. In periods of low interest (hence, low coupon) rates, firms are more likely to issue noncallable bonds. When a bond is callable, the call price is usually above the par value of the bond and often decreases over time.,C

27、all Provision A feature in an indenture that permits the issuer to repurchase securities at a fixed price (or series of fixed prices) before maturity; also called call feature.,Call Price,For example, the call price for the first year might equal the bond par value plus one-years interest. According

28、 to when they can be exercised, call provisions can be either immediate or deferred. The call provision provides financing flexibility for the firm as conditions change.,Call Price The price at which a security with a call provision can be purchased by the issuer prior to the securitys maturity.,Val

29、ue of the Call Privilege,The call privilege is valuable to the firm to the detriment of bondholders. As such, bondholders require a premium for this additional risk in the form of a higher yield. The greater the volatility of interest rates, the greater the probability that the firm will call the bo

30、nds. Thus, the call-option is more valuable all else equal.,Callable-bond value,Noncallable- bond value,Call-option value,=,-,Preferred Stock A type of stock that promises a (usually) fixed dividend, but at the discretion of the board of directors.,Preferred Stock and Its Features,Basic Terms Par Va

31、lue Dividend Rate Maturity,Cumulative Dividends Feature,For example, if the board of directors omits a $6 preferred dividend for two years, it must pay preferred shareholders $12 per share ($100 par value) before any dividend can be paid to common shareholders. The corporation does not have to make

32、up the dividend even if it is profitable, as long as the firm has no plans to pay dividends to common shareholders.,Cumulative Dividends Feature A requirement that all cumulative unpaid dividends on the preferred stock be paid before a dividend may be paid on the common stock.,Participating Feature,

33、Preferred stockholders have a prior claim on income and an opportunity for additional return if the dividends to common stockholders exceed a certain amount. A 6% participating preferred issue ($100 par) allows holders to share equally in any dividend in excess of $6. A $7 common dividend results in

34、 an extra $1 dividend to the participating preferred shareholders.,Participating Preferred Stock Preferred stock where the holder is allowed to participate in increasing dividends if the common stockholders receive increasing dividends.,Voting Rights in Special Situations,Preferred stockholders are

35、not normally given a voice in management unless the company is unable to pay preferred stock dividends during a specified period. If such a situation presents itself, the class of preferred stockholders would be entitled to elect a specified number of directors. Any situation in which the company de

36、faults under restrictions in the agreement (similar to bond indenture) may lead to voting power for preferred shareholders. Preferred shareholders cannot force the immediate repayment of obligations (like debt obligations).,Retirement of Preferred Stock,Call Provision almost all issues carry a call

37、provision because of the infinite maturity. It is often a cheaper method of retirement than open market purchases, inviting tenders, or an exchange of securities. Sinking Fund like bonds, many preferred issues provide for this method of retirement. Conversion certain issues are convertible into comm

38、on stock at the option of the preferred stockholder. Used most frequently in the acquisition of other companies (the transaction is not taxable to the shareholders of the acquired firm).,Use of Preferred Stock in Financing,The corporate issuer uses irregularly because the preferred dividend is not t

39、ax deductible. Utilities use more frequently as the preferred dividend can be accounted for when setting customer rates. The corporate investor is attracted to preferred stock as generally 70% of dividends can be excluded from taxes. Money market preferred stock (MMP) is a floating-rate preferred st

40、ock with the dividend rate set at auction every 49 days - attractive to corporations. Flexibility in paying dividends and an infinite maturity (similar to a perpetual loan) are significant advantages to the corporate issuer. The after-tax cost of preferred financing is greater than that of long-term

41、 debt financing to the corporate issuer.,Common Stock and Its Features,Basic Terms Authorized Shares Issued Shares Outstanding Shares,Common Stock Securities that represent the ultimate ownership (and risk) position in a corporation.,Types of Common Stock Value,It is merely a recorded figure in the

42、corporate charter and is of little economic consequence. Stock should never be issued below par value as shareholders would be legally liable for any discount from par if the firm is liquidated. Common stock that is authorized without par value (no-par stock) is carried on the books at the original

43、market price or at some assigned (or stated) value. The difference between the issuing price and the par or stated value is additional paid-in capital.,A.Par Value The face value.,Example of Value,FunFinMan, Inc. Common stock ($1 par value; 100,000 shares issued and outstanding)$ 100,000 Additional

44、paid-in capital 400,000 Retained earnings 650,000 Total shareholders equity$1,150,000 The par value of FunFinMan, Inc., is $1 per share. This value is not likely to change over time from normal day-to-day operations.,Types of Common Stock Value,C.Liquidating Value (per share) The value per share if

45、the firms assets are sold separately from the operating organization. This value may be less (or greater) than book value. Rarely are the two values identical.,B.Book Value (per share) Shareholders equity (as listed on the balance sheet) divided by the number of shares outstanding.,Example of Book V

46、alue (per share),FunFinMan, Inc. Common stock ($1 par value; 100,000 shares issued and outstanding)$ 100,000 Additional paid-in capital 400,000 Retained earnings 650,000 Total shareholders equity$1,150,000 The book value (per share) of FunFinMan, Inc., is determined by dividing total shareholders eq

47、uity ($1,150,000) by the shares outstanding (100,000), which yields a book value of $11.50 per share. This value is not likely to change over time from normal day-to-day operations.,Types of Common Stock Value,This value is usually greater than book value (per share), but can occasionally be less th

48、an book value (per share) for firms that have been, are or expected to be in financial difficulties. Rarely are the two values identical. Market value (per share) may be difficult to obtain from thinly traded securities.,D.Market Value (per share) The current price at which the stock is currently tr

49、ading.,Types of Common Stock Value,Typically, the shares of new companies are traded in the over-the-counter (OTC) market, where dealers maintain an inventory of the stock to provide additional liquidity.,D.Market Value (per share) continued.,Rights of Common Shareholders,Right to Income entitled to

50、 share in the earnings of the company only if cash dividends are paid (via approval by the board of directors). Right to Purchase New Shares (Maybe) the corporate charter of state statute may provide current shareholders with a preemptive right, which requires that these shareholders be first offere

51、d any new issue of common stock or an issue that can be converted into common stock. Voting Rights because the shareholders are owners of the firm, they are entitled to elect the board of directors.,Two methods of voting: (1) in person or (2) by proxy Proxy A legal document giving one person(s) auth

52、ority to act for another.,Voting Rights,SEC regulates the solicitation of proxies and requires companies to disseminate information to their shareholders through proxy mailings or via the Internet effective July 2007. Most shareholders, if satisfied with company performance, sign proxies in behalf o

53、f management.,Shareholders are generally geographically widely dispersed.,Proxy Contest,Occurs usually when disagreement between management and an outside or minority party Non-management group will register its proxy statement with the SEC and will often send an alternative proxy request to shareho

54、lders Management, due to corporate resources and organization, is generally favored to win eProxies are expected to provide a more cost-effective mechanism for non-management groups to communicate with shareholders and possibly reduce the management advantage.,Voting Procedures,Plurality voting a me

55、thod of electing corporate directors, where each common share held carries one vote for each director position that is open; the highest vote count wins the open director position. Does not consider “withheld” or “against” votes. Cumulative voting a method of electing corporate directors, where each

56、 common share held carries as many votes as there are directors to be elected and each shareholder may accumulate these votes and cast them in any fashion for one or more particular directors.,The board of directors are elected under either:,Voting Procedures,Majority or Modified Plurality voting a

57、method of electing corporate directors, where each common share held carries one vote for each director position that is open; a majority of all votes cast must be received to be elected. Common in Europe and gaining popularity due to advocacy groups in the United States Must receive a majority of “for” plus “against” plus “withheld” votes cast Approximately two-thirds of S&P500 have adopted by Nov 2007 versus only 16% in Feb 2006,A growing election method:,Voting