1._Manuscript_.ppt

1、,Chapter 1 Manuscript Form,I. Title,e.g. 1) My Impression of Beijing 2) The Wall Between 3) Rules to Abide By 4) Where Do All the New Words Come From?,5) A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 6) The English-Speaking People in Canada 7) Interpretations of Robert Frosts “Fire and Ice” 8) Different Views on Jane

2、 Eyre 9) What Traditions Mean to the Chinese,1. The place: in the middle of the first line,2. Capitalization of the title: 1) The first word and the last word of the title should be capitalized; 2) All the other words (including elements following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordina

3、ting conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or, nor, for, etc.), short prepositions, and the “to” in infinitives should be capitalized.,Notes： 1) When a preposition has more than four letters, it should be capitalized; 2) “By” in sentence 3) is the last word in the title though it is a short preposition; 3) “

4、Do” is a content word in sentence 4);,4) “?”, “ ” and some other punctuation marks are sometimes needed; We can use a “?” if the title is a direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect one; Use “ ” with quotes or titles of articles, and italicize names of books; No period is needed at th

5、e end of a title.,5) In order to avoid errors, we can write all the words in capitalized letters.,Task 1 Capitalize the following titles 1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe? 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty,4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching en

6、glish as a foreign language (TEFL) (TOEFL) 6. criticisms on the ending of mark twains adventures of huckleberry finn,The Answer: 1. Where I Lived, and What I Lived For 2. Are Transgenic Crops Safe? 3. Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming Dynasty,4. A Day to Remember 5. Approaches to Teaching English as

7、 a Foreign Language 6. Criticisms on the Ending of Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,II. Beginning and ending a line (concerning punctuation marks),1. Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, a question mark, an exclamation mark, or the second half of parentheses/br

8、ackets/quotation marks. 2. A hyphen is put at the end, but not the beginning, of a line.,III. Word Division (Complementary),1. Words with two or more syllables can be divided according to the formation of syllables. e.g. repeated insist punctual sandal translation ,2. A stressed close syllable usual

9、ly takes a consonant with it: dedicate gratify laboratory finish 3. A consonant plus le is treated as a syllable: mingle people noble gigle,4. Division of proper names should be avoided; 5. Division of words at the ends of several consecutive lines should be avoided;,6. Divide words with prefixes or

10、 suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word; e.g. state-ment, relent-ing, sing-ing,Division of words is not always easy. When we are not sure, we should consult a dictionary. In some dictionaries syllabication is indicated by a dot; as in the examples given above, in others

11、by a space: to geth er sum mer,IV. Capitalization Capitals are used mainly in three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.,1. A complete sentence and a sentence fragment treated as a sentence should begin with a capital letter.,2. The first word of quoted speech

12、 (words put between quotation marks) is capitalized.,e.g. 1. Miss Johnson said When you write an essay you should pay attention to both content and language 2. When you write an essay she said you should pay attention to both content and language”,3. When you write an essay you should pay attention

13、to both content and language the teacher said. 4. Miss Johnson advised us to pay attention to both content and language when we wrote an essay.,The answer: 1. Miss Johnson said, “When you write an essay, you should pay attention to both content and language.” 2. “When you write an essay,” she said,

14、“you should pay attention to both content and language.”,3. “When you write an essay, you should pay attention to both content and language,” the teacher said. 4. Miss Johnson advised us to “pay attention to both content and language” when we wrote an essay.,These examples show: 1) The subject and v

15、erb of saying before the quotation are often followed by a comma, sometimes by a colon; 2) A complete sentence within quotation marks after the verb of saying begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop;,3) If the quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put between two pairs of quota

16、tion marks, with the subject and verb of saying placed between them, the first part ends with a comma, the second part does not begin with a capital letter (unless the first words is a proper name), and the whole sentence ends with a full stop;,4) If the quoted sentence is put before the subject and

17、 verb of saying, it ends with a comma, and the verb of saying is followed by a full stop; 5) If the quoted words are a phrase instead of a complete sentence, the phrase is treated as part of the whole sentence.,3. Common nouns that are parts of proper names are capitalized. e.g. Peking University, t

18、he Summer Palace,4. The beginning of each line of a poem should be capitalized. e.g.,I wandered lonely as a cloud - by William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the tr

19、ees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. （1804）,我独自漂浮如一片云彩， 薇薇地飘过山谷与小丘， 蓦然地喜见那一丛丛的， 一大片，金黄色的水仙花； 在湖畔，在树下， 在微风中婆娑曼舞。 -钟爱德 译,5. Most of abbreviations are in the form of capital. e.g. B.M.(医学士) B.A.(文学学士) Ltd (有限公司),V. Punctuation marks (Referring to A Handbook of Writing, Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 356-3

20、67 ),1. The Comma ( , ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 356-358) A comma is used to join coordinate clauses/ in a compound sentence . It is put before the conjunction or connective (and, but, or, for, so, nor, or yet).,e.g. He is a naughty child but he is clever. She is beautiful so everyone likes her. He wo

21、nt go to Hangzhou nor will I.,The answer: He is a naughty child(,) but he is clever. She is beautiful(,) so everyone likes her. He wont go to Hangzhou, nor will I., We should remember that coordinate clauses have to be joined with a comma and a (coordinating) conjunction. One comma alone cannot do t

22、he job though it is possible in Chinese.,Using a comma to link two clauses is a common mistake which has a name: the comma fault or the comma splice.,e.g. He is a naughty child, he is clever. She is beautiful, everyone likes her. He wont go to Hangzhou, I will not.,But we can use a semicolon, a dash

23、, or a colon between two coordinate clauses. e.g. to judge whether the following two sentences are right. He is a lovely child, everybody likes him. Everybody likes him, he is a lovely child.,The answer: He is a lovely child; everybody likes him. Everybody likes him: he is a lovely child., When two

24、or three coordinate clauses are short, simple and closely connected in meaning, a comma may join them without a conjunction. e.g. A memoir is history, it is based on evidence.,2) A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including a prepositional or a participial phrase placed before the

25、subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence.,e.g. Though he is naughty, he is clever. Discussing with him, I found he is talkative. The little boy, in the chair, is clever and diligent. The little boy, eating an apple, is my son.,3) Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases wit

26、h the same function in the sentence; 4) Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas; 5) Commas set off parenthetical elements;,6) In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the order is monthday-year (May 1, 2010 ); no comma is needed if the order is day-month-year (1

27、 May 2010);,7) With number of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may be used to separate digits by thousands. From right to left, a comma is placed after every three numbers. (50,000,000),2. The Period ( . ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 358-359) Three spaced periods make the ellipsis mark, which

28、 indicates the omission of one or more words within a quoted passage. The use of ellipsis should not change the meaning of the original passage, and what is omitted should not be anything important., If a sentence ends with an ellipsis, a period should be used after it. The result is that four perio

29、ds are used together.,3. The semicolon ( ; ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 359-361),1) The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are not linked by a conjunction but closely related in meaning.,e.g. She doesnt like this film; she is disgusted with it.,In fact, the two clauses can be turned

30、into two separate sentences without any change in meaning. But there is a difference: the two parts in one sentence seem more closely connected than they are as two sentences. On the other hand, the two parts get greater emphasis as two sentences.,2) Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, nonetheless,

31、hence, otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses. Before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma. some writers use semicolons with as and yet, for they consider these two words adverbs.,3) The semicolon is used with conjunctions when

32、the clauses contain internal punctuation. e.g. He wrote a few good books when he was young and poor; but after he became famous and rich, he wrote nothing worth reading. As he promised, he donated a large sum of money; and this money helped with the completion of the project.,4) The semicolon is use

33、d to separate a series of items (which have the same function) with internal commas. e.g. Among those who joined the discussion were Miss Wu, a well-known writer; Mr. Li, editor of the literary supplement of the local newspaper; Dr. Qian, a professor of literary criticism; and Ms. Sun, a famous hist

34、orian.,5) A semicolon may be used to join clauses with words omitted, and the omission is sometimes indicated by a comma. e.g. In this prestigious university there are many professors; in that smaller university, a few; in our college, none.,there are,there is,4. The Colon ( : ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bin

35、g: 361),1) The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement. 2) The colon is used to introduce an explanation, a summary, or an appositive.,3) The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time, to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and th

36、e introductory remark of a speaker to the chairman and audience.,5. The Question Mark ( ? ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 361-362),The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question (said in a rising tone). e.g. You are a teacher? You are so young.,2) A question mark put between parentheses

37、 indicates the writers uncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date. e.g. Cao Xueqin, who wrote Dream of the Red Mansions, was born in an aristocratic family in 1715(?), and died in poverty in 1764(?).,6. The Exclamation Mark ( ! ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 362-363) Sometimes

38、 the exclamation mark is used after a slogan.,Task 2 Punctuate the following passages.,1. most american people are fond of cats and or dogs it is said that every year they spend about 5.4 billion on their pets including 1.5 billion on pet food four times the amount of money they spend on baby food n

39、ow there are about 100 million dogs and cats in the country the number is still going up rapidly since 12 500 puppies are born every hour,The answer: Most American people are fond of cats and /or dogs. It is said that every year they spend about 5.4 billion on their pets, including 1.5 billion on pe

40、t food - four times the amount of money they spend on baby food. Now there are about 100 million dogs and cats in the country; the number is still going up rapidly since 12 500 puppies are born every hour.,2. its 745 on tuesday morning and 26 year old steve clarkson is going to work he puts on his j

41、acket and picks up his cell phone pager and laptop as he leaves the house he turns on his mp3 player and puts on his headphones he is ready to go,The answer: Its 7:45 on Tuesday morning and 26- year-old Steve Clarkson is going to work. He puts on his jacket, and picks up his cell phone, pager and la

42、ptop. As he leaves the house, he turns on his MP3 player and puts on his headphones./(-) He is ready to go.,6. Quotation Marks ( “ ”/ ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 363-364),1) Double quotation marks ( “ ” ) 2) Single Quotation Marks ( ) are used to enclose a quotation within a quotation.,3) Quotation mar

43、ks are used for titles of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, songs, etc., and for headings of chapters or subdivisions of books. Titles of books, newspapers and magazines are generally underlined or italicized.,4) Words with special meanings are sometimes put between quotation marks. e.g.

44、 Here “register” refers to a particular type of vocabulary. That warlord was said to have been “elected” president of his country.,5) When other marks of punctuation are used with words or sentences, the following rules are generally observed:,a: the comma and the period may be placed either inside

45、or outside the quotation marks; e.g. I have just finished reading his story “An Unusual Experience,” which is very interesting. I have just finished reading his story “An Unusual Experience”.,b: the colon and the semicolon are placed outside the quotation marks; e.g. In the book there is a chapter o

46、n “Peking Man”; there is also a chapter on Banbo Village. He gave a very brief explanation of “register”: a particular type of word used in a certain situation or a certain type of writing.,c: The dash, the question mark, and the exclamation mark are placed within the quotation marks when they are c

47、onnected only with the quoted words, and they are placed outside when they are connected with the whole sentence.,e.g. She asked, “What do you mean?” Could you explain to us the meaning of “postmodernism”?,7. Parentheses/ Brackets ( () ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 364-365),8. Square Brackets ( ) (Ding W

48、angdao Wu Bing: 365),1) Square brackets are used to indicate corrections or explanations in quoted matter made by the writer who is quoting. e.g. In the article he wrote, “Not for a moment did she Emily Dickenson intend to make herself famous by publishing her poems.”,2) Square brackets are used ins

49、tead of parentheses within parentheses.,9. The Dash ( - ) (Ding Wangdao Wu Bing: 365-366),1）The dash indicates a break in a thought or a change in tone, or a speakers confusion or hesitation. 2) The dash indicates an unfinished or interrupted statement.,3) A pair of dashes set off a parenthetical el

50、ement. 4) The dash is sometimes used to introduce a summarizing clause after a series of nouns. e.g. Changes in the market, poor management, and miscalculated speculationthese caused the bankruptcy of the company.,5) The dash is sometimes used just like quotation marks in a dialogue. e.g. - When was

51、 Shakespeare born and when did he die? - He was born in 1564 and died in 1616.,6) The dash may be used to introduce subheadings and authors after quotations. e.g. “It is upon bad fortune that good fortune leans; it is upon good fortune that bad fortune rests.” - Lao Zi (祸兮福之所倚，福兮祸之所伏; 祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏),T

52、ask 3 punctuate the following. I dialed a number and the phone rang once twice then someone picked it up you got the wrong number a husky male voice snapped before the line went dead mystified I dialed again I said you got the number came the voice once more the phone clicked in my ear,how could he

53、possibly know I had a wrong number at that time I worked for the new york city police department a cop is trained to be curious and concerned so I dialed a third time hey come on the man said is this you again,yeah its me I answered I was wondering how you knew I had the wrong number before I even s

54、aid anything you figure it out the phone slammed down I sat there for a short time the receiver hanging loosely in my fingers I called the man back,so you have figured it out he asked the only thing I can think of is eh nobody ever calls you you got it the phone went dead for the fourth time chuckli

55、ng I dialed the man back,what do you want now he asked I thought Id call just to day hello hello why well if nobody ever calls you I thought maybe I should okay hello who is this at last I had gotten through now it was his turn to be curious I told him who I was and asked who he was,my names adolf m

56、eth Im 88 years old and I havent had this many wrong numbers in one day in 20 years we both laughed in this way we became phone friends,The answer to task 3 I dialed a number and the phone rang once, twice; then someone picked it up. “You got the wrong number,” a husky male voice snapped before the

57、line went dead. Mystified, I dialed again. “I said you got the number,” came the voice once more. The phone clicked in my ear.,How could he possibly know I had a wrong number? At that time I worked for the New York City Police Department. A cop is trained to be curious and concerned, so I dialed a t

58、hird time. “Hey, come on,” the man said, “is this you again?”,“Yeah, its me,(?)” I answered, “I was wondering how you knew I had the wrong number before I even said anything.” “You figure it out!” the phone slammed down. I sat there for a short time, the receiver hanging loosely in my fingers. I called the man back.,“So you have figured it out?” he asked. “The only thing I can think of is - eh - nobody ever calls you.” “You got it!” The phone went dead for the fourth time. Chuckling, I dialed the man back.,“What do you want now?” he asked. “I thought I