《写作-词汇篇》PPT课件.ppt

1、Writing 词汇篇 如果文章中的词汇匮乏，文章往往读起来会让人枯燥。另外写作者如果词汇量有限，他就不可能准确到位地传达想要表述的意思。 eg 1) Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They are good to metabolism. They are also good to ones self-image. Besides they are also good to mental state: they can reduce feelings of tension, anxiety and depression. Th

2、ey make the weak strong, and the fat slender. Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They help to coordinate metabolism, to enhance self-image, and to reduce feelings of tension, anxiety and depression. They make the weak strong, and the fat slender.,Eg2) Nowadyas advertisements are found

3、everywhere. They smile to us from the television screen, or shout to us from the radio, wave invitingly to us from every page of the newspaper, pluck at our sleeves on the bus and escalator and flash message to us in colored lights all night.,如何避免词的重复，使词汇显得富有变化呢？ 1、使用语义具体的单词或词组 2、使用代词来避免重复 eg: When

4、the soldiers came in, each was given a card. Can you lend me your watch? I left mine at home. 3、用省略的手段来避免重复 eg: He was for the first proposal, but against the second David won the first English speech contest and Jim the second.,4、用不同的修饰语来弱化重复 在日常积累单词的过程中，不仅要留心表述相同意思的表达方式，还应当注意某些词汇的不同修饰语。 eg: Direct

5、 eye contact and firm handshakes during introductions are customary in the United States. In introductions as well as in general conversations, speakers maintain frequent eye contact. Most people become nervous if frequent eye contact turns into staring. When shaking hands, people , shake firmly and

6、 briefly. The expression, “He shakes hands like a dead fish” refers to a limp handshake, s sign in the American culture of a weak character. Prolonged handshaking is not usual. 修饰语不同，句式相应也有变化。,词汇使用原则 1、用词的准确性 汉语的词汇与英语的并非总是一一对应的。 Eg: 1) The living level of the people in China has been greatly raised

7、in recent years. (standard) 2) I forget my keys in the office. (left) 3) The traffic is crowded in some large cities. (heavy),2、用词的简洁性 “Brevity is the soul of wit” -W. Shakespeare Eg: Usually I will read the newspaper very quickly and try to find some interesting stories. (filp) Usually I will flip

8、through the newspaper and try to find some interesting stories. 3、用词的变化性 “Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentinally for emphasis or for clarity” -J. Hodges,大多数的：a (vast/overwhelming) majority of, a considerable proportion of 许多：a host o

9、f, a multitude of, a variety of, the bulk of 加快、促进发展： acceletrate /facilitate /advance /enhance /boost /fuel/promote the development/growth of 达到目标：achieve/accomplish/attain the goal ( aim/objective) 提出观点/建议: advance/put forward/come up with arguments 把成功/错误归于：attribute/owe/ascribe the success/failu

10、re to 对重要：be indispensable/vital to, what really counts/matters 迷恋、十分关心名利分数：be obsessed/ preoccupied with grades/fame/, score-obsessed, score-conscious 缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fill the gap between,民众：citizens, dwellers, residents, inhabitants, the mass 开展运动：conduct/carry on/undertake/initiate/lunch./wage

11、 a (vigorous /nationwide /public /advertising) campaign for/against 思考：consider, reflect, ponder, contemplate 提高社会地位/生活水平：enhance/ improve/ upgrade social status (ones living standard) 著名的：famous, distinguished, prestigious 对很好的了解：have a better understanding, have a full appreciation of, have a new

12、perspective on, provide/gain a sharp insight into. 减轻压力、紧张：reduce/ alleviate/ relieve the stress/tension 浪费时间/金钱：waste/ squander/lavish time/money 随着生活节奏的加快： with the quickening pace/ rhythm /tempo of modern life,下面再列举一些常用的用于变化的词群 Underuse: an army of, an ocean of, a multitude of , a host of Overuse

13、: many Underuse: dreadful, unffavorable, adverse, ill Overuse: bad Underuse: exceedingly, extremely, intensely Overuse: very Underuse: frown on sth Overuse: be against, disagree with Underuse: harbor the idea that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that Ove

14、ruse: think Underuse: sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb Overuse: sb take interest in/ sb be interested in,4、用词的具体性 一般来说，为了达到用词的具体，表达的准确、简练生动，我们在选词时尽量选下义词，避免意义较为笼统的上义词。,Eg 1): At 50 yards he fell, and I helped him to his feetHe looked like he was going to cry, and said that

15、 he wanted to run with the others. “跑了50码，他跌倒了，我扶他站了起来.他看起来像要哭了，说他想和大家一起跑。” 下例中使用更加具体的词，试比较 At 50 yards he stumbled (跌跌撞撞) and fell, and I helped him to his feetHe looked like he began to get teary-eyed（眼泪汪汪）and stammered（结结巴巴） that he wanted to run with the others.,Eg 2) : When I was growing up, ai

16、rplanes were my great love. With my parents, I would visit the nearest airport to watch planes take off into the sky. When I was growing up, airplanes were my great love. With my parents, I would visit the nearest airport to watch planes roar off into the sky. take off 只能描绘飞机起飞的场景，但没有roar off给人们留下听觉

17、上的具体震撼。,5、用词的生动性 作者应当通过用词，在读者的脑海里形成有关事物的具体形象，唤起读者的联想。 Eg: The 1990s found an unprecedent tide of migrant workers flooding into big cities such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. 6、用词的色彩性 Group 1 He is always careful about spending money. (中性) He is always prudent about spending money.（褒义） He is alw

18、ays stingy about spending money. （贬义） Group 2 He was well known for his practice of speaking without notes. （中性） He was celebrated for his practice of speaking without notes. （褒义） He was well notorious for his practice of speaking without notes. （贬义）,She is tall, slim and very shapely. From the boss

19、 we can see a shrewd man with steadfast belief in his company. Judges should be disinterested in decision-making. She won the speech contest, partly due to her articulate speech. He has a precise and penetrating brain. He is a very possessive man.,描写人的褒义词,描写人的贬义词,描写物的褒义词,描写物的贬义词,下面我们再按照语体对一些常用词汇按照色彩

20、进行区别 1）一般来说，本族语属于中性，外来语较为正式,2）单个动词比对应短语较为正式,3）抽象名词短语比对应动词正式,4、形容词短语比对应动词正式,写作的时候需要根据题目的要求来选择适当的语气和用词。 Eg: Im sending you this letter because I want you to meet with me and give me some info about the job you do. “Want”,“info”都是口语中的常用词汇，出现在一封求职信中显得太随便。 Im writing to inquire about the possibility of a

21、n interview.,亮点词汇推介： 措辞 Just imagine that you have moved to the countryside. How wonderful to trade traffic jams for winding valley roads, skyscrapers for mountains, neon lights for star-filled nights! 名词： nuisance 讨厌的东西 popularity 名望 deficit 赤字，亏空 surplus 赢余 mass media 新闻媒体 动词：enrich 丰富 reinforce 加

22、强 inspire 激励 attribute 把. . .归因于 形容词：qualified 合格的 excessive 过分的 reluctant 不情愿的 favorite 喜欢的，看好的 feasible 可行的 advisable 可取的 essential 必不可少的,副词：unwisely 不明智地 predictably 果然 unfortunately 遗憾的是 respectively 各自 likewise 同样地 accordingly 于是 subsequently 这样一来 consequently 因此，结果 incidentally (= by the way)

23、顺便说一句 连接词：otherwise 否则，不然 provide (that) 只要 词组：lay down 制定（法规） for the time being 暂时 in the long run 从长远的观点看 from time to time 偶尔 resort to 求助于 by and large 一般来说 all in all 总的说来 or rather 更确切地说,1) accessible to With Chinas WTO entry, it is anticipated that the price of a private car will be reduced,

24、 making what was once considered a luxury, accessible to more people. (老百姓也能买得起曾经被看成是奢侈品的小汽车)。 2）address the problem: 着手解决问题 分析：多数学生用solve the problem 3) alike: 相同地，同样地 Eg：They also believe firecrackers make festivals and holidays more colorful for adults and children alike.(能使大人和孩子同样感受到节日的快乐) 4）all

25、eviate the problem: 缓解问题的严重性 分析：多数学生只会用solve the problem。 5）allow: to make possible, 容许 Eg： These opportunities allow them to make great contributions to society. 分析：多数学生仅停留在使用make, let 6) along with: 随着 Eg： Along with economic development,. 分析：多数学生只会用with the development of .,7）at any cost 无论如何，不惜任

26、何代价 Eg：Because of this belief, they will try to obtain lucky number for things such as a car license plate at any cost. (不惜一切代价去买有幸运数字的车牌) 分析：多数同学唯一选择相信只有no matter how difficult it is. 8) at ones disposal：供某人支配 9）belongings Eg: Please take care of your belongs.（注意随身携带物品） 分析：不能局限于things, stuff 10) ca

27、ter for/to 满足.的需求（需要） Eg: There are magazings catering for/to different tastes and interests such as economics, sports. (满足人们不同品味和兴趣) 分析：替换fit , satisfy 11) competitive Eg: Because scholarships are competitive, they are not available to everyone. 12) component: 组成部分，含有必不可少，属于整体中的有机部分 Eg: Electronic

28、products are still important components of the export trade. 分析：减少用part.,13) distribution 分布，发行 Eg: Laws and refulations should be implemented to ban the manufacturing and distribution of fake goods. 我们应该设立规章制度，禁止生产和销售假冒伪劣产品。 14）encompass：包含，包括 Eg：1) The love for you parents encompasses respect and

29、rewards 2) The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation. 分析： 学生习惯用include。Include 实际意思指后者完全属于前者，而encompass指前者并不完全仅仅包含后者，而是涉及众多方面。 15）fund Eg: Previously in China, a university education was funded by the government. 分析：多数学生第一反应-pay, support 16) gain access to 成功

30、进入某一领域 Eg: Many people are interested in the Internet because they can communicate directly with other people and gain access to world wide information source. （还有机会了解世界各地的信息） 分析：学生一般用get into, enter 17) highlight: 突出 Eg： My management experience served to highlight my deficiencies, particularly in

31、accounting. （我的管理经验充分显示了我的不足）,18）jeopardize: 危害 （put. at risk） Eg: Smoking jeopardizes your health. 19) the odds are that: 可能 Eg：The odds are that they really have only the fuzziest idea of what they want to say and are too lazy to work it out. (很可能他们想表达的是非常模糊的概念) 20）outweigh: (重量和价值上)超过 Eg： I belie

32、ve the adantages of underground cities outweigh the disadvanteges and building underground cities is a way to solve the problem of overcrowding. (利大于弊) 分析： outweigh是个很生动的词，表达的是两者的比较，完全可以取代.is better than, .is more important than. 21) overindulgence: 过量 Eg: In some cases overindulgence in sweets can

33、lead to poor health. 分析：too much 可以停用了。,22）pertaining to 有关的 Eg：He published a volume of poems pertaining to the life of Christ. 分析： about , related to可以停用。 23）place/put a strain on 对.造成压力 Eg： Because natural resources are limited, a growing population places a strain on these rescources. 分析： 学生多用gi

34、ve pressure, stress 24) prevalnece 流行 Eg: The prevalence of fake commodities is a problem in our society. (假货充斥市场已经成为社会的一个问题。) 分析： 学生用be popular, popularity. 25) strain 加大难度，增加困难 Eg: The increased costs will certainlu strain our finance,26) undermine 破坏 Eg: People sell fake commodities to make a qui

35、ck profit which undermines the economy and fake goods can also be dangerous to peoples health. (破坏了经济) 分析：学生较多用destory, do harm to , be bad for 27) (ideas/notions/conception) underlie ones attitude/viewpoint 观点、概念构成了.基础 28）versatility: 多种功能 Eg：The popularity of computers lies in its versatility such

36、 as typing, editing, playing CDs and VCDs, programming, and storing information. (电脑之所以被广泛应用是因为其功能多样。),句型演练参考答案 1、vary greatly 2、differ widely 3、acute problems, arisen 4、upgrades the image and status 5、impair our health 6、remove prejudice and hostility 7、Indulgence, kills creativity 8、Overindulgence in , leads to obesity and myopia 9、side with 10、identify their career interests and goals 11、A coeducational school 12、display their versatile talents 13、have easy access to 14、Legislative re