研究生英语翻译.ppt

1、科技英语翻译教程,相华利,Unit One An Introduction to Translation,1. To understand translation,(1)on the surface level: inter-lingual decoding and coding activity (2)on the deep level: cross-cultural communication,2. Why do we learn translation?,(1) To hunt for a job (a profession) Simultaneous interpreter (4000

2、-8000/ hour) (2) To learn about and transmit culture and knowledge (3) a technique for learning foreign languages,3. What are the criteria of translation?,(1) Yan Fu: faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance (2) Lu Xun: preference of faithfulness to elegance (3) Qian Zhongshu: sublimity (4) Xu Yua

3、nchong: three elegances (5) Eugine Nida: functional equivalence,Star If you are A love compassionate You will walk with us this yearWe face a glacial distance who are here Huddld At your feet,星啊 如果你那 爱中满含怜悯 来年就和我们同行 我们面对冰河距离，如今 擁擠 在你脚底,4. What are the criteria in the translation of English of Scienc

4、e and technology?,faithfulness and expressiveness,5. Some factors influencing translation:,(1) the type of the original text; (2) the translators purpose; (3) the translators presumed readers,6. The process of translation,(1) comprehension (2) expression (3) modification (polishing),(1) Comprehensio

5、n,A. meaning of words and phrases in the context; Eg. a soft aboveground launching site The record has been considered soft since it was set last May. a soft drug At this stage, there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention.,B. analyzing the grammatical structures and grammatical relatio

6、nship, especially for the longer sentences.,Eg. 25 years of the Reagon and Clinton “booms” had done very little in real economic terms to help the ordinary American, a sad reality compounded by a big increase in job insecurity and a decrease in pension plans, health coverage, and other employee bene

7、fits.,C. analyzing the logical relationship between sentences and paragraphs.,Eg. A look back into recent economic history shows that the boom was always contradictory, putting the bigger dreams of most Americans on a collision course with the reality of the American economy.,D. get the illocutionar

8、y meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and even passages.,Eg. Click. Another disk in the drive and more clicks.,(2) Expression,A. Have a general view of the specific meaning of each word, phrase, sentence, and paragraph.,Eg. Mao, as we pointed out, had long since underscored the Taoists ambiguous c

9、haracter Anarchists, the Taoists had always been hostile both to order and progress When it has ceased to be a question of destroying the old order and has become one of the constructing a new world, then anarchism is no longer ambiguous : it shows up as a regressive force.,B. Change the lingual str

10、ucture of the original text and rearrange the original text according to the logic, modes of thinking, and habits of expression of the target language.,Eg. The evolution of Athenian education reflected that of the city itself, which was moving toward increasing democratization though it should be no

11、ted that the slave and the resident alien always remained excluded from the body politic. The Athenian democracy, even in its most complete form, attained in the 4th century BC, was to remain always the way of life of a minority about one tenth, it is estimated, of the total population.,雅典教育的演化也反映出雅

12、典城市的演化.雅典在逐步走向民主化.但是必须指出的是,雅典民主即使是在公元前四世纪的鼎盛时期,也仅仅是少数人的生活方式.据估计,只有大约十分之一的人享有民主,而奴隶及外来居民被排斥在主体政治之外.,3. Modification (polishing),To put aside the original text and revise the translation totally according to the grammar, syntax, mode of thinking, and habits of expression in the target language.,7. Tra

13、nslation methods,(1) literal translation Eg. Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years he was defeated.,Attention: literal translation does not mean word to word translation. Eg. milk way 牛奶路? 银河!,(2) Free translation: When literal translation is not idi

14、omatic or satisfactory, free translation may find its way. Free translation must keep to the meaning of the original text, i.e., “dancing with shackles”.,Eg. Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 车到山前必有路,船到桥头自然直. Can you see any greens in my eyes? 你以为我是好骗的吗? Mankind has always reverenced what Te

15、nnyson called “the useful trouble of the rain.” 人类一直很推崇Tennyson 所说的“雨既有用,又会带来麻烦”.,(3) the combination of literal translation and free translation is employed most frequently.,8. The characteristics of English of science and technology,(1) Using nominalization in order to achieve a terse structure. E

16、.g. The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night. The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.,E.g. Television transmits and receives images if moving objects by radio waves. Television is the transmission and reception of images of m

17、oving objects by radio waves.,(2) frequent use of passive voice in order to achieve objectivity. E.g. We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser. Electrical energy can be stored Such a device is called a cap

18、acitor.,(3) Non-finites to make a precise version. E.g. Heat causes air currents to rise when it is radiating from the earth. Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.,(4) Post-put modifiers A. prepositional phrases E.g. The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.,B. a

19、djectives and adjective phrases E.g. In this factory the only fuel available is coal.,C. single participles E.g. The results obtained must be checked.,D. Attributive clauses (example omitted),E. set patterns (example omitted),F. elliptical sentences E.g. If pushed slightly, it can move several meter

20、s.,G. compound words and abbreviated words CCTV China Central Television Closed Circuit Television,中国建设银行Construction Bank of China CBC ”存不存？” 中国银行Bank of China BC “不存。” 国家开发银行China Development Bank CDB 存点吧！” 中国农业银行Agricultural Bank of China ABC “啊，不存” 中国工商银行Industrial and Commercial Bank of China I

21、CBC “爱存不存”,H. longer sentences to express the clarity of the logic and the complexity of procedures involved.,Eg. The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance

22、, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and, at a later stage, to the definite conclusion that there is no luminous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.,为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同物理性质的介质.这种尝试的结果,最初使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的介质的具体实例,但后来却使人们得出了这样一个明确的结论: 并不存在任何具有上述假设所认为的那种物理性质的发光介质.,Assignment: But the collapse of the dot-com economy and the high-tech Nasdaq in 2000, and the prospects of a serious economic slowdown at this writing in 2001, have put the fabled new economy in a