(IB)TOK知识理论论文导读

1、PrinceAlfredCollegeIBTheoryofKnowledgeEssayWritingGuideR.Bruford2009Page1of24WhatistheEssay?EachstudentmustsubmitforexternalassessmentanessayonanyoneofthetentitlesprescribedbytheIBOforeachexaminationsession.ThetitlesfortheNovember2009sessionareincludedinthisbooklet.Thetitlesaskgenericquestionsaboutk

2、nowledgeandarecross-disciplinaryinnature.TheymaybeansweredwithreferencetoanypartorpartsoftheTOKcourse,tospecificdisciplines,orwithreferencetoopinionsgainedaboutknowledgebothinsideandoutsidetheclassroom.Thetitlesarenotmeanttobetreatedonlyintheabstract,oronthebasisofexternalauthorities.Inallcases,essa

3、ysshouldexpresstheconclusionsreachedbystudentsthroughasustainedconsiderationofknowledgeissues;claimsandcounterclaimsshouldbeformulatedandmainideasshouldbeillustratedwithvariedandeffectiveexamplesthatshowtheapproachconsciouslytakenbythestudent.Essaysshoulddemonstratethestudentsabilitytolinkknowledgei

4、ssuestoareasofknowledgeandwaysofknowing.Thechosentitlemustbeusedexactlyasgiven;itmustnotbealteredinanyway.Studentswhomodifythetitlesmaygainveryfewornopoints,sincetheknowledgeissuesthatessaystreatmustberelevanttothetitlesintheirprescribedformulation.Theessaymustbewellpresented,clearlylegible,and,wher

5、eappropriate,includereferencesandabibliography.AcknowledgmentsandreferencesStudentsareexpectedtoacknowledgefullyandindetailthework,thoughtsorideasofanotherpersonifincorporatedinworksubmittedforassessment,andtoensurethattheirownworkisnevergiventoanotherstudent,eitherintheformofhardcopyorbyelectronicm

6、eans,knowingthatitmightbesubmittedforassessmentastheworkofthatotherstudent.Factualclaimsthatmaybeconsideredcommonknowledge(forexample,“Thesecondworldwarendedin1945”)donotneedtobereferenced.However,whatonepersonthinksofascommonknowledge,withinaparticularculture,maybeunfamiliartosomeoneelse,forexample

7、,anassessorinadifferentpartoftheworld.Ifindoubt,giveanauthoritativesourcefortheclaim.Eventhemostcarefullyarguedcaseisweakifitsfoundationsarenotsecure.TheprinciplebehindreferencinginTOKisthatitshouldallowthesourcetobetraced.Thesimplestwaytoachievethisistouseconsistentlyanacceptedformofreferencing.Apa

8、rticulardifficultyarisesinthecontextofclassnotesordiscussion.Referencetofactualclaimsorideasoriginatingfromthesesourcesshouldbeaspreciseaspossible(forexample,givingthenameofthespeakerandthedateofthediscussion).Incaseswherefactualclaimsarefundamentaltotheargumentofanessay,highacademicstandardsdemandt

9、hatsuchclaimsshouldalwaysbecheckedandaproper,traceablesourcesupplied.R.Bruford2009Page2of24BibliographyTheTOKessayisnotaresearchpaperbut,ifspecificsourcesareused,theymustbeacknowledgedinabibliography.Thebibliographyshouldincludeonlythoseworks(suchasbooks,journals,magazinesandonlinesources)consultedb

10、ythestudent.Asappropriate,thebibliographyshouldspecify:Author(s),title,dateandplaceofpublicationThenameofthepublisherorURL(http:/.)Thedatewhenthewebpagewasaccessed,adheringtoonestandardmethodoflistingsources.Aguideforwritingabibliographyhasbeenprovidedinthisbooklet.EssaylengthTheessayontheprescribed

11、titlemustbebetween1,200and1,600wordsinlength.ExtendednotesorappendicesarenotappropriatetoaTOKessayandmaynotberead.Thewordcountincludes:ThemainpartoftheessayAnyquotations.Thewordcountdoesnotinclude:AnyacknowledgmentsThereferences(whethergiveninfootnotesorendnotes)anymaps,charts,diagrams,annotatedillu

12、strationsandtablesThebibliography.StudentsarerequiredtoindicatethenumberofwordsontheessaycoversheetR.Bruford2009Page3of24AuthenticityEssaysmustbethestudentsownwork.Ifthereisdoubt,authenticityshouldbecheckedbyadiscussionwiththestudentaboutthecontentoftheessaysubmittedandascrutinyofoneormoreofthefollo

13、wing:ThestudentsinitialproposalandoutlineThefirstdraftoftheessayThestudentsreferencesandbibliographyfortheessay,whereappropriateThestyleofthewriting,whichmayrevealobviousdiscrepancies.Studentswillberequiredtosignawrittendeclarationwhensubmittingtheessay,toconfirmthatitistheirownworkR.Bruford2009Page

14、4of24TheoryofknowledgeprescribedtitlesNovember2009andMay2010InstructionstocandidatesYourtheoryofknowledgeessayforexaminationmustbesubmittedtoyourteacherforauthentication.Itmustbewrittenononeofthetentitles(questions)provided.Youmaychooseanytitle,butarerecommendedtoconsultwithyourteacher.Youressaywill

15、bemarkedaccordingtotheTheoryofKnowledgeessayassessmentcriteriaincludedinthisbooklet.Remembertocentreyouressayonknowledgeissuesand,whereappropriate,refertootherpartsofyourIBprogrammeandtoyourexperiencesasaknower.Alwaysjustifyyourstatementsandproviderelevantexamplestoillustrateyourarguments.Payattenti

16、ontotheimplicationsofyourarguments,andremembertoconsiderwhatcanbesaidagainstthem.Ifyouuseexternalsources,citethemaccordingtoarecognizedconvention.Notethatstatementsinquotationsinthesetitlesarenotnecessarilyauthentic:theypresentarealpointofviewbutmaynothavebeenspokenorwrittenbyanactualperson.Itisappr

17、opriatetoanalysethembutitisunnecessary,evenunwise,tospendtimeonresearchingacontextforthem.Examinersmarkessaysagainstthetitleasset.Respondtothetitleexactlyasgiven;donotalteritinanyway.Youressaymustbebetween1200and1600wordsinlength.R.Bruford2009Page5of24TheoryofknowledgeprescribedtitlesNovember2009and

18、May2010Chooseonetitlefromthelistbelow:-1.Towhatextentistruthdifferentinmathematics,theartsandethics?2.Examinethewaysempiricalevidenceshouldbeusedtomakeprogressindifferentareasofknowledge.3.Discussthestrengthsandlimitationsofquantitativeandqualitativedatainsupportingknowledgeclaimsinthehumansciencesa

19、ndatleastoneotherareaofknowledge.4.Howcanthedifferentwaysofknowinghelpustodistinguishbetweensomethingthatistrueandsomethingthatisbelievedtobetrue?5.“Whatseparatessciencefromallotherhumanactivitiesisitsbeliefintheprovisionalnatureofallconclusions”(MichaelShermer,).Criticallyevaluatethiswa

20、yofdistinguishingthesciencesfromotherareasofknowledge?6.Allknowledgeclaimsshouldbeopentorationalcriticism.Onwhatgroundsandtowhatextentwouldyouagreewiththisassertion?7.“Weseeandunderstandthingsnotastheyarebutasweare.”Discussthisclaiminrelationtoatleasttwowaysofknowing.8.“Peopleneedtobelievethatorderc

21、anbeglimpsedinthechaosofevents(adaptedfromJohnGray,Heresies,2004).Inwhatwaysandtowhatextentwouldyousaythisclaimisrelevantinatleasttwoareasofknowledge?9.Discusstheclaimthatsomeareasofknowledgearediscoveredandothersareinvented.10.Whatsimilaritiesanddifferencesaretherebetweenhistoricalandscientificexpl

22、anations?R.Bruford2009Page6of24EssayAssessmentCriteriaCriterionA:UnderstandingKnowledgeIssuesThiscriterionisconcernedwiththeextenttowhichtheessayfocusesonknowledgeissuesrelevanttotheprescribedtitle,andwiththedepthandbreadthoftheunderstandingdemonstratedintheessay.Arelevantknowledgeissueisonethatdire

23、ctlyrelatestotheprescribedtitleundertaken,oronethattheessayhasshownisimportantinrelationtoit.Depthofunderstandingisoftenindicatedbydrawingdistinctionswithinwaysofknowingandareasofknowledge,orbyconnectingseveralfacetsofknowledgeissuestothese.Breadthofunderstandingisoftenindicatedbymakingcomparisonsbe

24、tweenwaysofknowingandareasofknowledge.Sincenotallprescribedtitleslendthemselvestoanextensivetreatmentofanequalrangeofareasofknowledgeorwaysofknowing,thiselementinthedescriptorsshouldbeappliedwithconcernfortheparticularityofthetitle.Doestheessaydemonstrateunderstandingofknowledgeissuesthatarerelevant

25、totheprescribedtitle?Doestheessaydemonstrateanawarenessoftheconnectionsbetweenknowledgeissues,areasofknowledgeandwaysofknowing?AchievementlevelDescriptor0Level1isnotachieved.1-2Theessayincludesverylittletreatmentofknowledgeissuesthatarerelevanttotheprescribedtitleanddemonstrateslittleunderstandingof

26、them.Ifpresent,areasofknowledgeand/orwaysofknowingaremerelymentioned.3-4Theessayincludessometreatmentofknowledgeissuesthatarerelevanttotheprescribedtitleanddemonstratesarudimentaryunderstandingofthem.Somelinkstoareasofknowledgeand/orwaysofknowinghavebeenattemptedbuttheyarelargelyineffective.5-6Forth

27、emostparttheessaytreatsknowledgeissuesthatarerelevanttotheprescribedtitle,anddemonstratessomeunderstandingofthem.Someeffectivelinksaredrawnbetweenareasofknowledgeand/orwaysofknowing.7-8Theessayconsistentlymaintainsasitsfocusknowledgeissuesthatarerelevanttotheprescribedtitle.Effectivelinksandsomecomp

28、arisonsbetweenareasofknowledgeand/orwaysofknowingaredrawn,sothattheessaydemonstratesagoodunderstandingoftheknowledgeissuesunderconsideration.9-10Theessayconsistentlymaintainsasitsfocusknowledgeissuesthatarerelevanttotheprescribedtitle.Effectivelinksandcomparisonsbetweenareasofknowledgeand/orwaysofkn

29、owingareelaborated,sothattheessaydemonstratesasophisticatedunderstandingoftheknowledgeissuesunderconsideration.R.Bruford2009Page7of24EssayAssessmentCriteriaCriterionB:KnowersPerspectiveTowhatextenthavetheknowledgeissuesrelevanttotheprescribedtitlebeenconnectedtothestudentsownexperienceasalearner?Doe

30、sthestudentshowanawarenessofhisorherownperspectiveasaknowerinrelationtootherperspectives,suchasthosethatmayarise,forexample,fromacademicandphilosophicaltraditions,cultureorpositioninsociety(gender,age,andsoon)?Dotheexampleschosenshowanindividualapproachconsciouslytakenbythestudent,ratherthanmererepe

31、titionofstandardcommonplacecasesortheimpersonalrecountingofsources?AchievementlevelDescriptor0Level1isnotachieved.1-2Theessayshowsnoevidenceofindependentthinkingabouttheknowledgeissuesrelatedtotheprescribedtitle.Thereislimitedpersonalengagementwiththeknowledgeissuesandnoattempttoacknowledgeorexplore

32、differentperspectives.Therearenoappropriateexamples.3-4Theessayshowsverylittleevidenceofindependentthinkingabouttheknowledgeissuesrelatedtotheprescribedtitle.Thereissomepersonalengagementwiththeknowledgeissues.Differentperspectivesmaybementionedbutthereisnoattempttoexplorethem.Exampleschosenaresomet

33、imesappropriate.5-6Theessayshowssomeevidenceofindependentthinkingabouttheknowledgeissuesrelatedtotheprescribedtitle.Thestudenthasshapedtheessayinawaythatshowspersonalengagementwiththeknowledgeissues.Thereisanawarenessthatdifferentperspectivesmayexist,althoughtheremaybelittleattempttoexplorethese.Exa

34、mpleschosenareappropriate,althoughtheremaybelittlevarietyintheirsources.7-8Theessayshowsadequateevidenceofindependentthinkingabouttheknowledgeissuesrelatedtotheprescribedtitle.Thestudenthasshapedtheessayinawaythatshowsthoughtful,personalengagementwiththeknowledgeissuesandsomeself-awarenessasaknower.

35、Thereisanacknowledgmentofdifferentperspectivesandsomeattempttoexplorethese.Exampleschosenareeffective,withsomevariety.9-10Theessayshowsmuchevidenceofindependentthinkingabouttheknowledgeissuesrelatedtotheprescribedtitle.Thestudenthasshapedtheessayinawaythatshowsbothapersonal,reflectiveexplorationofth

36、eknowledgeissuesandsignificantself-awarenessasaknower.Thereisseriousconsiderationofdifferentperspectives.Exampleschosenarevariedandeffectivelyused.R.Bruford2009Page8of24EssayAssessmentCriteriaCriterionC:QualityofAnalysisofKnowledgeIssuesWhatisthequalityoftheinquiryintoknowledgeissues?Arethemainpoint

37、sintheessayjustified?Aretheargumentscoherentandcompelling?Havecounterclaimsbeenconsidered?Aretheimplicationsandunderlyingassumptionsoftheessaysargumentidentified?Thiscriterionisconcernedonlywithknowledgeissuesthatarerelevanttotheprescribedtitle.Analysisofknowledgeissuesthatarenotrelevanttotheprescri

38、bedtitleisnotassessed.AchievementlevelDescriptor0Level1isnotachieved.1-2Thereisnoinquiryintoknowledgeissues,onlydescription.Thereareveryfewattemptsatjustifyingthemainpointsoftheessay.Thereisverylittleevidenceofanyawarenessofcounterclaims.3-4Theinquirypartlyexplores,butlargelydescribes,knowledgeissue

39、s.Thereissomejustificationofmainpointsandsomecoherentargument.Counterclaimsareimplicitlyidentified.5-6Theinquiryexploresknowledgeissues.Mostpointsarejustified;mostargumentsarecoherent.Somecounterclaimsareconsidered.7-8Theinquiryexploreswithsomeinsight,insomedepthand/ordetail,knowledgeissues.All,orne

40、arlyall,mainpointsarejustifiedandargumentsarecoherent.Counterclaimsareexplored.Implicationsoftheessaysargumentareidentified.9-10Theinquiryexploreswithahighdegreeofinsight,inconsiderabledepthand/ordetail,knowledgeissues.Allmainpointsarejustifiedandargumentsarecoherentandcompelling.Counterclaimsareexp

41、loredandevaluated.Implicationsandunderlyingassumptionsoftheessaysargumentareidentified.R.Bruford2009Page9of24EssayAssessmentCriteriaCriterionD:OrganizationofIdeasIstheessaywellorganizedandrelevanttotheprescribedtitle?Doestheuseoflanguageassistthereadersunderstandingandavoidconfusion?Arecentraltermse

42、xplainedordevelopedclearlyinawaythatassistscomprehension?Note:Thistaskisnotatestof“firstlanguage”linguisticskills.Noaccountshouldbetakenofminorerrorsunlesstheysignificantlyimpedecommunication.Whenfactualinformationisusedorpresented,isitaccurateand,whennecessary,referenced?“Factualinformation”include

43、sgeneralizations.Ifsourceshavebeenused,havetheybeenproperlyreferencedinawaythatallowsthemtobetraced(Internetreferencesmustincludethedateonwhichtheywereaccessed)?Note:Notallessaysrequiresourcesorreferences.Anessaythatfailstomeetthewordlimitof1,2001,600wordswillnotscoreabovelevel4onthiscriterion.Aness

44、aythathasnorelevancetotheprescribedtitlewillscore0onthiscriterion.AchievementlevelDescriptor0Level1isnotachieved.1-2Theessayontheprescribedtitleisverypoorlystructured,withlittleoverallorganization.Itisdifficulttounderstandwhatthewriterintends.Factualinformationusedtosupportargumentsmaycontainsignifi

45、cantinaccuracies.Sourcesofinformationandideasmaynotbeacknowledgedandthereisnoattemptatreferencing.3-4Theessayontheprescribedtitleispoorlystructured,withlimitedoverallorganization.Itissometimesdifficulttounderstandwhatthewriterintends.Theremaybesomeattempttoexplainorexplorethemeaningoftermsbutthiscon

46、tributeslittletoconceptualclarity.Factualinformationusedtosupportargumentsisnotalwaysreliable(theremaybeminorinaccuracies;sourcesofmoreimportantinformationmaybemissingorunreliable).Somesourcesofinformationandideasareacknowledged;thereissomeattemptatreferencingbutitisnotcomplete,norsufficientlyprecis

47、etopermittracingofsources.5-6Theessayontheprescribedtitleissatisfactorilystructured,withadequateoverallorganization.Ingeneral,conceptsareusedclearly:ifconceptsareexplained,explanationsaregenerallyadequate.Factualinformationusedtosupportargumentsismostlycorrect.Mostsourcesofinformationandideasareackn

48、owledged;mostreferencingpermitstracingofsources,althoughsomeprecisionmaybelacking.Thewordlimithasbeenmet.7-8Theessayontheprescribedtitleiswellstructured,withaclearoverallorganization.Conceptsareusedordevelopedclearly:someexplanationsareincluded,whereappropriate.Factualinformationusedtosupportargumen

49、tsiscorrect.Sourcesofinformationandideasareacknowledged;mostreferencingpermitstracingofsources.Thewordlimithasbeenmet.9-10Theessayontheprescribedtitleisverywellstructured,withaneffectiveoverallorganization.Conceptsareusedclearlyand,whereappropriate,refinedbyhelpfulexplanations.Factualinformationused

50、tosupportargumentsiscorrect.Sourcesofinformationandideasareacknowledged;allreferencingpermitstracingofsources.Thewordlimithasbeenmet.R.Bruford2009Page10of24AboutToKWritingToKwritingisunlikenormalessaywritinginafewkeyareas.ToachieveagoodmarkinaToKessay,youmustexplicitlydemonstratethespecificToKskills

51、listedinthemarkingcriteria.Ifyoudont,youressaywontgetthemarksyouthinkitdeserves.ToKessaywritinginvolvescarefulplanningandtakestime.UsethefollowingguidelinestohelpyouwriteeffectivelyinToK.The8StagesofToKEssayWriting1.Pickingatopic2.Identifyingknowledgeclaims3.Identifyingknowledgeissues4.Developingana

52、lysis5.Choosingappropriateexamples6.Applyingappropriatestructure7.Writingtheessay8.RefiningandreflectionR.Bruford2009Page11of24BeforeYouStartAsmentionedTOKessaysareuniqueessaysinanumberofways.ToKessaysare:-Writtenfromtheperspectiveoftheknower(thismeansyou!)i.e.“Ithink.”,“Inmyopinion.”,“Ibelieve.”etc

53、NotlikeEnglishorHistoryessaysReliantonanalysis(notdescription)Arepersonalandcross-culturalAvoidthis:R.Bruford2009Page12of241-PickingaTopicYoumustpickfromoneoftheprescribedtitles,seepage6Inpickingyourtitle,itisessentialthatyoucan:Understandthetopic-whatdoesitmeaninaTOKcontext?Identifyknowledgeclaimsa

54、ssociatedwiththetopicIdentifyappropriateknowledgeissuesGenerateappropriateanalysisFindappropriateexamplestosupportyouranalysisIfdocannotdoanyoftheabove,youshouldre-chooseyourtitle.Donotpickatopicjustbecauseyouthinkthatitistheeasiest!Oftenthetitlesthatappeareasyarethehardesttobetreatedadequatelywithi

55、nthewordlimit!R.Bruford2009Page13of242-Whatareknowledgeclaims?Knowledgeclaimsaresomethingthatwethinkthatweknow,ie:believetobetruewanttoevaluatetodeterminethelevelofvalidityTheaimofTOKistoaskthequestion:Howdoweknowwhatweknow?Wecanoftenjustifyknowledgeclaimsinthefollowingways:R.Bruford2009Page14of24in

56、tuitionperceptionevidencereasoningmemoryauthoritygroupconcensusdevinerevelationcommonwisdomeducation3-Knowledgeissues“knowledgeissuesarequestionsthatdirectlyrefertoourunderstandingoftheworld,ourselvesandothersinconnectionwiththeaquisition,searchfor,production,shapingandacceptanceofknowledge”(TOKGuid

57、ePage9)Butwhatdoesthismean?Knowledgeissuesaretheaimsandobjectivesofthecoursedemonstratedinapracticalway.TheyarenotnecessarilynegativeaspectsoftheinformationinquestionTheyareusuallyframedasquestionsbutcanbestatementsTheyarebasedontheknowledgeclaimsandareusedtogenerateanalysisandimplications.Knowledge

58、IssueWhatToKstudentsareexpectedtobeabletodoWhataretheassumptionsintheknowledgeclaim?Whatdoesthisclaimmeanifweapplyittootherareas?Criticallyanalyseknowledgeclaims,theirunderlyingassumptionsandtheirimplications.Whoismakingtheclaim?Whatdotheyhopetoachieve?Whatarethedifferentpointsofviewinvolvedinmaking

59、theseclaims?Demonstrateanunderstandingofdifferentperspectivesonknowledgeissues.Canwecomparetherefore,whenwritingaboutwaysandareasofknowing,makesureyouincludenotonlyyourownexperiencebutalsoexamplesfromoutsideyourimmediateculture.America,Australia,Englandallrepresentawesternview.Showusmath,history,art,literature,andsciencefromotherworldperspectivesaswell.Readnewspapersfromothercountriestoobtainaforeignslantonbreakingheadlines.AsInternationalBaccalaureatestudentsyouaretothinkglobally.Oftenwhenastudentdoestakecaretouseinternationalexamples,theyarefrequentlyallnegativewhiletheirownhabits