北大微观经济学课件英文版

1、2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Chapter Twenty-Nine,Exchange,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Exchange,Two consumers, A and B. Their endowments of goods 1 and 2 are E.g. The total quantities available,and,and,units of good 1,units of good 2.,and,are,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Exchange,Edgeworth and Bowley devised a diagram, called an Edgew

2、orth box, to show all possible allocations of the available quantities of goods 1 and 2 between the two consumers.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Starting an Edgeworth Box,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Starting an Edgeworth Box,Width =,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Starting an Edgeworth Box,Width =,Height =,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Starting an Ed

3、geworth Box,Width =,Height =,The dimensions of the box are the quantities available of the goods.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Feasible Allocations,What allocations of the 8 units of good 1 and the 6 units of good 2 are feasible? How can all of the feasible allocations be depicted by the Edgeworth box diagram?,

4、2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Feasible Allocations,What allocations of the 8 units of good 1 and the 6 units of good 2 are feasible? How can all of the feasible allocations be depicted by the Edgeworth box diagram? One feasible allocation is the before-trade allocation; i.e. the endowment allocation.,2020/7/2,中级

5、微观经济学,Width =,Height =,The endowment allocation is,and,The Endowment Allocation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Width =,Height =,The Endowment Allocation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,OA,OB,6,8,The Endowment Allocation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,OA,OB,6,8,4,6,The Endowment Allocation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,OA,OB,6,8,4,6,2,2,The Endowment Allo

6、cation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,OA,OB,6,8,4,6,2,2,The endowment allocation,The Endowment Allocation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,More generally, ,The Endowment Allocation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Endowment Allocation,OA,OB,The endowment allocation,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Other Feasible Allocations,denotes an allocation to consume

7、r A. denotes an allocation to consumer B. An allocation is feasible if and only if,and,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Feasible Reallocations,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Feasible Reallocations,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Feasible Reallocations,All points in the box, including the boundary, represent feasible allocations of

8、the combined endowments.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Feasible Reallocations,All points in the box, including the boundary, represent feasible allocations of the combined endowments. Which allocations will be blocked by one or both consumers? Which allocations make both consumers better off?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Ad

9、ding Preferences to the Box,OA,For consumer A.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Adding Preferences to the Box,More preferred,For consumer A.,OA,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Adding Preferences to the Box,For consumer B.,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Adding Preferences to the Box,More preferred,For consumer B.,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Adding P

10、references to the Box,More preferred,For consumer B.,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Adding Preferences to the Box,OA,For consumer A.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Adding Preferences to the Box,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Edgeworths Box,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvement,An allocation of the endowment that improves the we

11、lfare of a consumer without reducing the welfare of another is a Pareto-improving allocation. Where are the Pareto-improving allocations?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Edgeworths Box,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvements,OA,OB,The set of Pareto- improving allocations,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvements,Sin

12、ce each consumer can refuse to trade, the only possible outcomes from exchange are Pareto-improving allocations. But which particular Pareto-improving allocation will be the outcome of trade?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvements,OA,OB,The set of Pareto- improving reallocations,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Paret

13、o-Improvements,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvements,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvements,Trade improves both As and Bs welfares. This is a Pareto-improvement over the endowment allocation.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvements,New mutual gains-to-trade region is the set of all further Pareto- improvi

14、ng reallocations.,Trade improves both As and Bs welfares. This is a Pareto-improvement over the endowment allocation.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Improvements,Further trade cannot improve both A and Bs welfares.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,Better for consumer B,Better for consumer A,2020/7/2,中级微观

15、经济学,Pareto-Optimality,A is strictly better off but B is strictly worse off,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,A is strictly better off but B is strictly worse off,B is strictly better off but A is strictly worse off,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,A is strictly better off but B is strictly worse

16、off,B is strictly better off but A is strictly worse off,Both A and B are worse off,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,A is strictly better off but B is strictly worse off,B is strictly better off but A is strictly worse off,Both A and B are worse off,Both A and B are worse off,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pare

17、to-Optimality,The allocation is Pareto-optimal since the only way one consumers welfare can be increased is to decrease the welfare of the other consumer.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,The allocation is Pareto-optimal since the only way one consumers welfare can be increased is to decrease the

18、welfare of the other consumer.,An allocation where convex indifference curves are “only just back-to-back” is Pareto-optimal.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,Where are all of the Pareto-optimal allocations of the endowment?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimali

19、ty,OA,OB,All the allocations marked by a are Pareto-optimal.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,The contract curve is the set of all Pareto-optimal allocations.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Optimality,OA,OB,All the allocations marked by a are Pareto-optimal.,The contract curve,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Pareto-Opt

20、imality,But to which of the many allocations on the contract curve will consumers trade? That depends upon how trade is conducted. In perfectly competitive markets? By one-on-one bargaining?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Core,OA,OB,The set of Pareto- improving reallocations,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Core,OA,OB,20

21、20/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Core,OA,OB,Pareto-optimal trades blocked by B,Pareto-optimal trades blocked by A,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Core,OA,OB,Pareto-optimal trades not blocked by A or B,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Core,OA,OB,Pareto-optimal trades not blocked by A or B are the core.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Core,The core

22、 is the set of all Pareto-optimal allocations that are welfare-improving for both consumers relative to their own endowments. Rational trade should achieve a core allocation.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,The Core,But which core allocation? Again, that depends upon the manner in which trade is conducted.,2020/7/

23、2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,Consider trade in perfectly competitive markets. Each consumer is a price-taker trying to maximize her own utility given p1, p2 and her own endowment. That is, .,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,For consumer A.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competit

24、ive Markets,So given p1 and p2, consumer As net demands for commodities 1 and 2 are,and,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,And, similarly, for consumer B ,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,For consumer B.,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,So given p1 and p2, con

25、sumer Bs net demands for commodities 1 and 2 are,and,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,A general equilibrium occurs when prices p1 and p2 cause both the markets for commodities 1 and 2 to clear; i.e.,and,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Compet

26、itive Markets,OA,OB,Can this PO allocation be achieved?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for consumer A,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for consumer A,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for

27、consumer B,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for consumer B,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,But,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,and,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,So at the given prices p1 and p2 there is an e

28、xcess supply of commodity 1 excess demand for commodity 2. Neither market clears so the prices p1 and p2 do not cause a general equilibrium.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,So this PO allocation cannot be achieved by competitive trading.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Mark

29、ets,OA,OB,Which PO allocations can be achieved by competitive trading?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,Since there is an excess demand for commodity 2, p2 will rise. Since there is an excess supply of commodity 1, p1 will fall. The slope of the budget constraints is - p1/p2 so the budg

30、et constraints will pivot about the endowment point and become less steep.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Which PO allocations can be achieved by competitive trading?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Which PO allocations can be achieved by competitive trading?

31、,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Which PO allocations can be achieved by competitive trading?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for consumer A,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for consumer A,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学

32、,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for consumer B,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,Budget constraint for consumer B,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,So,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competitive Markets,OA,OB,and,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Trade in Competiti

33、ve Markets,At the new prices p1 and p2 both markets clear; there is a general equilibrium. Trading in competitive markets achieves a particular Pareto-optimal allocation of the endowments. This is an example of the First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,First Fundamental Th

34、eorem of Welfare Economics,Given that consumers preferences are well-behaved, trading in perfectly competitive markets implements a Pareto-optimal allocation of the economys endowment.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics,The First Theorem is followed by a second that sta

35、tes that any Pareto-optimal allocation (i.e. any point on the contract curve) can be achieved by trading in competitive markets provided that endowments are first appropriately rearranged amongst the consumers.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Given that consumers preferences are well-behaved, for any Pareto-optima

36、l allocation there are prices and an allocation of the total endowment that makes the Pareto-optimal allocation implementable by trading in competitive markets.,Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Second Fundamental Theorem,OA,OB,The contract curve,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Secon

37、d Fundamental Theorem,OA,OB,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Second Fundamental Theorem,OA,OB,Implemented by competitive trading from the endowment w.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Second Fundamental Theorem,OA,OB,Can this allocation be implemented by competitive trading from w?,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Second Fundamental Theorem,OA,OB,Can this allocation be implemented by competitive trading from w? No.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Second Fundamental Theorem,OA,OB,But this allocation is implemented by competitive trading from q.,2020/7/2,中级微观经济学,Walr