眼科学基础知识

眼科学基础知识眼科学基础知识眼科学基础知识第一节眼的组织解剖anatomyofeyeball一．眼球Theglobe(eyeball)正常眼球的前后径出生时约16mm.3岁时达23mm.成年时24mm.anteriorandposteriordistanceofnormaleyeballis16mminborn.Atage323mm,atadult24mm11/30/20202

第一节眼的组织解剖

anatomyofeyeball一．眼球Theglobe(eyeball)正常眼球的前后径出生时约16mm.3岁时达23mm.成年时24mm.anteriorandposteriordistanceofnormaleyeballis16mminborn.Atage323mm,atadult24mm4/22/20252（一）

眼球壁

Eyecoat1.

外层Theoutercoat1/6角膜Cornea5/6巩膜Sclera4/22/20253（1）角膜

Cornea

横径Thetransversediameter11.5-12mm垂直径

Theverticaldiameter10.5-11mm4/22/20254前表面曲率半径

Theradiusofconvexcurvatureinfront7.8mm后表面曲率半径Theradiusofconvexcurvatureinback6.8mm角膜厚度中央部角膜厚度周边部

Theperipherythickness1mm

4/22/20255组织学分层①上皮细胞层Epithelium②前弹力层Bowman’smembrane③基质层Stroma④后弹力层Descemet’smembrane⑤内皮细胞层Endothelium4/22/202564/22/20257(2)巩膜

Sclera

组织学分层

①表层巩膜Theepisclera②巩膜实质层Thescleralstroma③棕黑板层Thelaminafascia4/22/20258角巩膜缘Limbus前房角Anteriorchamberangle4/22/20259

2．中层

Themiddlecoat

葡萄膜Uvea色素膜Tunicapigmentosa

4/22/202510（1）虹膜

Iris分层：

①基质层Stroma②色素上皮层Pigmentepitheliallayer

瞳孔Pupil:直径2.5-4mm

4/22/202511(2)睫状体

Ciliarybody睫状冠Parsplicata:前1/3睫状突Cliaryprocesses:睫状体扁平部Parsplana:后2/3锯齿缘Oraserrata:4/22/202512(3)脉络膜

Choroid

组成大血管层Largevascularlayer中血管层Middlevascularlayer毛细血管层Capillarylayer4/22/2025133．内层

Innerlayer

视网膜Retina

中心凹Fovea黄斑Maculalutea中心小凹Foveola——黄斑中心凹Foveacentralis视盘Opticdisc——视乳头Opticpapilla视杯、杯凹Opticcup

4/22/202514视网膜分层外层

视网膜色素上皮层Retinalpigmentepithelium,RPE4/22/202515内层视网膜神经感觉层

①

视锥、视杆细胞层（光感受器细胞层）Coneandrodlayer②

外界膜Externallimitingmembrane③

外核层Outernuclearlayer④

外丛状层Outerplaxiform⑤

内核层Innernuclearlayer⑥

内丛状层Innerplexiformlayer⑦

神经节细胞层Ganglioncelllayer⑧

神经纤维层Nervefiberlayer⑨

内界膜Limitingmembrane4/22/2025164/22/202517（二）

眼球内容

Contentsoftheeye

1.

房水Aqueoushumor

前房Anteriorchamber

后房Posteriorchamber4/22/2025182.晶状体

Lens

4/22/2025193.玻璃体

Vitreousbody4/22/2025204/22/2025211.

视路

Visualpathway

光感受器→双级细胞→神经节细胞→视乳头→视神经→视交叉→视束→外侧膝状体→视放射→视皮质retinalphotoreceptor→bipolarcell→nervousganglioncells→opticdisk→opticnerve→opticchasm→optictract→lateralgeniculatebody→opticradiation→visualcortex.

4/22/202522二、眼眶及附属器

Orbitandaccessoryapparatus(一)眼眶Orbit1.视神经孔和视神经管

Opticforamenandcanal2.眶上裂Superiororbitalfissure3.眶下裂Inferiororbitalfissure4.眶上切迹（或孔）

Thesupraorbitalnotch4/22/202523（二）眼睑

Eyelids

1皮肤层Theskin2皮下组织层Subcutaneous3肌层Muscularlayer4睑板层Layerofthetarsalplate5结膜层Theconjunctivallayer4/22/2025244/22/202525(三)结膜

Conjunctiva

1睑结膜Palpebralconjunctiva2球结膜Bulbarconjunctiva3穹窿结膜Fornicalconjunctiva

4/22/2025264/22/202527(四)泪器

Lacrimalapparatus

1泪腺Lacrimalgland2泪道Lacrimalpassages(1)泪小点Lacrimalpuncta(2)泪小管Lacrimalcanaliculi(3)泪囊Lacrimalsac(4)鼻泪管Nasolacrimalduct4/22/2025284/22/202529(五)眼外肌

Extraocularmuscles4条直肌Rectus上直肌superiorrectimuscles下直肌inferiorrectimuscles内直肌medialrectimuscles外直肌externalrectimuscles2条斜肌Obliquemuscle上斜肌superiorobliquemuscles

下斜肌Inferiorobliquemuscles4/22/2025304/22/202531三、视路

Visualpathway

（一）视神经Opticnerve(1)眼内段Intraocular(2)眶内段Intraorbital(3)管内段Intracanalicular(4)颅内段Intracranial（二）视交叉Opticchiasm（三）视束Optictract

（四）外侧膝状体Lateralgeniculatebody

（五）视放射Opticradiation

（六）视皮质Visualcortex4/22/2025322.瞳孔反射路

Pathwayofpapillaryreflex

光反射Lightreflex

直接光反射Directreflex

间接光反射Indirectreflex

近反射Nearreflex4/22/2025334/22/202534四、眼球的血液循环和神经分布

Bloodcirculationandinnervationoftheglobe（一）血液循环Bloodcirculation动脉Artery视网膜中央血管系统thecentralretinalvascularsystem睫状血管系统

theciliaryvascularsystem4/22/2025351.视网膜中央血管系统

Thecentralretinalvascularsystem视网膜中央动脉Centralretinalartery,CRA4/22/2025362.睫状血管系统

theciliaryvascularsystem

(1)睫状后短动脉Shortposteriorciliaryartery

(2)睫状后长动脉Longposteriorciliaryartery(3)睫状前动脉Anteriorciliaryartery4/22/202537静脉

Vein

1.视网膜中央静脉

CentralretinalveinCRV2.涡静脉Vortexvein3.睫状前静脉Anterior