植物光生理学温室光控

植物光生理学温室光控甚么是光?可以产生视觉效果的电磁波能量光的不同应用光周期调控photoperiodism光合作用补光photosynthesis光质影响photomorphogenesis与栽培作物相关的光的特质•

光量强(度)–

光合作用•

光质(波长-颜色)–

光型态发生•

累计时间

–

光周期光的两种说法•颗粒–

光的行为就像一堆有能量的粒子–

光子(光量子)•

对作物非常重要•

波–电磁波可有很短或很长的波长–能量与波长成反比–短波长代表高能量能量与波长(λ的)关系低能量高能量Far-redPhotosynthetic

&Visible

Light电磁波如何产生任何物体温度在绝对零度以上都会辐射电

磁波•辐射的电磁波能量取决于物体的温度•

提高物体温度等于提高总辐射出去的能量•史蒂芬-波兹曼Stephan-Boltzman

定律温度

vs.波长(λ)•

温度与辐射出去的电磁波波长成反比•

炜恩定律：由物体辐射出去的电磁波波峰

位置的波长与绝对温度成反比

(λ=2897/T,λ

inum,Tin

K)•

可以透过控制物体的温度来控制光的颜色色素与光吸收吸收特定波长的物体色素是物体内的一种化学物质可接受特

定波长使得该物体具有某种特性。COLOR光的受体叶绿素chlorophylla

a,b的吸收峰位于红光600~700

nm

与蓝光400~500nm

波段植物体内的色素PigmentLight

AbsorbedLightReflectedChlorophyll绿素violet,blue,redCarotenoids类胡萝卜素

blueYellow

OrangeZanthophyll叶黄素

blueYellow

OrangeMelanin黑色素

mostvisiblelightBlackAnthocyaninsblue,

UVRedPhenolicsUV叶光量量测：光传感器QuantumSensor

光量Photosynthesis,in

μmol/m2/sPyranometer辐射能Solarenergy,

inW/m2Photometer照度Illumination,in

Lux四种光传感器安装于于温室内412,3TSR全太阳辐射感测器PAR

光量传感器Pyrarometer太阳辐射传感器净辐射传感器

(上方扣除下方)光传感器•全太阳辐射光谱，单位：

W/m2•PAR(PhotosyntheticallyActiveRadiation)：

光合作用有效光，400~700

nm范围内的

光子数量，单位：umol/m2/s•辐射传感器，单位：W/m2•所有光量传感器都必须水平摆放，一般

会安置于可调整水平的座台上照度计其他太阳能相关传感器便携式三种不同量测单位LI-190:

QuantumLI-200:

PyranometerLI-210:

Photometricmeter人眼与植物的敏感度曲线及太阳光谱Human

PlantSpectralirradiation

vs.sensitivitycurveofPlants量测照度•以人眼对光线的敏感度为依据•

非常主观•

常用单位=1呎烛光foot

candle(ftc),lux•ftc

orfc距:离1根蜡烛1英呎量到的照度

•Lux距:离1根蜡烛1m量到的照度光的敏感度曲线人眼

vs.叶片人眼与植物感受到的光相差颇远园艺业界改不过来的陋习•

仍然使用Lux或fc的照度单位•此单位只对空间照明有意义•涉及人类眼睛内的锥状体与柱状体对光

线的敏感度•由于植物感光机制与人眼不同，不宜使

用此单位，但已积习难改•此类传感器称为photometricsensor量测辐射能•

以能量的观点量测电磁辐射•

使用单位=

W/m2•

缺点–

与波长不相关量测光量子•只量测与光合作用直接相关的波段

，以光合

作用有效光Photosynthetic

Photon

Flux(PPF)

称之•波段范围侷限于400-700nm•

使用单位：μmol/m2/s其中

=mol=(6.02x

1023)photons=

μmol=(6.02x

1017)photons传感器的敏感度曲线光量子传感器的限制Quantum(

μmol/m2/s/nm)0.400.300.200.100.003004005006007008009wavelength(nm)QuantumSensorcannotbeusedtomeasureredor

blue

LEDsRedLED-

Max

at

634nmBlue

LED

Max

at

462nm光量

（光的强度）直接影响：1.

光合作用•直接与接受到的光子数量有关CO2

+H2O+LightEnergy

→(CH2O)n

+O22.植株高度3.植株分化开(花)可用光的限制因子•季节•纬度•

一天中的时间•

云层、设施被覆资材影响太阳的角度一天中太阳的轨迹3

DViewSouthernLat.32deg.光线的入射角与强度Lambert’scosineLawAsyouchangetheangleof

incidence(θ),theintensityof

alightbeamwilldecreaseastheangleof

incidencedecreasesθθThereductioncarries

overintotheamount

of

lightthatpassesthroughthegreenhousecovering.入射角90o

isthe

angle

atwhichtransmission

intensity

occursAsthe

angle

of

the

sunhitting

thegreenhouse

roofincreasesto90o,light

transmission

into

the

greenhouse

increases.Ingeneral,

thehigher

the

sunis

inthe

sky,

the

greater

thetransmission

intothe

greenhouse.Low

sunangle

inthewinter

along

with

short

days

dramatically

reduce

light

levels

inthegreenhouse

during

thattime

of

theyear.Time

of

YearCloudCover五月的阴天可比十二月的晴天提供更多的光量是由

于光期时间的拉长低光状态下的植物生理1较.长的节间距离，使茎拉长2较.大的叶表面积3较.

薄的叶片与茎4较.

薄的角质层

5.一层栅状细胞为了最大化光合作用所做的调整Sunvs.

ShadeLeafShadeSun猜猜哪一株没见过光线两株百合都开花了

但高度相差这么多光质•ControlsPhotomorphogenesis(plant

developmentandform)•Mediatedbyphytochrome(proteinpigment)–

redlight

absorbing

form

(Pr)–

FRlight

absorbing

form

(Pfr)–

Forms

arephotoinconvertible,

depending

onthe

whichtype

of

light

is

absorbed光质红光REDPr

Pfr远红光FR•

两者均影响植物•最终的影响就看是何者主控人眼看不到FR

Red

此FR盒有5倍于

R盒的能量FR植物对较低的

R:FR值(通常<

1的)反应Low

R:FRcanresult

from

increase

inFR

orreduction

inRedand

is

indicated

by:1.Elongatedinternodes

(stretching)2.Reducedlateralbranching3.Elongatedpetioles4.Larger,thinner

leaf

blades5.Smaller

totalleafarea(duetolowernumbers

of

leaves6.Reducedchlorophyll

synthesis植物对较高的

R:FR值(通常>

1的)反应较高的R:FR值可能是减少红外光(

FR)或是增加

红光(R)1.节间缩短2.

增加侧芽3.

较小花瓣4.

较厚较小叶片5.

较多总叶面积6.增加叶绿体数量(深绿色)R:FR<

1Elongatedinternodes(stretching)Reducedlateralbranching

ElongatedpetiolesLarger,thinnerSmaller

totalleafarea(dueto

lowernumbers

of

leaves)Reducedchlorophyll

synthesisR:FR>

1Reducedinternode

length(shortstems)IncreasedlateralbranchingShorterpetiolesThicker,

smaller

leavesGreatertotalleafareaGreen(increased

chlorophyll)哪一种比较强健？哪一种较美观？以上图片中何者是在

R>FR的情况下栽培的？避遮反应•

Leaves

strongly

absorbredandblue

light•

The

closerplants

aretoaneighboring

plant:•

less

redlight

available

forabsorption•

still

havenearly

allFRlight

present

because

of

FR

istransmitted

andreflectedbut

not

absorbed•

Phytochrome

respondstothe

quality

of

light

within

thecanopyof

crowded

plants•

Mechanismbywhichplants

cantellhow

close

neighboringplants

areand

out-compete

foravailable

space•在密植状态下Pr为主控的光敏素，Pr引起避遮反应叶片对不同波长的光能的反射、吸收与穿透率光敏素Phytochrome的其他反应可侦测一日将尽Endof

DayResponse侦测一日将尽•

Plantresponsetothe

changes

inthe

ratio

of

Red/FR

light•

Asdayprogresses,greater

chance

of

scattering

light

in

atmosphere

becauseof

lower

sunangle•

Shorterλhave

greaterprobability

of

scattering•

At

endof

day,lowest

Red/FRratio

for

the

day–redlight

scatteredmuch

more

than

FREOD-important

in

timing

ofphotoperiodicflowering光周期光期长度Asaresultof

seasonalchangesin

daylength,plantshaveevolved

systemstoensureviability

of

seeds:-protectionbeforewinter-coincidewiththerainy/dryseasonsPhotoperiodism-plantabilitytodetectand

respondtodaylength光周期•

短日照植物，当日长低于某临界时数

就开花•长日照植物，当日长高于某临界时数

就开花•

日中植物，开花不受日长之影响光周期光周期的调节植物主要是侦测夜间的长度Thatmeans

thatduring

short

dayperiods

of

theyear

byinterrupting

orsplitting

along

night

with

arelatively

shortphotoperiod

theplantperceives

a

shortnight

andlong

dayeffect

even

though

the

natural

daylength

hasnot

changed作物依光周期分类•Obligat强e制的

-plantthatmustabsolutelymeetthedaylengthrequirementtoflower•Facultative授权的

-plantthatwill

flowerundermost

photoperiods

but

will

flowermostreadilywhenthephotoperiodicrequirementismet光周期调节的优点•允许全年有花•在过去–

菊花只有秋季销售–

康乃馨只能在春天与早夏生长–蝴蝶兰只有过农历年有花温度的交感作用临界日长通常与温度有关•

短日植物(SDP)，当温度增加，临界日长缩短–Mums菊花–Poinsettias圣诞红•长日植物(LDP)，当温度降低，临界日长缩短–Fuchsia倒吊金钟–

Spinach菠菜温室内光量调控来控制植物生长光的特质光量最大化決定於•

光量

•温室设计–Photosynthesis

•使用被覆资材•

光期•

作物间距–

Photoperiodism

•

其他会吸收反/•

光质

射光线的物体–PhotomorphogenesisGreenhouseOrientation(directiontheridgeruns)East-West

North-South•

More

light

interception•

Morepermanent

shadows•

Moresnow

blown

offroof

by

wind

(<40N

or

S)•

Lesslight

interception•

Lesspermanent

shadows•

Betternaturalventilation(<40

N

or

S)。。光线的入射角•

If

light

strikesroof

at

90

°,thenhave

maximum

light

transmission•

If

light

strikesroof

not

at90

°

,

thenless

light

transmittedθθ纬度越高越需要留意–单栋→东西向–连栋→

南北向透过屋顶的坡度来最大化入射的光量•高纬度地区譬如美国

俄亥俄州(~40°N)的

冬季，太阳入射角度

很低•屋顶需要超过60度

，

使光线正向屋顶斜面

来接受最大光量温室跨距与屋顶斜度不同屋顶斜角的屋脊高度温室跨距屋脊高度

@26°斜度屋脊高度

@

63°斜度21

ft

(6.4

m)5.1ft

(1.53

m)20.6

ft

(6.18m)32

ft

(9.6

m)7.8

ft31.4

ft49

ft

(14.7

m)11.9

ft48.1

ft!常见屋顶斜角宽度

<25ft

宽度

>25ft

(7.6m)32

°

26

°光线穿透率受温室被覆资材影响也受维护状况影响•GlazingMaterial(%lighttransmission)–

Glass(low

iron)

(93%)–

Exolite

(double

acrylic)

(92%)–

Lexan

(double

polycarbonate)

=(78%)•Cleaningglazingmaterial–

Severaltimes

ayear(usually

rainfall

will

dothis)–

Remove

shading

compound

bymid-October光线穿透率受温室结构影响也受维护状况影响•Superstructure–

↑

superstructure,

↑

shading–

Heavy

glazing

requiresmore

superstructure–

Frame

10-12%,

sash

bars

5-7%reductions–

Supplemental

lighting

fixtures

can

shade•Superstructurecleanandpainted–

Aluminum

=reflective–

Wood-paintedwhite

and

kept

clean有许多结构会挡光，但还好有涂成白色，所以光线反射效果佳理想中的花梗发育

位置与方向目前植株摆置方向移走会遮荫的物体•

Adequateplant

spacing–

Reduces

shade

avoidance

response–

Don’toverdowith

thenumbers

of

hanging

baskets•

Objectscloseto

greenhouse

(trees,buildings,

etc)–

Distance

away=2xHeight

ofobjectGreenhouseshadowscanbea

seriousproblem,especiallyif

theydon’tmove

during

the

dayReducingLightIntensity•Why

shade?–

Low

light

plants

don’tlikehigh

light–

Reducetemperature–

Havereachedlight

saturation

point•Shadingmethods–

Shade

cloth–

Shading

compoundsInternalandexternalshade

systems光控4遮荫网设定晨间温度较低允许较高光量43

421光控光控设备

-

白漆光控设备

-内遮荫网光控设备

-外遮荫网Shade

clothShading

compoundsAdvantages:Easily

appliedorReducesairtemps

moreremovedeffectivelyKnown

%Disadvantages:Notas

effectiveMoreor

less

permanentat

reducing(difficultto

remove)airtempsHavetouse

speciallyformulatedcompounds

forbothapplication

and

removal.Application

notuniform不同应用下所需的光量*Photosynthesisisareciprocalprocess.Lowintensity

canbe

overcomebylongerexposure.Useumol/m2/sDisplay15Photoperiod10-12Survival100Maintenance200Propagation80Photosynthesis

for

Growth

andDevelopment400-1200*光周期调节•控制开花期•

营养生长vs.

生殖生长–

人为短日

•黑布–

人为长日•日长延长•

夜间打断人为短日•

Pull

blackcloth–

Opaquematerial

blocks

all

light–SDPinduced

to

flower–

Reflective

toreduce

heat

delay–

Canbe

automated–

Can‘double’

asthermalblanket

to

hold

in

heaton

cold

nights人为长日•

日长延长–诱导长日植物开花–

Light

(FR

containing)

for3-6hrs

at

end

ofday–

Low

intensity

(1-3mmol/m2/s,

7-10fc)•夜间打断–防止短日植物开花–

2-4hrs

of

lowlight

during

darkperiod–

Wantlittle

FR

in

light调控

R:FR•Minimizeshadeavoidanceresponse•Removeexcessvegetationfromplantstopreventself-shading(e.g.geraniums)•Preventshadingfromotherplants–

Minimize

#of

hangingbasketsoverplants–

Properpot

spacing•

Spacevisible

betweenplants

atleastuntilplants

are

nearlyready

to

shipBenchCoverandPot-spacingSymbols(multi-lingual)其他作法•滤光–

塑胶膜添加吸收FR的色素来增加R:FR–

技术尚未完全成熟•

生物科技–更多光敏素让植物可以看见更多红光–紧实、墨绿、更多分枝。颜色愈深的滤纸代表吸收愈多的FR光合作用人工补光•光积值

＝光强度＊累计时间–

500

μmol/m2/照s

1小时=

100

μmol/m2/照s

5小时•

善用此定律来进行补光设计(长时间低光量)–透过更多灯具来加强光量会更贵且造成更多遮

荫日累积光量

(光积值)•日累积光量

DailyLightIntegral

(DLI)•μmol/m2/s光量子数单位•μmol/m2/sxhr/dayx3.6/

1000=mol/m2/day•250x

16x3.6/

1000=

14.4•300x

16x3.6/

1000=

17.28(叶烧发生)92光量单位转换•

以下转换只适用于太阳光2000

μE=2000

μmol/m2/s=9800fc呎烛光(lumen/ft2)=

1060W/m2=

106000Lux(lumen/m2)93光控设备

-植物灯人工光源种类•灯泡•

荧光灯管•

高强度放射灯–

金属灯–水银灯–低压钠灯–高压钠灯太阳之外的光源选择人工光源的考量•

Cost–

Fixture–

Installation–

Energyconsumption•

Easeof

Installation•

Spectralcharacteristics

(λ)•

Type

of

crop•

Power

(wattage)•

Heatreleased•

Efficiency–

Amount

of

electricalenergyconvertedtolight

energy•

Life

Expectancy•

Output

Loss•

Weight

of

fixture灯泡•

Easily

installed•

Low

efficiency•

Low

intensity•

Large

amount

of

heatgiven

off•

Spectrum

contains

far-red

(R:FR

>

1:1)•

OKforphotoperiodic

control–

Daylength

extension–

Night

break灯泡灯管•

Moreefficient

than

incandescent•

Low

intensity•

Lessheatgenerated

than

incandescents•

Nofar-red

but

some

UV•

Goodfor

growth

chambers,

coolers,

andphotoperiod

(night

break)use•