高一英语学案：语法详解Backtothepast

学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精四、语法详解(一）宾语补足语（1）英语中有些及物动词，除有一个宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语才能使句子的意思完整。这类动词主要包括：make，consider，believe,cause，feel,hear，listento,see,find,have,let，call等。其句型为：及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。（2）名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、从句可作宾语补足语.例如：Weallcalledhim“monkey".（宾补为名词）Webelievedhimhonest.（宾补为形容词）Isawhimoutwithhisfather.(宾补为副词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder。(宾补为介词短语）Idon’tforcehimtodoanythinghedislikes。（宾补为不定式）Nobodynoticedhimentertheroom.（宾补为不带to的不定式）Isawhimcrossingtheroadbyhimself。（宾补为现在分词)Whenwearrivedthere，wesawtheworkdone.(宾补为过去分词）Theplanthasitsownname。Youcan’tcallitwhatyouwill。（宾补为从句）(3）在主动语动态中，以下几类动词后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补:感官动词feel/hear/listento/see/lookat/watch/notice/observe；使役动词have，let,make;help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to。例如：Henoticedamanentertheroom.(=Amanwasnoticedtoentertheroom。）Isawthechildrencrosstheroad.(=Thechildrenwereseentocrosstheroad.)Thebossmadethechildrenworktenhoursaday。(=Thechildrenweremadetoworktenhoursaday.)(4)一些感官动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补和接现在分词作宾补的区别：不带to的不定式作宾补表示动作已经完成；现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行.例如：Iobservedastrangerenterthehouse。我注意到一个陌生人进了那所房子.（动作已完成）Iobservedastrangerenteringthehouse.我注意到一个陌生人正走在进那所房子。（动作正在进行）Iheardhersingasonginthenextroom。我听到她在隔壁唱歌了。（动作已完成）Iheardhersingingasonginthenextroom.我听到她正在隔壁唱一首歌.（动作正在进行）（5）宾补还可用于形式宾语it之后。例如：Theythoughtitrighttodothistest。（right为宾补）Weallthinkitourdutythatweshouldsupporthim。（ourduty为宾补）Wefinditnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage。(necessary为宾补)（6)含不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的句子转换成被动语态后，原来的宾补即为主补。例如：Hisfathermadehimdoalotofhouseworkafterschool→Hewasmadetodoalotofhouseworkafterschoolbyhisfather.IheardhimsinginganEnglishsongintheclassroom。→HewasheardsingingandEnglishsongintheclassroom.Theboysawthedogtiedtothetree.→Thedogwasseentiedtothetreebytheboy。单项填空1.Wefoundthestreetmuch_______.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly提示:本题句意为“我们发现这个街道很拥挤".crowded是过去分词转化的形容词作find的宾语补足语。答案:C2.Itisclearthatthethiefwasseen_______intotheroomthatnight。A.went B。go C.going D.togo提示：一些感官动词在主动语动态中，后面接sb。do,变被动时,其后面接sb。todo,表示动作已发生过。由从句中的时间状语thatnight可知“小偷进入屋子”这个动作已经完成，而不是正在进行，故排除C选项。答案：D3.Theywokeup_______everythingaround_______。A。found；changed B.finding;changingC.tofind;changing D。tofind；changed提示：不定式表示出人意料的结果.本题题意为:他们醒来结果却发现周围的一切都变了。changed在此作find的宾语补足语，表示动作的完成。答案：D4。I’llgetmysecretary_______theletter。A。copy B。tocopy C.copies D。copied提示：getsb.todosth.为固定句型,意为“让某人做某事"。不定式作宾补，意为“让某人做某事".答案：B5。Idon’tthinkphysics_______。A.easytobelearned B。easilytolearnC。easytolearn D。easilytobelearnt提示：easy是形容词作宾补，后面的不定式和宾语physics之间是动宾关系，这是用主动形式表被动含义.大家在学习中应熟记以下句型：ItiseasytolearnEnglish.Englishiseasytolearn。IfindEnglisheasytolearn。答案：C6.WhenIreadthismagazine,Ifoundsomepages_______.A.missed B.stolen C.losing D.missing提示：本题题意为：当我读这本杂志时，我发现缺了几页。在此missing是形容词作宾补，意为“缺少,丢失”.stolen的意义与本句不符。答案:D7.Maryfound_______。A.ChinesedifficulttobelearnedB。ChinesedifficulttolearnC。itdifficultytolearnChineseD.herselfdifficulttolearnChinese提示:本题可以归纳为句型：findsth.+adj。+todo。在此形容词作宾补，而不定式的主动形式表被动含义.本句还可说成：MaryfounditdifficulttolearnChinese.答案:B（二）主谓一致主谓一致可依据三条原则:语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致原则。（1)语法一致原则一般说来,主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数,谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Myfatherisinchargeofthecompany.Whattheteachersaidisofgreatimportance.Thenumberofstudentshasbeenincreasinginrecentyears。并列主语指的是同一个人,同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数，如：breadandbutter/aknifeandfork/needleandthread/acartandhorse/ateacherandwriter等。若and连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each，every,no或manya修饰,谓语动词用单数。例如：Acartandhorsewasseeninthedistance。Inthishotel,thebreadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.Everyboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation。Manyashiphasbeenwreckedontheserocks.倒装句中谓语动词应与后面的主语一致。例如：Onthewallwerefamouspaintings.Look！Therecomesthebus。主语后接aswellas/togetherwith/but/except/like/including/inadditionto时，谓语动词要与主语一致。例如：Theteacheraswellasthestudentshasseenthefilm.NobodybutTomwashere.Hisparents，togetherwithhim，aregoingtovisitthemuseum。each，either，neither或由some,any，no，every构成的合成代词作主语时谓语动词用单数.none作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可.例如：Eachofushasreadthebook.Nobodywantstogothere。Noneknows/knowagreatdealabouttheexperiment。一些只有复数形式的名词如clothes,scissors，trousers，shorts，glasses,people，cattle,police等作主语时，谓语动词用复数.（2）意义一致原则作主语用的集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数;若指其中的所有成员，谓语动词则用复数.例如：Thecommitteewasmadeupof10members。Thecommitteewereinthehall.Myfamilyenjoysportsandgames。Myfamilyhasmovedintothenewhouse.表示时间、距离、价格、度量等，往往作整体看待，谓语动词用单数。例如：Fiveyuanisenough.Onehundredliwascoveredonasinglenight。Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarychanges.定冠词+adj。表示一类时，谓语动词一般用复数。例如：TheEnglishspeakEnglish。Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.(3）就近一致原则由or，not…but…,either…or…,neither…nor…，notonly…butalso…等连接并列主语时，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。例如：Whathedoesorwhathesaysdoesnotconcernme。EitheryouorIamabletodoit。在therebe结构中，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。Therearetwobowlsandaplateonthetable.Thereisaplateandtwobowlsonthetable。8.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______。Healwaysworkshard。A。learn B。tolearn C.learned D。learning提示：makesb。dosth。变成被动语态时应加上不定式符号to。答案:B9.Inthelivingroom,wefoundher_______atadesk，withherattention_______onabook。A.sitting；fixing B。tosit;fixedC.seating;fixing D.seated;fixed提示：在第一个空格处,既可以用现在分词sitting作宾补，也可用由过去分词转化的形容词seated作宾补。在第二个空格处，宾语attention与宾补之间为动宾关系，故用fixed。所以正确选项为D。答案:D10.Onherwayhomeshehadherwallet_______。A.steal B.stole C。bestolen D。stolen提示：此处为havesth。done句型。由于所填动词与宾语存在被动关系,故用过去分词作宾补。答案:D11。Eachofyou_______responsiblefortheaccident.A.are B。is C.am D。be提示：each作主语,强调每一个，后面的谓语要用单数。答案：B12。Themanagerorhisassistant_______planningtogo。A。was B。were C。be D.will提示：根据就