第二章 句子写作-研究生写作教学课件伤处

第二章句子写作

句子是由词构成的，它不仅是表达思想进行交际的基本语言单

位，还是构成段落或篇章的最为复杂的语言单位。因此，句子是影响

作品语言质量的关键因素。

由于英汉两种语言在表达方式和语法或句法结构方面存在的较

大差异，往往造成中国学生在思想表达方面和英语句法结构上出现许

多问题，这直接影响学生写作表达能力的提高。

本章先从分析学生在写作中的常见错误入手，指出学生在写作

方面出现错误的根本原因就在于他们缺乏对英汉两种语言句子结构

特征的了解。由于这方面知识的欠缺，学生在写作时往往从汉语思维

角度来写英语句子或作文，结果写出来的句子或是中式英文，或是不

符合英语语言规范或表达习惯。

就写作而言，英汉两种语言在句子结构上的主要特征差异在于:

英语属于综合语分析语，而汉语却属于分析语；英语造句注重形合，

而汉语却注重意合；英语句子表达呈静态，而汉语却呈现动态；英语

句子被动使用较多，而汉语却倾向于使用主动；英汉句子结构重心的

侧重点不同；英语句子惯用物称表达法，而汉语却习惯于人称表达法。

本章对这些特征差异进行了详细的分析和比较，这样学生可以明确了

解英汉两种语言在句子结构上的差异，从而使学生在写作中有意识地

写出符合英语句子结构特征的英语句子。

英语句子有严谨的主谓结构。主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子

的中心。主语和谓语动词搭配，构成句子的核心(kernel),英语句子

主要有五种基本句型：SV、SCP、SVO、SvoO、SVOCo英语中其它

各种长短句子，一般都可以看作是这五种基本句型的变式，扩展，组

合，省略或倒装。

正确的英语句子应该表达统一、完整的思想内容，符合逻辑，

具有连贯性，并且重点突出。

八除:要掌握一些卷子写作的基本技巧和方法外，一些常见的句

子模式以及名言佳句，对提高英语表达能力具有较高的利用价值。

IContrastiveStudyofSentenceStructureBetweenEnglishand

Chinese

一、Syntheticvs.Analytic

形态变化、词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。这些语法手

段在英汉两种语言中具有不同的特征。英语主要运用形态变化形式

或相对固定的词序以及丰富的虚词来表达语法关系，因而属于综合-

分析语(synthetic-analyticlanguage)□而汉语主要运用词序和虚词

来表达语法关系，属于典型的分析语(analyticlanguage)□

英语有形态变化

英语的形态变化，即词的形式变化，主要包括构词形态和构形形

心、O

1)构词形态指的是起构词作用的词缀变化(affixation)o这些变化

主要有：性(gender)、数(number)、格(case)、时(tense)、体(aspect)、

语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degreeofcomparison)、人称(person)

和词性(partsofspeech)等。英语词缀不仅规模大，数量多，而且种类

齐全。相比之下，汉语的词缀构词，无论是规模，还是种类都不及英

语。

英语可以运用丰富的词缀构词造句，即通过词形变化，改变词性,

用这些次灵活组句，表达一个几乎相同的意思。如：

Hemovedastonishinglyfast.

Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.

Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.

Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.

Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.

Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.

Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.

Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.

2)构形形态，即表达语法意义的词形变化。主要是动词的变化

(conjugation)和名词、代词、形容词及副词的变化(declension),如:

Hegivesmewatch.

Hegavemeawatch.

Hehasgivenmetwowatches.

严格说来，汉语没有形态变化。汉语中的数量助词(如“们”表

示复数)、动态助词(如“着”、“了”、“过”表示动词的体)与结构

助词(“的”、“地”、“得”)虽类似英语的形态变化，但这些成分的使

用在汉语中缺乏普遍性。

英语词序比较灵活，而汉语词序相对固定。

形态变化与词序有密切的关系。形态变化越多的语言，词序越灵

活。汉语是典型的分析语，词没有形态标志，位置不能随便移动，词

语之间的关系主要通过安排词序及使用虚词来表达。英语的语法意义

可以通过词序或虚词来表达，在许多情况下，也可以用形态变化来

表示。因而，英语词语和从句的位置比汉语灵活。如英语中的倒装句，

定语的位置等。

carefullyTheystudiedtheproblems

他们仔细地研究了那些问题。

Herosefromtheseatslowly.

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Slowlyherosefromtheseat.

Heslowlyrosefromtheseat.

他慢慢地从座位上站了起来。

ThepoetdiedonaMondaymorninginJuly20XX,

这位诗人死于20XX年七月一个星期一的早晨。

Example:

averyimportantquestion~~y_一个很重要的问题

aquestionofgreatimportance

adebatabletopic—j一个可以辩论的主题

atopicwhichcanbedebated

二Hypotacticvsparatactic

1.英语造句主要采用形合法(hypotaxis)o

所谓形合，就是指句中的词语或分句之间主要靠语言本身的语言

形式手段，来表达语法和逻辑关系。英语造句常用各种形式手段来连

接词、短语、分句或从句，注重显性接应，句子结构紧凑严密，句子

以形现义。英语中的连接手段和形式不仅数量大，种类多，而且使用

频繁。主要的连接手段和形式有：1)关系词，2)连接词，3)介词，4)

其它连接手段,如形态变化,前后一致关系，以及it和there起连接

作用。

Example1:

Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackof

transportfacilities,iscompounded,bythepaucityoftheinformation

media.

介词：of,becauseof,of,by,of

形态变化：isolation,facilities,

Example2:

HeboaststhataslaveisfreethemomenthisfeettouchBritishsoiland

hesellsthechildrenofthepooratsixyearsofagetoworkunderthelash

inthefactories,forsixteenhoursaday.

连接词：that,themoment,and

介词：of,of,to,under,in,for

形态变化：boasts,sells,children,years,factories,hours

一致关系:He---his,He---boasts,he---sells,hisfeet---touch

Example3:

Itwaswhatsentimentalists,whodealinverybigwords,calla

yearningaftertheideal,andsimplymeansthatwomenarenotsatisfied

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untiltheyhavehusbandsandchildrenonwhomtheymaycontrol

affections,whichspendelsewhere,asitwere,insmallchange.

（W.Thackeray:VanityFair）

关系词：what,who,whom,which,

连接词：and,that,until,and,as,

介词：in,after,on,in

两处“it”的连接形式

形态变化：

名词的单复数：sentimentalists,words,women,husbands,children,

affections,

谓语动词的时态，数以及语态：was,deal,call,means,are,have,are

spent,were

代词：they,they,they

三Stativevs.Dynamic

英语表达倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态（stative）;汉语表达

倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic）。

1.英语的静态倾向主要表现在以下几个方面：

1）名词化（nominalization）是英语常见的现象。名词化指用名词

来表达原来属于动词或形容词所表达的概念，如用抽象名词来表达动

作、行为、状态、品质、情感等概念。

Examples:

Theappearanceofthebookonthemarketcausedasensation

AnotherdeparturefromtherecentWhiteHousepracticesisthe

absenceofdancing.

Thedoctor'sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycareful

examinationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.

2）用名词的施事者（agentivenoun）,来代替动词。由于英语中有

许多由动词派生（如以-er或or结尾）的名词既表示施事者，又保留

原来动词的意义。因此，英语中常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词

代替动词。

Examples:

Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.

Sheprovedtobeagoodlistener.

3）名词优势造成介词优势。由于英语多用名词，必然也要多用

介词，因而产生了介词优势。介词优势与名词优势结合，使英语的静

态倾向更为显著。

Examples:

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Heisathisbooks.

Inadequatetrainingforfarmersandthelowproductivityofmany

farmsplacethemajorityofcountrydwellersinadisadvantageous

positionintheirowncountries.

CarlisleStreetrunswestward,acrossagreatblackbridge,downahill

andupagain,bylittleshopsandmeatmarkets,pastsingle-storedhomes,

untilsuddenlyitstopsagainstawidegreenlawn.

4）动词的弱化和虚化。英语中最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱

的动词----tobe,以及一些常用的弱式动词如have,become,grow,

feel,go,get等，这些动词的各种形式都缺乏动态感。止匕外，英语还

常常将动词转化或派生成名词，置于虚化动词（如have,make,do,take

等）之后作宾语，如havealook,takeawalk,payvisits,dosome

cleaning等。这类动词短语往往显得虚弱或平淡无味。

Examples:

Whowilltakechargeofyourmotherwhenyouareaway?

Let'shavealookatthepicture.

5）用形容词或副词表达动词的意义。英语常用动词的同源形容词

与弱化动词相结合的方式表达动词的意义。

Examples:

Iamdoubtfulwhetherheisstillalive.

Thedoctorsfeltsympatheticwiththeirpatients.

Shewillbehomeinanhour.

Classwillbeoverat4o'clock.

四PassivevsActive

1.英语被动语态

被动语态的广泛使用是英语有别于汉语的一大特点。由于英文文

章常用被动句，因此被动语态在英语里就成了一种常见的语法现象，

尤其在英语科技文体中，用被动语态几乎成了一种表达习惯。

被动句使用的原因：

1).施事的原因。人们在表达思想时，通常使用主动句。但当句

子的施事((agent)由于下列原因不需要或不可能指明时，则英语往

往采用被动句。

•不知道或没有必要说明施事者是谁。

Itissaidthatathiefwascaughtyesterday.

Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthe

sidesfromfallingin.

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Wehaven'tbeentoldaboutit.

•无从说出主动者是谁。

Riceischieflygrowninthesouth.

Theproblemisbeingstudied.

•施事者在上下文中可以不言自明，为了便于衔接而使用被动

句。

Hetoldmethathisbosshaddismissedhim.Noreasonshadbeen

assigned.

JackfoughtJohninthemen'ssingleslastnightandwasbeaten.

Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.

•施事没有受事重要，或受事需要强调。

Hisonlydaughterwasrunoverbyatruck.

Theletterwasbrokenintopieces.

Thesongwascomposedbyaworker.

•为了表达某种微妙的情绪或出于礼貌措辞圆通等方面考虑，不

愿指明施事。

Youarerequestedtogiveaperformance.

Somethinghasbeensaidatthepartytonightthatoughtnottohave

beenspoken.

Itisgeneralconsiderednotadvisabletoactthatway.

2)出于句法、修辞或文体的需要。适当使用被动句可以使表达灵

活多变，避免句型单调。一些信息性(informative)的文体多使用被

动句。这类文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体以及论述文体。

Shewasastoundedthatherboyfriendwasnotpreparedtopresent

herabunchofrose.

ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternscanbevariedinmanyways.

Thedecimal,orten-scale,systemisusedforscientificpurpose

throughouttheworld,evenincountrieswhosenationalsystemofweights

andmeasurementsarebaseduponotherscales.

Underheavypoliceguard,thedinnerwasfinallyheldinamarquee

nearthevillageofWelshpoolinthecountryofPowys.

Yoursalaryandperiodofappointmentandreappointmenthavebeen

sorecognized.

英语的被动式分为：结构被动式(syntacticpassive)和意义被动式

(notionalpassive),但在英语句子中，前者远比后者多。

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结构被动式指利用被动结构be+动词过去分词来表示。如：

Thesekindsofstudieswerenotstarteduntilthenewequipmentwas

importedfromadevelopedcountry.

Iwasastonishedthathewaspreparedtogivemeawell-paidjob.

意义被动式指利用主动形式来表被动意义。如：

Theseproductsselllikehotcakes.

MissAlicedressesbeautifultoday.

TheFirstWorldWarbrokeoutin1914.

Whatdidtheaccidentoccur?

五、ImpersonalvsPersonal.

西方人的哲学强调主客体对立，物我分明。所以西方人重形式论

证，崇尚个体思维，重分析，其表现在语言中，重形合，不求全面，

周到，但求结构严谨。所以造句常使用物称表达法，即让事物以客

观的口气呈现出来，这种表达法使叙述显得客观，公正，结构严密，

紧凑，语气委婉间接。

而汉人的哲学则强调“天人合一”，主客体统一，主张“万物与我

为一”。因此，汉语则重悟性，重整体抽象，重综合，即不是凭借严

谨的形式进行分析，而是根据主观的直觉，从逻辑及上下文中悟出关

系来。因此，汉语语言简约和模糊。意合是汉语重悟性的突出表现，

即在语言中可以连连出现省略，但意义相连，脉络清楚。汉语中形散

而神聚的句子比比皆是。由于汉语较注重主体思维，这种思维模式往

往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人极其行为或状态，因

而常用人称表达法。当人称可以不言而喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略

人称。

1.英语常用非人称主语，而汉语常用人称主语。

英语用非人称作主语的句子可以分为两类：

1)用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语，即“无灵主语”

(inanimatedsubject),同时使用表示人的动作或行为的动词即“有灵

动词”作谓语，因而，此句式往往带有拟人化的修辞色彩，语气含蓄,

令人回味。英语中这类“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配的句式不仅

比汉语多，而且使用场合也比汉语广。

Mygoodfortunehassentyoutome,andwewillneverpart.

我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。

Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.

我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。

Iwastooexcitedtosayaword.

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Hispassioncarriedhimastray.

他因感情冲动而误入歧途。

Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.

我发一阵怒之后，并不难过，也不后悔。

2）使用非人称代词“it”和“there”作主语。

Itiscommonknowledgethatalllivingthingsneedair.

所有生物都需要空气，这是常识。

Itwasin214B.C.thattheChineseBeganconstructingtheGreatWall.

是在公元前2XX年，中国人民开始建造万里长城。

Thereusedtobenopowersupplyinthisarea.

这个地区过去没有电力供应。

Thereexistedmanystrangeanimalsinancienttimes.

古代曾经生存过许多奇异的动物。

有

therestand（be,exist,usedto,have,）

英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法；汉语常用主动式，采用人称

表达法，泛称或隐称表达法。

Atreeisknownbyitsfruit,andamanisknownbyhisactions.

看树看果实，看人看作为。

Matterisknowntooccupyspace.

我们知道物质占有空间。

Alargemotorisbeinginstalledinourfactory.

我们厂里正在安装一部大型电动机。

II、Sentencepatternsandothervariants

一、Fivetypesofbasicsentencepatterns

Forthecorrectconstructionofsentences,sentencesstructuresare

whatsentenceconstructionsaretotallydependenton.Let'sgooverthe

followingfivetypesofbasicsentencepatternslistedblown.

二.Othervariants（变体）

OfallthesentencesinEnglish,apartfromthefivetypesofbasic

sentencepatternsmentionedabove,othersentencescouldberegardedas

thevariantsofthesefivetypesofbasicsentencepatterns.

VariationofBasicEnglishSentences（变式）

Interrogativesentencechangedfromthenarrativesentence.

Forexample:

第8页，共40页

Hasthemobilephonebeenworkingwell?

CanwegettoBeijinginanhourbyplane?

Negativesentencefrompositivesentence.

Forexample:

Hedidn'tcomefromSydney.

Whathesaidwasnottrue.

Passivesentencefromactivesentence.

Forexample:

Thedoorwaspaintedred.

Hehasbeensenttohospital.

“There+be"Structure.

Forexample:

Thereisabookonthedesk.

Onceuponatime,therelivedanoldmaninthevillage.

2.ExtensionofBasicEnglishSentences（扩展）

Addingmodifiedwordsorphrasesorclausesasattributiveor

adverbial.

Forexample:

Stressedpeoplehavehighercholesterollevels.

Theotherkeytocontrollingstressistorealizethatthereareother

troublesomepartsofyourlifeoverwhichyoucanhavelittleorno

control.

AddingtheelementsofBasicEnglishSentences.

Forexample:

Scientistshaveprovedittruethatsomeanimalshaveprettyhigh

intelligence.

Thestructureofthesteelandresultingpropertieswilldependonhow

hotthesteelgetsandhowquicklyorslowlyitiscooled.

3、CombinationofBasicEnglishSentences（组合）

Forexample:

ItisacommonwaytoputallkindsofbasicEnglishsentences

togetherintermsofconnectivesandpunctuation.

Forexample:

Thesurvivorsstillspeakwithfearofthedaywhenthedisaster

happened.

Videogamesappealtosomedeepinstinctinboys,whofindit

impossibletotearthemselvesawayfromthem.

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4、OmissionofBasicEnglishSentences（省略）

Forexample:

Generallyspeaking,someelementsorwordsorphrasesofbasic

Englishsentencescouldbeomitted.Forexample:

Wemaygotothekaraokebarorstayathometowatchthevideo

show.

NoAdmittanceExceptonBusiness.

VictoryNowinSight.

Hisfaceistannedandhishandsbigandstrong.

Hewasafriendto,andastrongsupporterof,thepartyleader.

5、InversionofbasicEnglishsentence.（倒装）

Forexample:

Thewindowopenedandincameagentlebreeze.

Onthetopofthehillstandsanoldtemple.

Suchwashisstrengththathecarriedalltheboxesontothethirdfloor.

Facingthelakewasalittleinnwithitspillaredveranda.

三.TypesofSentences

1、Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredividedintodeclarative,

interrogative,imperativeandexclamatory.

Declarativesentence

Weconsiderhimtobeaniceperson.

Tradehelpsdevelopindustry.

Interrogativesentence

Hasthemeetingbegun?

Areyoumarried?

Imperativesentence

Takeaseat,please.

Let'sdoitagain.

Exclamatorysentence

WhataterribleplacetheBermudaTriangleis!

Hownicethehouselooks!

2、Accordingtotheirstructure,sentencesarecategorizedintosimple,

compound,complexandcompound-complex

Simplesentence：

Therearemanykindsofbooks.

MybrotherandIbothliveinLondon.

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Compoundsentence

Themoonwashiddenbytheclouds;notastarcouldbeseen.

Wetriedtopersuadeher,butsherefusedtocome.

Complexsentence：

Hewantedtoseewhetherhewouldbegivenanotherchance.

ItoldhimwhatIwantedtosay.

ThisisexactlywhatIwanttosay.

Compound-complex：

Myfatherpromisedthathewouldmeetme,butwhenIarrivedatthe

station,hewasnowheretobeseen.

Tocopewiththedifficultsituation,wehavetocutdownour

expendituresandpracticeeconomy.不定式作状语。

TheChinesecharacterHao,whichcombinessymbolfor“woman”

withthesymbolfor"boy",means"good".定语从句作定语。

Convincedofthedefendant'sguilt,thejurytwistedthefactsto

supporttheirjudgment.

分词作状语

Everythingconsidered,NewYorkisamostexcitingcity.

独立结构作状语

Repeatedcheatingontestsisriskyandself-defeating.

动名词作主语

ThattheOlympicGameshavebecomeprohibitinglyexpensiveisone

reasonwhyAmericancitiesshowlittleinterestinhostingit.

（名词从句作主语）‘一

Theteacherwillfindthatthegeneralattitudesofstudentstowards

classroomcommunicationfluctuate,notonlyfromgenerationto

generationorfromdecadetodecade,butalsoalmostfromyearto

year.（介词短语作定语和状语）

3、Fromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloosesentence（松散

句）、periodicsentence（圆周句）andbalancedsentence（平衡句）.

Aloosesentencereferstoasentenceputtingthemainideabeforeall

supplementaryinformation.Inotherwords,thereaderwouldknowwhat

thesentenceismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.A

loosesentenceiseasier,simple,morenaturalanddirect.

Forexample:

Mr.SmithmadeuphismindtostudyChineseculture,becausehehad

greatinterestinit.

Hewassittinginalargechairbeforethefirewhenweenteredthe

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room.

尾重

Aperiodicsentencereferstoasentenceinwhichthemainideais

expressedatorneartheendofit.Inotherwords,thereaderwouldnot

knowwhatthesentenceismainlyaboutuntilhehasreadthewhole

sentence.Generallyspeaking,aperiodicsentenceismorecomplex,

emphatic,formalorliterary.

Forexample:

AlthoughshewasinterestedinFrench,heneverstudiedit.

Whentheclasswasover,thestudentswenttothepark.

Abalancedsentencemeansasentencecontainingtwoormoreparts

similarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning.Generallyspeaking,a

balancedsentenceisemphatic,forcefulandimpressivebecauseofits

contrastandthiskindofsentenceismainlyusedinformalwriting,such

asexpositoryandargumentativeprose,andspeeches.

Forexample:

Uponhearingthenews,Iwasangered,andhewassaddened.

Itistheagethatformstheman;notthemanthatformstheage.

IllHowtowriteeffectivesentence

1、SentenceshouldhaveaqualityofUnity.

Unityisofgreatimportanceforasentence.Aunifiedsentencemust

expressasinglecompletethought.Ontheonehand,those,whicharenot

closelyrelatedtothemainidea,shouldnotbeincludedinasentence;on

theotherhand,asentenceshouldnotexpressathoughtthatisnot

completebyitself.

Originalsentence:Asweweredrivingoutintothecountry,wemeta

manridingabicycle,andwepassedatruckfully

loadedwithvegetables,andonourwaybackwe

stoppedatagrocery'stogetsomefruit.

Revisedsentence:Asweweredrivingoutintothecountry,wemeta

manridingabicycle.Laterwepassedatruckfully

loadedwithvegetables.Onourwayback,we

stoppedatagrocery'stogetsomefruit.

Faulty:Shekeepsonsinginganddancing.Apparentlynotnoticingme.

Revised:Shekeepsonsinginganddancing,apparentlynotnoticingme.

Faulty:Botheredbythenoiseinthestreet.Shecouldhardlyfallasleep.

Revised:Botheredbythenoiseinthestreet,shecouldhardlyfallasleep.

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Faulty:Ididnotheartherwhenshecamein.BecauseIwassleeping

soundly.

BecauseIwassleepingsoundly,Ididnotheartherwhenshecame

in.

Revised:IdidnotheartherwhenshecameinbecauseIwassleeping

soundly.

Faulty:IthoughtIwouldgotodance.Butsoonchangedmymind.

Revised:IthoughtIwouldgotodance,butsoonchangedmymind.

Faulty:Shanghaiisoneofthebiggestcities.

Revised:ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinChina.

Faulty:Iamnotsurprisedthathefailedintheexamination,hehad

notbeenworkingveryhard.

Revised:Iamnotsurprisedthathefailedintheexam,forhehadnot

beenworkingveryhard.

Faulty:Thepatienfsconditiongotworsewhenhewasgivenevery

attention.

Revised:Thepatient'sconditiongotworsethough(eventhough)

hewasgiveneveryattention.

Faulty:Awell-dressedmanadmittedusintothehouse,andwe

laterlearnedthathewasathief.

Revised:Awell-dressedman,whowelaterlearnedwasathief,

admittedusintothehouse.

2、Sentenceshouldhaveaqualityofcoherence.

Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.A

sentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedand

theirrelationshipsunmistakablyclear.Therefore,theelementswithina

sentenceshouldbecoherentlyorlogicallyarranged.Thefollowingcases

willharmthequalityofcoherence.

1)、Problemscausedbyagreement

Thiskindofproblemmainlymeansthatthenumberofpredicateina

sentenceisnotinaccordancewithitssubject,especiallyinasentence

containingsuchwordsorphrasesas"and","aswellas"togetherwith”,

“inaddition","coupledwith”,etc.

Faulty:Oneofthemainproblemsarethatfewstudentstrustme.

Revised:Oneofthemainproblemsisthatfewstudentstrustme.

Faulty:Mymotheranddoctorgooutforawalk.

Revised:Mymotheranddoctorgooutforawalk.

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Faulty:Thisfirm,inadditiontotheonesetuptwodecadeago,are

facingwithdifficultsituations.

Revised:Thisfirm,inadditiontotheonesetuptwodecadeago,is

facingwithdifficultsituations.

Faulty:Eithertheteacherorthepupilsissatisfiedwiththisplan.

Revised:Eithertheteacherorthepupilsaresatisfiedwiththisplan.

Faulty:Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogetthefirstprize.

Revised:Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogetsthefirstprize.

Heisoneofthestudentswhogetthefirstprize.

2)、Danglingandmisplacedmodifiers

Modifiersareusedtomodifytheword(noun,verb,adverb,adjective),

phraseandeventhesentence.Generallyspeaking,themodifiershouldbe

putcloselytogetherwithitspartbeingmodified.Butsometimesitmay

notbeputcloselytogetherwithitselementbeingmodified.Therearetwo

waystorevisethedanglingsentences.Oneistorevisethemainclauseby

changingthesubjectofmainclauseintothelogicalsubjectofthe

modifier;theotheristorevisethemodifierbyputtingitintoasub-clause.

Astothosemisplacedmodifiers,itisacommonwaytochangetheminto

correctoneaccordingtotheirlogicalrelationships.

Faulty:Ingettingoffthebus,myanklewaswounded.

Revised:Ingettingoffthebus,Igotmyanklewounded.

WhenIwasgettingoffthebus,myanklewaswounded.

Faulty:Attheageofthree,mymotherleftmeforNewYork.

Revised:WhenIwasthreeyearsold,mymotherleftmeforNew

York.

Faulty:Whilereadingthenewspaper,myphonerang.

Revised:WhileIwasreadingthenewspaper,myphonerang.

Revised:WhileIwasreadingthenewspaper,Iheardmyphone

ringing.

Faulty:Beforesettingout,thepackagewereputintotheplane.

Revised:Beforewesetout,thepackagewereputintotheplane.

Revised:Beforesettingout,weputthepackageintotheplane.

Faulty:Shewasaveryslowgirl.Shenearlybrushedherteethfor

twentyminuteseverynight.

Revised:Shewasaveryslowgirl.Shebrushedherteethfornearly

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twentyminuteseverynight.

Faulty:Theheadmasterdiscussedthetopicontheabsenceofthe

studentsatthemeeting.

Revised:Atthemeeting,theheadmasterdiscussedthetopiconthe

absenceofthestudents.

3）、Pronounswithambiguousreference

Insuchcircumstance,itisacommonwaytochangethosepronouns

withambiguousreferenceintocorrectonesaccordingtotheirlogical

relationships.

Faulty:Mr.ZhangtoldMrs.Wangthatherchildwasplayinginher

garden.

Revised:Mr.ZhangsaidtoMrs.Wang,“yourchildisplayinginmy

garden.^^

Faulty:Hewasknockeddown,butitwasnotserious.

Revised:Hewasknockeddown,butwasnotseriouslyhurt.

Faulty:Shetoldmybrothershewaswrong.

Revised:Sheadmittedthathewaswrongandsaidsotomybrother.

4）、Inappropriateuseinperson,voice,tense,etc.

Faulty:Iwrotetohim,butmyletterwasnotanswered.

Revised:Iwrotetohim,buthedidnotanswermyletter.

Faulty:Thosewhowanttotakepartinthesportsactivitiesare

expectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.

Revised:Thosewhowanttotakepartinthesportsactivitiesare

expectedtosigntheirnameonthissheetofpaper.

Onewhowantstotakepartinthesportsactivitiesisexpectedto

signhisnameonthissheetofpaper.

Faulty:Beinga20thcollegestudent,itisstrangethathedoesn'tfind

ajob.

Revised:Beinga20thcollegestudent,itwasstrangethathedidnot

findajob.

5）、Faultyparallelstructure

Parallelstructuresareusuallyemployedinthelistingoffacts,ideas,

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eventsandthelikeandtheparallelelementsmayrangefroma

minimumoftwotoanynumberrequired.Parallelideashadbetterbe

expressedinparallelconstruction,whichcangiveemphasis,clarityand

coherencetoasentence.

Or,but,yet,and

Both...and...,neither...nor.either...or...,notonly...butalso...

Than...,aswellas...

Faulty:Whentheweathergetscold,draftyandrainsalot,itis

especiallyimportanttokeepyourfeetwell-covered.

Revise:Whentheweathergetscold,draftyanddamp,itisespecially

importanttokeepyourfeetwell-covered.

Faulty:Iwouldrathergetasunstrokeanddiedonthespot.

Revised:Iwouldrathergetasunstrokeanddieonthespot.

Faulty:Sheiscleverbutwon'tsucceed.

Revised:Sheiscleverbutnotsuccessful.

Faulty:Theworkersareyoungandlackexperience.

Revised:Theworkersareyoungandinexperienced.

Faulty:Thestudentwantedtoknowwhattheproblemwasandthe

duedateoftheessay.

Revised:Thestudentwantedtoknowwhattheproblemwasand

whentheessaywasdue.

Faulty:Youcantakebusorbytrain.

Revised:Youcangotherebybusorbytrain.

Fautlty:Somedrugaddictsareneitherconcernedabouttheirown

healthnordotheyworryabouttheirfutureprospects.

RevisedSomedrugaddictsareneitherconcernedabouttheirown

healthnorworriedabouttheirfutureprospects.

Fautlty:Mycomputerdoesnotprocessasfastasmyfriend.

Revised:Mycomputerdoesnotprocessasfastasmyfriend's.

3、Sentenceshouldhaveitsemphasis

Veryoftenapartofasentence,inclusiveawordoraphrase,shouldbe

emphasizedbecauseitiswherethemainideaofthesentenceis.

Emphasiscouldbeachievedbythefollowingways.

1）、Adjustingthewordorder.Thewordsorphrasestobeemphasized

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areputatthebeginn