初中英语语法解读

名词

表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。

知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!

一、名词的分类

类别意义例isj

表示具体的人名、事物、国家、

Jim,China,Qingdao,the

专有名词地名、机构、团体等的专有名

UK,theGreatWall

称

名

可个体girl,student,factory,

表示单个人的人或事物

数名词desk,cat,country

名集合表示一群人或一些事物的总people,police,team,

普：

词名词称clothes,group,crew

通

不物质water,ice,pork,cheese,

名表示无法分为个体的物质

、二nJ'名词cotton,broccoli

诃1词

数

抽象fun,healthy,happiness,

名表示抽象概念的词

隹同courage,love,care

词

注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。

2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。

3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg.beer--a

beer一杯啤酒，workawork工厂，著作，glassaglass一个玻璃杯，room空间aroom

一个房间

二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。

1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an"：复数形式是在名词后加“-s

或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：

当名词为：词尾变化读音例词

在清辅音后

chips,jeeps,pats,clocks

读/s/

一般情况加S

在浊辅音或boys,sharpeners,sofas,

元音后读〃/drawers

以s,x,ch,sh结watches,boxes,classes,

加es/iz/

尾的单词brushes

以字母。结尾zoos,photos,bamboos,

加s或es/z/

的单词tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,

以辅音字母+y去y变i

/z/dictionaries,strawberries,

结尾的单词加es

去f或fe

以f或fe结尾

变V加/vz/leaves,wives,halves

的单词

es

以th结尾的词加S/5z/;/0z/mouths,paths;months,deaths

2.可数名词复数的不规则变化

①改变单数名词中的元音字母

eg.man--men,woman-women,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice

②单复数同形eg.Chinese-Chinese,deer-deer,fish-fish,sheep-sheep,

③由man和woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变复数

eg.amandoctor-mendoctors,awomanteacher—womenteachers

注意：有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式

eg.trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,scissors,etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数，

实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数).eg.maths,phyiscs,politics,news

3.不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。

物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式，但有其特殊用法：

(1)同,个词，变成复数形式，意义不同。eg.food食物foods各种食物，

time时间times时代，green绿色greens青菜

(2)有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物

eg.hopehopes希望hardshiphardships艰苦

(3)物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示

eg.acupoftea,sevenpiecesofbread,severalbagsofrice,…

名词的所有格

名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系，有两种表示形式，一种是在名词后+'s；另一种是用。f,表示

〃……的〃。

1.(1)一般词的所有格，直接在词尾+'s。eg.Mr.Mott'srobot,children'sclothes

(2)以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾+'eg.teachers'books

(3)两人共有的物体，则在第二个名词后+'s;如果分别是两人所有，则在每个名词后面+'s。

eg.LucyandLily，sroom.(指两人共住一个房间)

MrsGreen'sandMrsBrown'sson.(指两人各自的儿子)

(4)表示某具体场所时，所有格后面的名词可省略

eg.thedoctor，s(office)Mr.White's

2.(1)没有生命的事物一般用。f短语来表示所属关系。

eg.thewal1oftheclassroom,apictureofthebedroom,

(2)名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。

eg.alongstoryofa50-year-oldman

(4)双重所有格eg.afriendofhis,thebignoseofTom，s

(5)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加's来构成所有格。

eg.tenminutes'walk,today*snewspaper

例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！

1.Theygotmuchfromthosenewbooks.

A.ideasB.photosC.newsD.stories

解析：much是用来修饰不可数名词的，ABD三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式，C项为不可数名词，因

此选C.

2.Ihavetwoandthreebottlesofhere.

A.orange,orangeB.oranges,oranges

C.oranges,orangeD.orange,oranges

解析：orange有两种含义，一种可数名词橘子，另一种是不可数名词橘汁，此题第一空应填可数名词，第

二空填不可数名词，因此选Co

3.EveryeveningMr.Kingtakesatohishome.

A.25minutes'walkB.25minute*swalk

C.25minutewalkD.25minuteswalk

解析：句中的minute应该用其复数的所有格形式，只+',而不能+s,因此选A。

4.Anold_______wantstoseeyou.

A.peopleB.personC.thepeopleD.theperson

解析：person与people都有〃人〃的意思，但用法不同.〃,个人〃用“aperson",

〃两个人〃用“twopersons";people泛指〃人们〃是集合名词，表示复数，thepeople指〃人民〃，a

people指“一个民族〃.应选B。

5.Helpyourselfto.

A.chickensandapplesB.chickensandapple

C.chickenandappleD.chickenandapples

解析：chicken可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可.数名词指鸡肉，根据词题意应理解为鸡肉；apple为可数名

词，故应+s,因此选Do

6.Oh,dear.Iforgotthetwo.

A.room'snumberB.rooms，numberC.roomnumbersD.rooms*numbers

解析：roomnumber房间号码.room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词.类似的还有myphsics

teacher,twobusdrivers等.应选C。

7.ShehasbeeninTianjinfortenyears.Tianjinhasbecomehersecond.

A.familyB.houseC.homeD.room

解析：family指的是家庭或是家庭成员；house指的是房子（住所）；room指的是房间；而home指的是家,

因此选C.

8.motherscouldn,tgotothemeeting,becausetheyhavegonetoShanghai.

A.MaryandPeter*sB.MaryandPeter

C.Mary'sandPeterD.Mary'sandPeter*s

解析：此句中“mothers〃是复数，表示两个人各自的母亲，因此应选D。

9.LiLeihasbeentomanytimesthismonth.

A.heruncleB.heruncle'sC.herunclesD.aunt's

解析：此句意为〃李雷这个去她舅舅家多次〃.表示具体场所时，可省去所有格后面的名词.

因此选B。

10.Heisasuccessasaleaderbuthehasn，tinteaching.

A.manyexperiencesB.muchexperience

C.anexperienceD.alotexperience

解析：experience作〃经验〃讲时是不可数名词，作〃经历〃讲时是可数名词.本句中应理解为〃经验〃,

因此是不可数名词，排除AC.又因alotof,lotsof,plentyof只用于肯定句，不用于否定句，因此选B。

11.Aclassmateofwasheretenminutesago.

A.youB.yourC.yoursisterD.yoursister's

解析：此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选I）。

12.Agroupofaretalkingwithtwo.

A.Frenchmen,GermansB.Germans,Frenchmans

C.Frenchmans,GermenD.Germen,Frenchmen

解析：Frenchman是复合词，其复数形式为Frenchmen;German的复数为直接在单词末尾+S,应选A.

13.Theteamhavingameeting.

A.isB.areC.amD.be

解析：team是一个集合名词，即可表示复数意义（指整个小组），也可指小组中的成员（表示复数），此题意

为后者，因此选B。

14.“Wouldyoulike?〃",please.〃

A.drink,ThreecoffeesB.acupofdrink,Coffees

C.adrink,AcoffeeD.adrink,Threecupsofcoffees

解析：drink和coffee是不可数名词，可以用…of来表示数量，eg,threecupsofcoffee,

当前面加a时,则表示〃一杯〃.因此选C。

15.TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyby,butalsothefleshandbloodofmen.

A.earthandstone,millionsofB.earthsandstones,mi1lions

C.theearthandstone,millionofD.theearthsandstones,mi11ions

解析：earth是不可数名词，因此删除BD,数以百万的应为millionsof.

因此选Ac

练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！

选择最佳答案:

1.Lastnight,therewasafoodaccident.The_______wereill,butnowerelost.

A.child,livesB.children,lifeC.children,livesD.child,life

2.Thisisaphotoofwhentheywereyoung.

--OK,howhappytheybothlooked!

A.myfatherandmotherB.mymotherandfather,s

C.mymother'sandfather'sD.myfather*sandmymother

3.Thenewstudentisin,GradeTwo.

A.ClassThirdB.ThirdClassC.ClassThreeD.Threeclass

4.TodayisSeptember10th.It'sDay.Let'sgoandbuysomeflowersforourteachers.

A.TeachersB.Teachers'C.theTeachers,D.Teacher5s

5.Themarketisn，tfarfromhere.It'sonlybicycleride.

A.halfanhours*B.halfanhour，sC.halfanhourD.anhourandahalf

6.—Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?

—,please.

A.TwocupofcoffeeB.Twocupsofcoffe

C.TwocupsofcoffeeD.Twocupsofcoffees

7.DuringChristmas,peoplegettogetherandsingChristmassongsfor.

A.funB.wishesC.interestD.thanks

8.Someareflyingkitesneartheriver.

A.childB.boyC.boysD.childs

9.Aftertheexam,we'11haveholiday.

A.twoweeksB.two-weeksC.twoweeks'D.twoweek*s

10.Theyarethosebags.Pleaseputthemonthebus.

A.visitorB.visitorsC.visitor1sD.visitors'

11.Howmanyworkersarethereinyourfactory?

Therearetwo

A.hundredsB.hundredC.hundredofD.hundredsof

12.WhatdoyouthinkofthetheMoonlightSonatabyBeethoven?

Itsoundsreallywonderful.

A.subjectB.musicC.bookD.animal

13.Thereisnotenoughinthecornerforthefridge.

A.placeB.roomC.fieldD.ground

14.comesfromsheepandsomepeoplelikeeatingit

A.WoolB.PorkC.MuttonD.Milk

15.Ifyoudon'ttakemoreyou11getfat.

A.medicineB.lessonsC.photosD.exercise

16.Myschoolisabouttwentywalkfromhere.

A.minuteB.minutes'C.minutes'sD.minutes

17.Mum,Ihavetotellyou!

A.agoodnewsB.somegoodnewsC.somegoodnewesD.muchgoodnews

18.Whichisthetothepostoffice?

A.streetB.wayC.roadD.address

19.IstayedatlastSunday.

A.myunclesB.myuncles,C.myuncle*sD.myuncle'sfamily

20.Mathsnoteasytolearn.

A.areB.isC.amD.were

1-5CBCBB6-10CACCD11-15ABBCD16-20BBBCB

三、随堂监测A组

I.写出下列名词的复数形式:

1.house________2.village3.map____

4.orange5.bag___6.exercise

7.brush8.family9.bus—

1

10.city__________11.box___________baby__________

12.5

13.class__________14.factory_________

1&

16.dictionary__________17.watch_________2woman_________

L

19.match__________20.man_________2wish__________

22.German_________23.tomato_________24.policeman_____

25.kilo—26.human_________37.Spotato_

29.shelf_3CJapanese

28.Chinese________6

31.leaf___________32.American_______3life___

6.

34.tooth__________35.wife___________39foot___

37.knife38.sheep__________half

40.child__________

II,将下列词组译成英语：

1、一群孩子2、两箱子苹果

3、三篮子蔬菜4、九块面包

5、十杯牛奶6、五块肉

7、多种植物8、一副眼镜

9、两块冰1。、三张纸

11、四瓶橘汁12、五杯茶

13、六碗米饭14、七袋米

15、八块木头16、九块金属

III.写出下列各词的名词形式：

1.work2.teach_______3.sing________4.ill

5fight6.invent7.wait8.woolen

9win10.thankful11.foreign_________12.cloudy_

13.run14.dirty__________15.visit16.funny_

17wooden18.medical19.operate________20.hot

21.invite22.worried________23.build__________24,please一

25_help_26,safe_27.die.28.dangerous一

29.draw________30.noisy________

四、随堂监测B组

M选择填空：

1.1wanttobuy________•

A.twobottlesofinkB.twobottleofinkC.twobottleofinksD.twobottlesofinks

2.Theydon'thavetodo_______today.

A.muchhomeworkB.manyhomeworksC.manyhomeworkD.muchhomeworks

3Theofmachinemadeusfeelsick.

A.voiceB.noiseC.soundD.noises

4.Theblouseismadeof________•

A.awoolB.thesewoodC.woolsD.wool

5Therearethreeandseven______inthepicture.

A.cows,sheepsB.cows,sheepC.cow,sheepD.cow,sheeps

6.June1is_______.

A.children'sdayB.children'sDayC.Children'sDayD.Children'sday

7.roomisnexttotheirparents\

A.Kate'sandJoan'sB.Kate'sandJoanC.KateandJoan'sD.KateandJoan

8.MissGreenisafriendof•

A.Mary'smother'sB.Mary'smotherC.Marymother'sD.mother'sofMary

9Tomis.Hewillcometoseeme.

A.myafriendB.afriendC.minefriendD.afriendofmine

10.Sheepwhiteandmilk_______alsowhite.

A.is,areB.are,isC.is,isD.are,are

11.Tdliketohaveaglassofmilkand_______•

A.twobreadsB.twopiecesofbreads

C.twopiecesofbreadD.twopieceofbread

1?lt\alongtoParis.Ifstwothousandkilometers.

A.streetB.roadC.wayD.end

13.Manyaresingingoverthere.

A.womanB.womenc.girlD.child

14.Hebought

A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoes

C.twopairsofshoeD.twopairofshoe

15.Mr.Whitehasthree_______.

A.childB.childrenC.childsD.childrens

16.Beijingisoneofthebiggest_______intheworld.

A.citysB.cityC.cityesD.cities

17.—Where'sMr.White?—He'sin_______.

A.theroom202B.Room202C.theRoom202D.room202

18.Shops,hospitalsandschoolsareall_______.

A.placesB.homesC.roomsD.buildings

19.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa_______tohisoffice.

A.20minutes,walksB.20minute'swalkC.20-minuteswalkD.20-minutewalk

20.■一Arethese______?No,theyaren't.They're_______.

A.sheep,cowsB.sheep,cowC.sheeps,cowD.sheeps,cows

21.Therearemany______inthefridge.

A.fishB.fruitC.eggsD.bread

22.—Whoseroomisthis?一It's_______.

A.LiMingB.LiMing'sC.LiMingsD.LiMings'

23.Hereare______foryou,Sue.

A.potatosB.somepotatoesC.threetomatosD.sometomato

24.Herearesomebirthdaycardswithourbest______forher.

A.wishB.hopeC.wishesD.hopes

25.Ialwaysgotothat______tobuyfoodonSunday.

A.shopB.parkC.zooD.garden

26.What'stheChinesefor“PRC”？

A.中国人民解放军B.中华人民共和国C.联合国D.中国共产党

27.SamgaveAnnsome_______tolookafterPollywhilehewasaway.

A.picture-booksB.inventionsC.instructionsD.messages

28.--WhichofthefollowinganimalslivesonlyinChina?■一The________.

A.monkeyB.elephantC.pandaD.cat

29.______roomisonthe5thfloor.

A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily'sC.Lucy'sandLilyD.Lucy'sand

Lily飞

30.Thethirdmonthoftheyearis_______.

A.MarchB.JanuaryC.FebruaryD.April

31.Mum,I'mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme________.

A.twoorangeB.twobottleoforanges

C.twobottlesoforangeD.twobottlesoforanges

32.Howwonderful!The_______ismadeof_______.

A.house,glassB.house,glassesC.houses,glassD.houses,glasses

33.Imetsome______intheparkandtalkedwiththemtheotherday.

A.JanpanesesB.AmericanC.ChinesesD.English

34._______isthebesttimeforplantingtrees.

A.SummerB.WinterC.SpringD.Autumn

35.Tomwasbadlyhurtinthematch.Theycarriedhimtothe______asquicklyaspossible.

A.bankB.postofficeC.shopD.hospital

36.Therearetwo______intheroom.

A.shelfB.shelfsC.shelfesD.shelves

37.Thereareseven______inaweek.

A.yearsB.monthsC.daysD.minutes

38.Myfatherisa______.Heworksinahospital.

A.teacherB.doctorC.farmerD.writer

39.It'sverycoldtoday.Whydon'tyouputonyour______?

A.watchB.shirtC.sweaterD.glasses

40.Excuseme,areyou______?—Yes,I'mfrom________.

A.Japan,JapaneseB.China,ChineseC.England,EnglishD.American,

America

V.各地中考题选编：

1.WhereisTom?—He'slefta______sayingthathehassomethingimportanttodo.

A.excuseB.messageC.exerciseD.news

2.Thereisno______inthebussowehavetowaitfbranotherbus.

A.roomB.aroomC.roomsD.seats

3.一Wouldyoulikesome______?-Oh,yes.Justalittle.

A.pearsB.orangesC.sugarD.apples

4.YoucanfindthefollowingINSTRUCTIONSon_______.KEEPINACOLDPLACE

A.foodB.moneyC.clothesD.books

5.Mr.Greenhaslivedinthe_____hotelsincehecametoChina.

A.five-starB.five-starsC.fivestar'sD.fivestars

6.ShewasbominWuhan,butBeijinghasbecomehersecond_

A.homeB.familyC.houseD.place

7.—What'sthe_____today?--It'sJune26.

A.dayB.dateC.timeD.hour

8.Englishisspokenasafirstlanguagein______.

A.theUSAB.IndiaC.JapanD.China

9.______comesfromcows.

A.WoolB.ChickenC.PorkD.Milk

10.Whichofthefollowingdoespaperburnin?

A.co2B.N?C.O2D.H2

11.Letthechildrengoaway.They'remakingtoomuch_______here.

A.noiseB.voiceC.noisyD.sounds

12.______comesfromsheepandsomepeoplelikeeatingit.

A.WoolB.PorkC.MuttonD.Milk

13.--Oh,thereisn'tenough______forusinthelift.

Itdoesn'tmatter,let'swaitforthenext.

A.groundB.floorC.placeD.room

14._______isthebiggestcityinChina.

A.BeijingB.ShanghaiC.GuangzhouD.Kunming

15.TheEnglishmanStephenson（史蒂芬孙）,invented_______

A.theshipB.thecarC.theplaneD.thetrain

I.1.houses2.villages3.maps4.oranges5.bags6.exercises7.brushes

8.families9.buses10.cities11.boxes12.babies13.classes14.factories

15.glasses16.dictionaries17.watches18.women19.matches20.men21.wishes

22.Germans23.tomatoes24.policemen25.kilos26.humans27.potatoes

28.Chinese29.shelves30.Japanese31.leaves32.Americans33.lives

34.teeth35.wives36.feet37.knives38.sheep39,halves40.children

II.1.agroupofchildren2.twoboxesofapples3.threebasketsofvegetables

4.ninepiecesofbread5.tenglassesofmilk6.fivepiecesofmeat

7.manykindsofplants8.apairofglasses9.twopiecesofice

10.threepiecesofpaper11.fourbottlesoforangejuice12.fivecupsoftea

13.sixbowlsofrice14.sevenbagsofrice15.eightpiecesofwood

16.ninepiecesofmedal

III.1.worker2.teacher3.singer4.illness5.fighter6.invention/inventor

7.waiter8.wool9.winner10.thanks11.foreigner12.cloud

13.runner14.dirt15.visitor16.fun17.wood18.medicine19.operation

20.heat21.invitation22.worry23.builder/building24.pleasant25.help

26.safety27.death28.danger29.drawing30.noise

B组

IV.1—5AABDB6—10CCADB11—15CCBAB16—20DBDDA

21—25CBBCA26—30BCCBA31—35CADCD36—40DCBCD

V.1—5BACAA6—10ABADCII—15ACDBA

冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）和定冠词（the）

知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！

一、不定冠词的用法

1）用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一-种类：例如：

Sheisagirl.

Passmeanapple,please.

2）、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：

Aboyiswaitingforyou

Weworksixdaysaweek.

3）.表示"一"这个数量，但数的概念没有。ne强烈.例如：

WearegoingtohaveanEnglishlessontomorrow.

Ihaveamouth,anose,twoeyesandtwoears.

4）.用于某些固定的词组中.例如：

afew,alittle,alotof

注：用a还是an,要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头.

二、定冠词的用法

1）特指某（些）人或某（些）物.例如：thephotooftheboy

2）指双方都知道的人或物.例如：

-Wherearethenewbooks,Jim?

-Theyareonthesmalltable.

3）指上文提过的人或物.例如：

Todayheismakingamachine.

Hewantstoridethemachinelikeabikeandflyitlikeaplane.

4）.用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:

Thesunisbiggerthanthemoon.

5).用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如：

Thefirsttruckiscarryingafewbaskets.

Thethirdoneiscarryingthefewestofall.

6).用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如：

theGreatWall

theNorthStreetHospital

7).用在一些习惯用语•中.例如：

inthemorning(afternoon,evening),

ontheleft(right)

attheendof

三、不用冠词的情况

1)在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如：

China,GradeTwo,BillSmith,milk

2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。例如:

Theletterisinherpocket.

Ithinktheshopisclosedatthistimeofday.

3)复数名词表示•类人或事物时。例如：

Myfatherandmotherareteachers.

Ilikecakes.

4)在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如：

ItisSunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc.)

TodayisMid-AutumnDay.

Itiscoldinwinter.

5）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如:

UncleWanglikesmakingthings.

WhatcolourareMrsGreen，sshoes?

6）在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如：

Hewenttoschoolafterbreakfast.

Canyouplaybasketball?

注：