我国铁路客车的供电方式及用电制BUSELECTRICALI

我国铁路客车的供电方式及用电制ZHENGZHOURAILWAYVOCATIONAL&TECHNICALCOLLEGE客车电气装置/BUSELECTRICALINSTALLATION主讲人牛小伟SpeakerNiuxiaowei一、我国铁路客车的供方式及用电制客车供电系统用于为车上用电装置提供电能，他有单独供电三种方式。集中供电混合供电和Thepassengercarpowersupplysystemisusedtoprovideelectricenergyfortheon-boardelectricaldevices.

Therearethreemodes:independentpowersupply,centralizedpowersupplyandmixedpowersupply.CONTENTS01单独供电Separatepowersupply02集中供电Centralizedpowersupply03混合供电Hybridpowersupply01单独供电Separatepowersupply单独供电单独供电又称分散式供电。它是在单节客车上安装一套独立的供电装置。当车辆用电量较小时，也可以每两辆或三辆车共用一套独立的供电装置，此时安装有发电设备的客车称为母车，不带发电设备的车称为子车。子母车之间通过车端电力连接器连接车内输电干线。Independentpowersupplyisalsocalleddecentralizedpowersupply.Itisanindependentpowersupplydeviceinstalledonasinglepassengercar.Whenthepowerconsumptionoftrainissmall,twoorthreetrainscanalsoshareanindependentpowersupplydevice.Atthistime,thepassengercarequippedwithpowergenerationequipmentiscalledthemothertrain,andthetrainwithoutpowergenerationequipmentiscalledthesub-train.Themotherandsub-trainareconnectedtothemainpowertransmissionlineinthetrainthroughthetrain-endpowerconnector.特点Feature可随意摘挂和编组，供电装置的主机不占用车内有效空间，全列车的输电干线联接为统一电网，局部故障不影响列车用电；发电功率小。Canbearbitrarilyremovedandgrouped,themainbodyofthepowersupplydevicedoesnottakeuptheeffectivespaceinthecar,thetrain'stransmissiontrunklineisconnectedtoaunifiedpowergrid,thelocalfailuredoesnotaffectthetrainpower;powergenerationpowerissmall.单独供电就是单独使用蓄电池组供电，是根据车内负载的工作电压和功率，把若干个蓄电池结合起来向负载供电。Itistousethebatterypackaloneforpowersupply.Accordingtotheworkingvoltageandpoweroftheloadinthetrain,severalbatteriesarecombinedtosupplypowertotheload.这种供电方式的优点是设备简单，使用方便，可靠性好，电流是纯直流成分；Theadvantageofthispowersupplymethodisthattheequipmentissimple,easytouse,withgoodreliability,andthecurrentisapureDCcomponent;缺点是蓄电池组较笨重，单位功率所占的体积和重量较大。这种供电方式在用电量不大的客车上使用，国内使用的客车上不易见到。Thedisadvantageisthatthebatterypackisbulky,andthevolumeandweightperunitpowerarerelativelylarge.Thedisadvantageisthatthebatterypackisbulky,andthevolumeandweightperunitpowerarerelativelylarge.单独供电的三种类型：蓄电池组供电1单独供电2车轴发电机供电采用车轴驱动的发电机与蓄电池组并联供电，是世界各国在普通非空调客车上运用较广泛的一种供电形式。Axle-drivengeneratorsandbatterypacksareusedinparalleltosupplypower,whichisaformofpowersupplywidelyusedinordinarynon-air-conditionedpassengercarsincountriesalloverheworld.我国旧型普通客车曾采用过轴驱式的L型直流发电机，从70年代开始，在普通22型和23型客车上广泛使用三相感应子发电机。小功率时皮带传动，大功率时万向轴传动。Weonceappliedshaft-drivenL-typeDCgeneratorsinourcountry'soldordinarypassengercarsandsincethe1970s,three-phaseinductionsub-generatorshavebeenwidelyusedonordinary22-typeand23-typepassengercars.单独供电3小型柴油发电机组供电在客车底部装设

小型柴油发电机组

并由其向车内的负载供电，这种供电方式称小型柴油发电机组供电。采用这种方式

单独供电

可以减少机车牵引动力，提高供电电压，减少蓄电池用量，便于长时间停站时利用市电，但要求机组工作可靠，噪声和振动小，使用维修方便。Asmalldieselgeneratorsetisinstalledatthebottomofthepassengercar,anditsuppliespowertotheloadinthetrain.Thispowersupplymethodiscalledasmalldieselgeneratorsetpowersupply.Usingthismethodforseparatepowersupplycanreducethetractionpowerofthelocomotive,increasethepowersupplyvoltage,reducethebatteryconsumption,andfacilitatetheuseofmainspowerwhenthestationisparkedforalongtime.However,theworkunitisrequiredtobereliableinoperation,lownoiseandvibration,andeasytouseandmaintain.这种供电方式适用于单独或分开连挂且装有空调装置的客车，如我国长春客车厂生产的RW22型空调软卧车和四方机车车辆工厂生产的YW22型宿营车采用的就是这种供电方式。Thispowersupplymethodissuitableforpassengercarsthatareindividuallyorseparatelyconnectedandequippedwithair-conditioningdevices.Forexample,theRW22air-conditionedsoftsleepertrainproducedbytheChangchunrailwayvehiclefactoryandtheYW22campertrainproducedbytheSifanglocomotivevehiclefactoryinourcountryusethispowersupplymethod.车下装有小型发电机组单独供电宿营车camper在铁路系统，线路大修工人长期在铁路沿线对铁路进行维修，确保线路质量安全稳定。为了解决他们的食宿问题，铁路宿营车应运而生。他们的衣食住行，全都在宿营车上完成。根据作业量和施工人数，宿营车少则可住数十人，多则可住数百人。Intherailroadsystem,thelineoverhaulworkersareintherailroadlineforalongtimetocarryoutmaintenanceontherailroadtoensurethequalityofthelineissafeandstable.Inordertosolvetheirfoodandaccommodationproblems,therailroadcampercameintobeing.Theirfood,clothing,housingandtransportation,allcompletedinthecamper.Accordingtotheamountofworkandthenumberofconstruction,thecampercanbelessthandozensofpeople,morecanlivehundredsofpeople.02集中供电Centralizedpowersupply集中供电对于用电量较大并且是固定编组的列车，采用全列车集中供电的方式。Fortrainswithlargepowerconsumptionandfixedformation,thecentralizedpowersupplymethodforthewholetrainisadopted.列车集中供电的电源，可通过列车中加挂的发电车提供；也可由具有供电能力的电力机车提供，电力机车将接触网上的电能处理后提供给客车，这种方式也称为接触网供电。另外还有少量内燃机车也具有给客车供电的能力，如DG11G型内燃机车。Thecentralizedpowersupplyofthetraincanbeprovidedbythegeneratorvehicleattachedtothetrain;Itcanalsobeprovidedbyanelectriclocomotivewithpowersupplycapability.Theelectriclocomotiveprocessestheelectricenergyonthecatenaryandprovidesittothepassengercar.Thismethodisalsocalledcatenarypowersupply.Inaddition,thereareasmallnumberofdiesellocomotivesthatalsohavetheabilitytosupplypowertopassengercars,suchasDG11Gdiesellocomotives.集中供电1柴油发电车集中供电电压但输电电流与所需的三相四线制输电干线截面积都较大，干线穿管施工难度较大，对联结器的插头和插座间接触电阻要求非常严格(小于0.0008Ω)。因此，在可能的条件下应将供电干线电压提高。However,thetransmissioncurrentandtherequiredcross-sectionalareaofthethree-phase,four-wiretransmissiontrunklinearelarger,thetrunklineismoredifficulttoconstructthroughthepipe,andtherequirementsforthecontactresistancebetweentheplugsandsocketsofthecouplerareverystrict(lessthan0.0008Ω).Therefore,thesupplytrunkvoltageshouldbeincreasedwherepossible.柴油发电车Diesel-poweredvehicles

为400V/230V（线电压/相电压），50Hz交流电，通过车端联结器向连挂的客车分二路送电，输电干线压降应不大于5％。可直接使用民用的异步电动机、日光灯、控制电器、保护元件等产品。Thecentralizedpowersupplyvoltageis400V/230V(linevoltage/phasevoltage),50Hzalternatingcurrent(AC),andthepowerissentintwowaysthroughtheendcouplertotheconnectedbuses,andthevoltagedropofthetransmissionlineshouldnotbemorethan5%.Asynchronousmotors,fluorescentlamps,controlappliances,protectioncomponentsandotherproductsforcivilianusecanbeuseddirectly.集中供电2接触网供电Electriclocomotives电力机车Electricityconnectors电力连接器我国由接触网供电的旅客列车，将由客运电力机车主变压器增设的两个辅助绕组供给容量为800kVA、串联电压为3kV(并联为1.5kV)的电能。即通过电力机车主变压器，将受电弓取得的单相工频25kV的电压，转变为单相工频3kV或1.5kV的电压，输送给所牵引的客车。Forpassengercarspoweredbycatenaryinourcountry,twoauxiliarywindingsaddedtothemaintransformerofpassengerelectriclocomotiveswillsupplyelectricenergywithacapacityof800kVAandavoltageof3kVinseries(1.5kVinparallel).Thatis,throughthemaintransformeroftheelectriclocomotive,thevoltageofsingle-phasepowerfrequencyof25kVobtainedbythepantographistransformedintoavoltageofsingle-phasepowerfrequencyof3kVor1.5kV,whichistransmittedtothedrawnpassengercar.我国电气化铁路接触网的额定电压为单相工频25kV，波动范围19~27kV。Theratedvoltageofourcountry'selectrifiedrailwaycatenaryis25kVforsingle-phasepowerfrequency,andthefluctuationrangeis19~27kV.03混合供电Hybridpowersupply混合供电1混合供电鉴于目前铁路牵引动力存在多种类型，客车编组方式也不尽相同，因此，除上述两种供电方式外，还有混合供电方式。混合供电有下列几种情形：Inviewofthefactthattherearemanytypesofrailwaytractionpowerandpassengercarmarshallingmethodsarenotthesame,therefore,inadditiontotheabovetwopowersupplymethods,thereisalsoahybridpowersupplymethod.Mixedpowersupplywiththefollowingsituations:由轴驱式发电机与蓄电池组并联供电，采暖电热元件由接触网供电。如电气化区段运营的普通客车情况。Lightingandventilatorofpassengercararepoweredbyparallelconnectionofshaftdrivegeneratorandstoragebatterywhiletheelectricheatingelementsonthetrainarepoweredbythecatenaryoftheelectrif