隧道施工技术传统矿山法和新奥法简介课件

隧道施工技术传统矿山法和新奥法简介TunnelConstructionTechnologyIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM传统矿山法1新奥法2传统矿山法与新奥法简介目录TableofContentsIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATMTraditionalMiningMethodNATM课程小结3Summary传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethod01传统矿山法是指在隧道开挖后，及时用木或钢构件进行临时支护，待隧道开挖一定长度后，拆除临时支护，在围岩上喷射混凝土，形成整体式、永久性支护结构的施工方法。传统矿山法与新奥法简介传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodThetraditionalminingmethodreferstotheconstructionmethodthatafterthetunnelexcavation,providetemporarysupportwithwoodorsteelmembersintime,removethetemporarysupportafterthetunnelisexcavatedforacertainlength,andthensprayconcreteonthesurroundingrocktoformanintegralandpermanentsupportstructure.传统矿山法适用于山岭隧道的大多数地质条件，尤其在不便采用锚喷支护的地质条件时，用于处理塌方也很有效。传统矿山法与新奥法简介传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodScopeofapplication适用范围Thetraditionalminingmethodisapplicabletomostgeologicalconditionsofmountaintunnels,especiallyingeologicalconditionsinconvenientfortheadoptionofbolt-shotcretesupport.Themethodisalsoeffectiveinlandslidetreatment.施工工序为根据确定的施工方案，对隧道进行开挖，在开挖过程中及时做好临时支护工作，在隧道开挖一定长度后，拆除临时支护，用混凝土喷射形成整体式，永久性支护—衬砌。开挖临时支撑临时支撑拆除整体式、永久性衬砌支护施工工序：

在拆除临时支撑之前，应检查已搭建的临时支护是否出现损坏、并及时加固。传统矿山法与新奥法简介传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATMConstructionProcedures:ExcavationTemporarysupportRemovaloftemporarysupportIntegralandpermanentliningsupport临时支撑的加固Reinforcementoftemporarysupport传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodBasedonthedeterminedconstructionscheme,theconstructionproceduresinclude,excavationofthetunnel,temporarysupportintimeduringexcavation,removaloftemporarysupportafteracertainlengthofexcavation,andsprayingofconcretetoformanintegralandpermanentsupport-lining.注意NotesBeforeremovaloftemporarysupport,theerectedtemporarysupportshallbecheckedfordamageandreinforcedintime.它通常是在隧道开挖成形后，再由下至上施作模筑混凝土衬砌。概念施工顺序施工速度较快，施工各工序及各工作面之间相互干扰较小，衬砌结构的整体性较好,受力状态也较好。特性依据：衬砌的施作顺序先墙后拱法（顺作法）先拱后墙法（逆作法）先将隧道上部开挖成形并施作拱部衬砌后，在拱圈的掩护下，再开挖下部并施作边墙衬砌。概念施工速度较慢，上部施工较困难，但是当上部拱圈完成之后，下部施工就较安全和快速了。先拱后墙法施工衬砌结构的整体性较差，受力状态不好，并且拱部衬砌结构的沉降量较大,要求的预拱度较大，增加了开挖工作量。特性传统矿山法与新奥法简介传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATMBasis:constructionsequenceofliningWall-before-archMethod(Bottom-upMethod)Arch-before-wallMethod(Top-downMethod)ConceptCharacteristicsConceptCharacteristicsConstructionSequenceItisusuallyappliedformodel-buildingconcreteliningfrombottomtotopafterthetunnelisexcavatedandformed.Constructionspeedfaster，themutualinterferencebetweeneachconstructionprocedureandeachworkingfaceislittle,andboththeintegrityandstressstateoftheliningstructureisgood.Aftertheupperpartofthetunnelisexcavatedandformedandthearchliningisconstructed,thelowerpartisexcavatedandthesidewallliningisconstructedunderthecoverofthearchring.Theconstructionspeedofthearch-before-wallmethodisslow,andtheupperconstructionisdifficult,butaftertheupperarchringiscompleted,thelowerconstructionwillbesaferandfaster.Theliningstructureconstructedwitharch-before-wallmethodhaspoorintegrityandstressstate,andthesettlementofarchliningstructureislarge,requiringlargepre-camber,whichincreasestheexcavationworkload.传统矿山法的施工原则可以总结为“少扰动、早支撑、慎撤换、快衬砌”十二个字，因此又叫“十二字原则”。开挖坑道后应及时施作临时构件支撑，使围岩不致因变形松弛过度而产生坍塌失稳，并能承受围岩松弛变形产生的压力，这压力称为早期松弛荷载。

当拆除临时支撑而代之以永久性模筑混凝土衬砌时应慎重，即防止在撤换过程中围岩坍塌失稳。拆除临时支撑时要及时修筑永久性混凝土衬砌，并使其能尽早参与承载工作。在进行隧道开挖时，要尽量减少对围岩的扰动次数、强度范围和持续时间。采用钢支撑,可以增大一次开挖断面的跨度，减少分部开挖次数，从而减少对围岩的扰动次数。传统矿山法与新奥法简介传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM传统矿山法TraditionalMiningMethodTheconstructionprincipleoftraditionalminingmethodcanbesummarizedintotwelvewords:"lessdisturbance,earlysupport,cautiousreplacementandquicklining",therefore,itisalsocalledthe"twelve-characterprinciple".Duringtunnelexcavation,minimizethedisturbancetimes,strengthrangeanddurationtosurroundingrock.少扰动LessDisturbance

Steelsupportcanbeadoptedtoincreasethespanofoneexcavationsectionandreducethetimesofpartialexcavation,thusreducingthedisturbancetimestosurroundingrock.早支撑EarlySupportReferstothetimelyconstructionoftemporarymembersupportaftergalleryexcavation,whichwillpreventthesurroundingrockcollapsingorlosingstabilityduetoexcessivedeformationandrelaxation,andbearthepressurecausedbyrelaxationanddeformationofsurroundingrock,suchpressureisreferredtoastheearlyrelaxationload.Cautionshallbeexercisedwhenremovingtemporarysupportandreplacingitwithpermanentmodel-buildingconcretelining,hatis,topreventcollapseandinstabilityofsurroundingrockduringreplacement.Referstotheremovaloftemporarysupport,permanentconcreteliningshallbeconstructedintime,oplaytheroleofbearingasearlyaspossible.慎撤换CautiousReplacement快衬砌QuickLining新奥法NATM02

新奥法的理论基础是既有的隧道工程经验和岩体力学，基点是围岩自稳能力。核心在于使围岩成为支护结构的一部分，通过在围岩上打锚杆和喷射混凝土实现传统矿山法与新奥法简介新奥法NATMIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM新奥法NATMThetheoreticalbasisofNATMistheexistingtunnelengineeringexperienceandrockmassmechanics,andthebasepointistheself-stabilityofsurroundingrock.Thecoreistomakesurroundingrockasapartofsupportstructurebydrillinganchorrodandsprayconcreteonthesurroundingrock同时，在整个施工过程中，时时监控围岩变形，根据围岩变形情况，施作二次支护衬砌。

也就是说新奥法是通过监控量测及时反馈的信息来指导隧道的设计和施工。传统矿山法与新奥法简介新奥法NATMIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM新奥法NATMMeanwhile,throughouttheconstructionprocess,monitorthedeformationofsurroundingrockconstantly,andconstructthesecondarysupportliningaccordingtothedeformationofsurroundingrock.Thatistosay,NATMistoguidethedesignandconstructionoftunnelbymonitoringandmeasuringtheinformationfedbackintime.

新奥法在开工之前，需要先准备施工需要的人员、设备等，并规划好施工顺序、步骤，这属于施工方案。

BeforecommencementwithNATM,itisnecessarytopreparethepersonnelandequipmentrequiredforconstruction,andplantheconstructionsequenceandsteps,whichbelongstoconstructionscheme.传统矿山法和新奥法简介IntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM新奥法NATM初期支护修改施工方案和顺序改变开挖方法量测监控修正支护参数否防水隔离层是二次支护竣工必要时须超前支护或预先进行地层改良传统矿山法与新奥法简介新奥法NATMIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM施工准备Constructionpreparation确定施工方案DeterminetheconstructionschemeConstructadvancesupportorimprovestratumimprovementinadvanceifnecessaryModifyconstructionschemeandsequence开挖ExcavationChangeexcavationmethodPrimarysupportMeasureandmonitorRevisesupportparameters是否符合管理基准WhetherconformingtomanagementbenchmarksNoYesWaterproofinsulationlayerSecondarysupportCompletion传统矿山法与新奥法简介新奥法NATMIntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM新奥法NATM新奥法的施工原则可以总结为“少扰动、早锚喷、勤量测、紧封闭”十二个字，因此又叫“十二字诀”。TheconstructionprincipleofNATMcanbesummarizedas"lessdisturbance,earlyboltingandshotcreting,frequentmeasurementandtightclosure",therefore,itisalsocalledthe"twelve-characterknack".开挖后及时施作初期锚喷支护，使围岩的变形进入受控制状态。

当以直观、可靠的量测方法和量测数据来准确评价围岩(或围岩加支护)的稳定状态，或判断其动态发展趋势，以便及时调整支护形式和开挖方法，从而确保施工安全和顺利进行。采取喷射混凝土等防护措施，避免围岩因长时间暴露而导致强度和稳定性衰减的情况发生，尤其针对易风化的软弱围岩;在进行隧道开挖时，要尽量减少对围岩的扰动次数、强度范围和持续时间。采用钢支撑,可以增大一次开挖断面的跨度，减少分部开挖次数，从而减少对围岩的扰动次数。Duringtunnelexcavation,minimizethedisturbancetimes,strengthrangeanddurationtosurroundingrock.少扰动LessDisturbance

Steelsupportcanbeadoptedtoincreasethespanofoneexcavationsectionandreducethetimesofpartialexcavation,thusreducingthedisturbancetimestosurroundingrock.早锚喷EarlyBoltingandShotcretingReferstothetimelyapplicationofinitialbolt-shotcretesupportafterexcavation,andcontrolofsurroundingrockdeformation.Istoaccuratelyevaluatethestablestateofsurroundingrock(orsurroundingrockplussupport)withintuitiveandreliablemeasurementmethodandmeasurementdata,orjudgeitsdynamicdevelopmenttrend,soastoadjustthesupportformandexcavationmethodintime,thusensuringthesafeandsmoothconstruction.Istotakeprotectivemeasuressuchasshotcrete,avoidattenuationofstrengthandstabilityofsurroundingrockduetoprolongedexposure,especiallyweaksurroundingrocksthatareeasilyweathered;勤量测FrequentMeasurement紧封闭TightClosure适时对围岩施作封闭支护，及时阻止围岩变形，使支护和围岩能进入良好的共同工作状态。Itistoconstructclosedsupportforsurroundingrockinduecourse,preventsurroundingrockdeformationintime,andmakesupportandsurroundingrockinagoodinteractionstate.传统矿山法是开挖后及时利用木构件或钢构件进行支撑传统矿山法新奥法是通过钻锚杆、喷射混凝土进行初期支护新奥法总的来说，传统矿山法和新奥法在概念和施工工序是存在差异的。无论是传统矿山法还是新奥法，在隧道开挖过程中，都应尽量减少对围岩的扰动。传统矿山法与新奥法简介IntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM传统矿山法和新奥法存在的差异DifferencesbetweenTraditionalMiningMethodandNATMIngeneral,traditionalminingmethodandNATMaredifferentinconceptandconstructionprocedures.NomattertraditionalminingmethodorNATM,thedisturbancetothesurroundingrockshallbeminimizedduringthetunnelexcavation.TraditionalMiningMethodTraditionalminingmethodistousewoodorsteelmembersforsupportintimeafterexcavationNATMNATMistodrillanchorrodandsprayconcreteforprimarysupport课程小结Summary03

需要时时查看支撑构件状态，并及时进行加固，撤换,在隧道开挖一定长度后，拆除临时支撑，并在最短时间内完成整体式、永久性的衬砌施工；传统矿山法Traditionalminingmethod

Requirestocheckthestatusofsupportmembersconstantly,andcarryoutreinforcementandreplacementintime，afterthetunnelisexcavatedforacertainlength,removethetemporarysupport,andcompletetheintegralandpermanentliningconstructionintheshortesttime;传统矿山法和新奥法简介IntroductiontoTraditionalMiningMethodandNATM课程小结Summary

在初期支护后，需要观测围岩的变形