2019年考研英语二真题

绝密★启用前2019年全国硕±研究生招生考试英语（二）（科§代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。.考生须把试题册上的"试卷条形码"粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的"试卷条形码粘贴位置"框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚:涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名英英语（二）试题.#.（共14页）2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语二试题UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificantweightfluctuations.1,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethanit2_.Asforme,weighingmyselfeverydaycausedmetoshiftmyfocusfrombeinggenerallyhealthyandphysicallyactive,tofocusing3_onthescale.Thatwasbadtomyoverallfitnessgoals.Ihadgainedweightintheformofmusclemass,butthinkingonlyof4thenumberonthescale,Ialteredmytrainingprogram.ThatconflictedwithhowIneededtotrainto5_mygoals.Ialsofoundthatweighingmyselfdailydidnotprovideanaccurate6ofthehardworkandprogressIwasmakinginthegym.Ittakesaboutthreeweekstoamonthtonoticesignificantchangesinyourweight'-7-alteringyourtrainingprogram.Themost8changeswillbeobservedinskilllevel,strengthandincheslost.Forthese9,Istoppedweighingmyselfeverydayandswitchedtoabimonthlyweighingschedule10.Sinceweightlossisnotmygoal,itislessimportantformeto11myweighteachweek.Weighingeveryotherweekallowsmetoobserveand12anysignificantweightchanges.ThattellsmewhetherIneedto13mytrainingprogram.Iusemybimonthlyweigh-in14togetinformationaboutmynutritionaswell.Ifmytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI'mconstantly15anddroppingweight,thisisa16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.The17tostopweighingmyselfeverydayhasdonewondersformyoverallhealth,fitnessandwell-being.I'mexperiencingincreasedzealforworkingoutsinceInolongercarrytheburdenofa18morningweigh-in.I'vealsoexperiencedgreatersuccessinachievingmyspecificfitnessgoals,19I'mtrainingaccordingtothosegoals,notthenumbersonascale.Ratherthan20overthescale,tumyourfocustohowyoulook,feel,howyourclothesfitandyouroverallenergylevel.

1.[AJBesides[BJTherefore[CJOtherwise[D]However2.[AJhelps[BJcares[CJwarns[D]reduces3.[AJinitially[BJsolely[CJoccasionally[DJformally4.[AJrecording[BJlowering[CJexplaining[D]accepting5.[AJmodify[BJset[CJreview[DJreach6.[AJdefinition[BJdepiction[CJdistribution[DJprediction7.[AJdueto[BJregardlessof[CJasidefrom[D]alongwith8.[AJorderly[BJrigid[CJprecise[D]immediate9.[AJclaims[BJjudgments[CJreasons[D]methods10.[AJinstead[BJthough[CJagain[D]indeed11.[AJtrack[BJoverlook[CJconceal[D]report12.[AJdependon[B]approveof[CJholdonto[D]accountfor13.[AJshare[BJadjust[CJconfirm[D]prepare14.[AJresults[BJfeatures[CJrules[D]tests15.[AJbored[B]anxious[CJhungry[D]sick16.[AJprinciple[BJsecret[CJbelief[D]sign17.[AJrequest[BJnecessity[CJdecision[D]wish18.[AJdisappointing[B]surprising[CJrestricting[D]consuming19.[AJif[BJunless[CJuntil[D]because20.[AJobsessing[B]dominating[CJpuzzling[D]triumphingReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesalittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild'sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.Childrenaren'tbornknowinghowtosay"I'msorry'';rather,theylearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends-andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmorlaguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeplyuncomfortable-it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated."Therehasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,"saysAmrishaVaish,apsychologyresearcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary-feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.Andguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,inotherwords,canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforanemotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharing.Somekidswhoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.Ina2014study,forexample,Maltilookedat244children.Usingcaregiverassessmentsandthechildren'sself-observations,sheratedeachchild'soverallsympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoraltransgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharethemwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheysharedappearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.Theguilt-proneonessharedmore,eventhoughtheyhadn'tmagicallybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchild'sdeprivation."That'sgoodnews,"Maltisays."Wecanbeprosocialbecausewecausedharmandwefeelregret."

Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp_[AJregulateachild'sbasicemotions[BJimproveachild'sintellectualability[CJfosterachild'smoraldevelopment[DJintensifyachild'spositivefeelingsAccordingtoParagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguilttobe__[AJdeceptive[BJburdensome[CJaddictive[DJinexcusableYaishholdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawarenessthat_[AJemotionsarecontext-independent[BJemotionsaresociallyconstructive[CJemotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth[DJanemotioncanplayopposingrolesMaltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing__[AJmayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficienciescanresultfromeithersympathyorguilt[CJcanbringaboutemotionalsatisfaction[DJmaybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveactsTheword"transgressions"(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto__[AJteachings[BJdiscussions[CJrestrictions[DJwrongdoings

Text2Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharderchallengesinthefightagainstclimatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.Theclimatechangewearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap-butitinvolvesstrikingasubtlebalance.Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable"carbonsinks"longintothefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow.Californiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.Thestate'sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoungtreesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest'scapacitytopullcarbonfromtheair.Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.Thelandscapeisrenderedlesseasilyburnable.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2010,droughtandinsectshavekilledover100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostofthemin2016alone,andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000by2030-financedfromtheproceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions.That'sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,abouthalfamillionacresinall,soitwillbevitaltoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromtheforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedasbiofuelinvehiclesthatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisalreadyunderway.Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,buttraditionallythey'vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.Onlyrecentlyhavetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.California'splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernornextyear,shouldserveasamodel.

Bysaying"oneoftheharderchallenges,"theauthorimpliesthat__[AJglobalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol[BJpeoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarming[CJextremeweatherconditionsmayarise[DJforestsmaybecomeapotentialthreatTomaintainforestsasvaluable"carbonsinks,"wemayneedto___[AJpreservethediversityofspeciesinthem[BJacceleratethegrowthofyoungtrees[CJstrikeabalanceamongdifferentplants[DJlowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacityCalifornia'sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto[AJcultivatemoredrought-resistanttrees[BJreducethedensityofsomeofitsforests[C]findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects[DJrestoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfiresWhatisessentialtoCalifornia'splanaccordingtoParagraph5?[AJTohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst.[BJTocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020.[CJToperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.[DJToobtainenoughfinancialsupport.Theauthor'sattitudetoCalifornia'splancanbestbedescribedas__[AJambiguous[BJtolerant[CJsupportive[DJcautious

Text3Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyears.Thecomplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworkers.CongresshasobstructedeffortstocreateamorestraightforwardvisaforagriculturalworkersthatwouldletforeignworkersstaylongerintheU.S.andchangejobswithintheindustry.Ifthisdoesn'tchange,Americanbusinesses,communities,andconsumerswillbethelosers.PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.Asfewersuchworkersenterthecountry,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforcearechanging.Today'sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico,aremorelikelytobesettledratherthanmigratingandmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.They'realsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereovertheageof35.Nowmorethanhalfare.Andpickingcropsishardonolderbodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleasit'sbeenallalong:NativeU.S.workerswon'tbereturningtothefarm.Mechanizationisn'ttheanswer,either-notyet,atleast.Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeans,andwheathasbeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,whererobotsdoasmallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforethey'reautomated.Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Startingaround2012,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016thenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagriculturalwork,whichislimitedto66,000ayear.Evenso,employerscomplaintheyaren'tgivenalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensive,andunreliable.OnesurveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledtheaverageH-2Aworkertoarriveonthejob22dayslate.Theshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,whichremovesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.Ina2012survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandalmost80percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.SomewesternfarmershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.From1998to2000,14.5percentofthefruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofimportswas25.8percent.Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopickit.

Whatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[AJDiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.[BJBiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.[CJFlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.[DJDeclineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis___[AJtherisingnumberofillegalimmigrants[BJthehighmobilityofcropworkers[CJthelackofexperiencedlaborers[DJtheagingofimmigrantfarmworkersWhatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortageinU.S.farming?[AJToattractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.[CJTousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.[DJTostrengthenfinancialsupportforfarmers.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits__[AJslowgrantingprocedures[BJlimitondurationofstay[C]tightenedrequirements[DJcontrolofannualadmissionsWhichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext?[AJU.S.AgricultureinDecline?[BJImportFoodorLabor?[C]AmericaSavedbyMexico?[DJManpowervs.Automation?

Text4ArnoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessageforyou:It'seasytobeatplastic.They'repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay-encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-useplasticstapleslikestrawsandcutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydoincludeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsenseofwhatneedstobeachieved.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreorquittingplasticstraws,forexample,willaccomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.Theycouldevenbedetrimental,satisfyinganeedtohave"doneourbit"withouteverprogressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactions-akindof"morallicensing"thatallaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibilitytowarditremainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstraws,we'reignoringthebalanceofpowerthatimpliesthatas"consumers"wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas"citizens"holdourgovernmentsandindustriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.It'simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn'teveryone'spriority-orevenmostpeople's.Weshouldn'texpectittobe.Inherlatestbook,WhyGoodPeopleDoBadEnvironmentalThings,WellesleyCollegeprofessorElizabethR.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeopleisforthechangetobestructural.Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsacosttoenvironmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-useplasticsaltogether.Indiahasjustannounceditwill"eliminateallsingle-useplasticinthecountryby2022."Therearealsoincentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,suchasensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.DeSombreisn'tsayingpeopleshouldstopcaringabouttheenvironment.It'sjustthatindividualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthattobetheonly,orevenprimary,approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.Noneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividual.It'sjustaboutputtingthingsintoperspective.Wedon'thavetimetowait.Weneedprogressivepoliciesthatshapecollectiveaction(andreininpollutingbusinesses),alongsideengagedcitizenspushingforchange.

Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto[AJdemandnewlawsontheuseofplastics[BJurgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplastics[CJinvitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisis[DJdisclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisisTheauthorisconcernedthat"morallicensing"may__[AJmisleadusintodoingworthlessthings[BJpreventusfrommakingfurtherefforts[CJweakenoursenseofaccomplishment[DJsuppressourdesireforsuccessBypointingoutouridentity"citizens",theauthorindicatesthat__[AJourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfare[BJourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimproving[CJwehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrights[DJweshouldpressourgovernmenttoleadthecombatDeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe__[AJawin-winarrangement[BJaself-drivenmechanism[CJacost-effectiveapproach[DJatop-downprocessTheauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts[AJcanbetooaggressive[BJcanbetooinconsistent[CJarefarfromsufficient[DJarefarfromrational

PartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Inchoosinganewhome,CamilleMcClain'skidshaveasingledemand:abackyard.McClain'slittleonesaren'ttheonlykidswhohaveanopinionwhenitcomestohousing,andinmanycasesyoungsters'viewsweighheavilyonparents'realestatedecisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPollsurveyofmorethan2,000U.S.adults.Whilemorefamiliesbuckanolder-generationproclivitytoleavekidsinthedarkaboutrealestatedecisions,realtyagentsandpsychologistshavemixedviewsaboutthefinancial,personalandlong-termeffectskids'opinionsmayhave.Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabecauseitcanhelpthemfeelasenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmingprocess,saidRyanHooper,clinicalpsychologistinChicago."Childrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignificantmoves,especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentschoolorsupportsystem,"hesaid.GregJaroszewski,realestatebrokerwithGagliardoRealtyAssociates,saidhe'snotconvincedthatkidsshouldbeinvolvedinselectingahome-buttheiropinionsshouldbeconsideredinregardstoproximitytofriendsandsocialactivities,ifpossible.Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey'rechoosingtheirhome-withoutactuallygettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,realestateattorneybasedinNewYork.Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheylikeaboutthebackyardofapotentialhomewillmakethemfeellikethey'rebeingincludedinthedecision-makingprocess,Baileysaid.Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren'taconsiderationforchildren,saidTraceyHampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacingtoomuchemphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastichomepurchase."Speakingwithyourchildrenbeforeyoumakearealestatedecisioniswise,butIwouldn'tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheiropinions."Hampsonsaid.Theotherissueisthatmanychildren-especiallyolderones-maybasetheir

realestateknowledgeonHGTVshows,saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGroupinRiverside,Calif."TheyloveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,"hesaid."HGTVhasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewrealestate.It'snotshelter,it'salifestyle.Withthatmindsetchangecomesomeseriousmoneyconsequences."Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitstothempersonally,Norrissaid.Parentsneedtoremindtheirchildrenthattheirneedsanddesiresmaychangeovertime,saidJulieGurner,arealestateanalystwithFitSmallB."Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,"Gurnersaid."Harshasitmaybetosay,thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingentonachild'sopinions,butrathermadeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecanmeettheirneedsbest-andgivethemanopportunitytocustomizeitabitandmakeittheirown."Thisadviceismorerel