SCI论文写作与投稿 第2版-课件 7-SCI论文摘要写作

7SCI论文摘要写作SCI论文写作与投稿7SCI论文摘要写作7.1

摘要的内容与结构7.2摘要的类型7.3摘要的写作要求7.4摘要写作的常见问题7.5摘要写作实例评析7.6

摘要与结论实例对比第2页2025年3月31日SCI论文写作与投稿3（1）问题、目的。简明扼要指出当前相关研究的不足，引出问题及研究目的（目标）。可指出或暗示研究的特点、前提、价值，提及方法，还可在开头简单交待研究主题（领域、范围、研究点），引出研究意义（重要、必要性）。这部分属于背景，大体对应论文的引言部分。（2）方法、过程。描述论文主题、子主题下的主要研究方法，涉及方案、理论、技术、工具、手段、材料、设备、算法、程序及对文献资料的分析、处理方法等，描述这些方法得以实现或完成所需的主要过程，涉及建模、公式推导、计算、实验、调查、设计、分析、研制等的具体流程、步骤。这部分大体对应论文的材料与方法部分。

7.1

摘要的内容与结构4（3）结果、结论。陈述或展现由上述研究方法、过程所得的主要结果以及通过对结果进行讨论而得出的主要结论。主要结果涉及对原始结果中重要数据、现象、发现的说明、分析、处理结果，主要结论涉及通过对原始结果进行讨论所得的新认识、新观点、新方法，或模拟、实证的结果、效能，或结果的用途、意义。这部分大体对应论文的结果与讨论部分。

7.1

摘要的内容与结构5（4）创新。从论文全文的角度（口吻）用简明语句（最好一句话）点明本文的研究成果及最高价值意义。明确研究成果的形态，如提出了何新的观点、理论、学说等，发明了何新的工艺、技术、方法等，设计了何新的机器、设施、平台等，明确指出所提问题是否得到解决或改进，或研究目的、目标是否实现。这部分内容大体对应论文的结论部分。（5）其他信息。以具有某种重要信息价值的其他内容结尾，如研究的局限，问题解决措施（建议）、前景预测（展望）、未来研究方向等。这部分大体可列入论文的结论部分。

7.1

摘要的内容与结构6研究主题或对不同内容凸显程度需求的不同，以上内容项在摘要中的权重或详略程度会呈现差异。问题陈述时，为突显问题解决的紧迫性或重要性，可适当多描述问题陈述部分；所提问题较为普遍时，可一笔带过简单交待，甚至不交待。描述研究方法时，为突显方法的创新性，应着重笔墨，稍详交待方法及有关过程；方法（某种技术、工艺、算法等）较为成熟时，可提及或简写方法即可，不必涉及过程。摘要内容项按一定逻辑顺序组织排列形成其常规结构：问题、目的→方法、过程→结果、结论→创新→局限、展望开头为问题、目的陈述（研究背景，将做什么），中间前为方法、过程描述（怎么做），中间后为结果、结论及创新描述（做出什么），结尾为局限、展望（未来做什么）。摘要类型不同，对内容项侧重不同，如报道性摘要侧重结果、结论、创新点及局限、展望，可提及方法，常不写过程；指示性摘要侧重写过程，常不写结果、结论、创新点及局限、展望。

7.1

摘要的内容与结构总结：摘要的内容与结构第7页使用报道性摘要形式表述论文价值较高的内容，指示性摘要形式表述论文的一般性内容。篇幅常介于以上两种摘要之间。信息、资料性摘要。简要概括和反映OMRC：目的（objective）、方法（methods）、结果（results）、结论（conclusions），提供尽可能多的定性定量信息，充分反映创新点。相当于论文简介，能部分取代阅读全文，原创论文、专题技术报告优先使用说明性、描述性、论点性摘要。一般用两三句话概括主题，不涉及论据和结论，可不写研究目的、方法、结果，以及结论、建议等。多用于综述、研究简报、会议报告，适于创新少或无创新的论文报道性指示性复合性

7.2

摘要的类型第8页报道性摘要实例（4要素-OMRC）Abstract:InDecember2019,aclusterofpatientswithpneumoniaofunknowncausewaslinkedtoaseafoodwholesalemarketinWuhan,China.Apreviouslyunknownbetacoronanviruswasdiscoveredthroughtheuseofunbiasedsequencinginsamplesfrompatientswithpneumonia.Humanairwayepithelialcellswereusedtoisolateanovelcoronavirus,named2019-nCoV,whichformedacladewithinthesubgenussarbecovirus,Orthocoronavirinaesubfamily.DifferentfrombothMERS-CoVandSARS-CoV,2019-nCoVistheseventhmemberofthefamilyofcoronavirusesthatinfecthumans.Enhancedsurveillanceandfurtherinvestigationareongoing.句二至四报道研究成果：提出成果（发现一种新冠状病毒）及方法（全基因组测序）；描述成果对象（分离位置、命名、类属及在人感染冠状病毒家族中的定位）第9页AnovelcoronavirusfrompatientswithpneumoniainChina句五全局总结，暗示成果的阶段性或局限性，须进一步研究句一描述背景，暗示样本来源（武汉不明原因肺炎患者，可能与一家海鲜批发市场有关）指示性摘要实例（连谓）ReviewofLarge-EddySimulationofNon-PremixedTurbulentCombustionAbstract:Recentdevelopmentsinthemethodologyoflarge-eddysimulationappliedtoturbulent,reactingflowsarereviewed,withspecificemphasisonmixture-fraction-basedapproachestononpremixedreactions.Sometypicalresultsarepresented,andthepotentialuseofthemethodologyinapplicationandthefutureoutlookarediscussed.

以非预混反应的混合分数方法为重点，综述了大涡流模拟方法在湍流、反应流中应用的研究进展，给出一些典型的结果，讨论这些方法的应用前景，并进行展望。3个被动句，谓语动词指出做了什么：

arereviewedarepresentedarediscussed具体结果、结论、成果未交待第10页复合型摘要实例（背景+连谓）BiologyandApplicationsofCRISPRSystems:HarnessingNature’sToolboxforGenomeEngineeringAbstract:Bacteriaandarchaeapossessarangeofdefensemechanismstocombatplasmidsandviralinfections.UniqueamongthesearetheCRISPR-Cas(clusteredregularlyinterspacedshortpalindromicrepeats-CRISPRassociated)systems,whichprovideadaptiveimmunityagainstforeignnucleicacids.CRISPRsystemsfunctionbyacquiringgeneticrecordsofinvaderstofacilitaterobustinterferenceuponreinfection.InthisReview,wediscussrecentadvancesinunderstandingthediversemechanismsbywhichCasproteinsrespondtoforeignnucleicacidsandhowthesesystemshavebeenharnessedforprecisiongenomemanipulationinawidearrayoforganisms.

前三句陈述领域知识，点出主题（领域、范围），但未交待综述研究的必要性最后一句交待做了什么工作（目的），但未给出结果及指导性

结论、展望第11页（1）确定摘要类型。先确定摘要的类型，类型不同，其写作侧重就不同，比如报道性摘要侧重研究的结果与创新，指示性摘要侧重研究的过程与方法罗列。通常应优先用报道性摘要，其次是复合性摘要，最后是指示性摘要。（2）简短概括背景。背景高度概括简短，侧重引出问题、交待目的，不要过多介绍主题知识、概括研究意义，也不要简单重复前言，甚至将前言中已写或应在前言中写而未写的较多内容写入，更不要补充、修改、解释、评论正文。

7.3

摘要的写作要求第12页（3）提炼概括正文。提炼、概括论文主体的主要内容，避免大幅照搬论文或直接重复题名。例如，论文题名是“颠覆性技术的特征与预见方法”，其摘要就不宜出现如“对颠覆性技术的特征与预见方法进行研究”之类的语句。（4）行文有序展开。与论文主体的内容和结构相对应来安排摘要，使摘要各部分按事物关联、研究内容等的内在时间、空间、逻辑等关系有序安排、展开，语句成分搭配，表达简明，语义确切，上下连贯，互相呼应，结构严谨，层次清晰。

7.3

摘要的写作要求第13页（5）把握人称省略。从第三人称（如本文、本研究、本文章、本课题）或第一人称（如我、我们、笔者、作者、本团队、本项目组）的角度写，这类词语做主语或状语时，其出现与否的效果若相同就可省去，形式省略，表意不变，语言简化。（6）使用术语符号。对公知公用的术语或领域使用较广的新术语，可直接使用；对出现不久还未被领域认可或尚无合适叫法的新术语、新词语，使用时应括注或直接用原词语。对使用不太广泛的一般缩略语、代号，首次出现时宜先写出全称，再括注其简称。

7.3

摘要的写作要求第14页（7）不要出现图表。尽量用文字来概括论文内容，通常不能出现插图、表格。式子可以出现，也可以不出现，按表达需要来确定，但总的原则是，尽量不要出现式子，特别不要出现繁杂或庞大的数学式、化学结构式，少用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的表达式。（8）不要轻易引文。按表意需要确定是否引用文献，通常无须引用文献，引用文献会有抄袭之嫌疑。若确有引用文献需要，如突出对他人成果（已发表文献）的否定或修正，或直接干涉他人的成果，则可以考虑引用文献。

7.3

摘要的写作要求第15页（9）规范量和单位。将摘要视作一种科技文体（小短文），正确、规范地使用量和单位，严格而科学地执行《量和单位》国家标准及其他相关标准、规范，做到量名称、量符号、单位名称、单位符号、单位词头等表达的标准化、规范化。（10）提升语言文字。简洁、确切，通顺、明快，易读、易懂，慎用或少写长句难懂句，成分搭配，表意明白清晰，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，没有语病，用修辞手法提升表达效果。

7.3

摘要的写作要求第16页（11）避免过度自夸。实事求是，不作自我评价，避免表达不严谨或言过其实，除非事实或表达需要，不用Thispaperpresents…forthefirsttime或Theresearchsimilartothispaperhasnotbeenfoundbyliteraturesearch之类的语句。

7.3

摘要的写作要求第17页注意英文表达

7.3

摘要的写作要求第18页避免连续用多个形容词，名词，或形容词、名词来修饰名词，可用连字符连接名词词组中的名词，或用介词短语，形成修饰单元简化措辞和重复单元。例如：

atatemperatureof250℃to300℃改为at250℃~300℃，

discussedandstudiedindetail改为discussed正确使用冠词，不随便省略冠词，尤其是定冠词主动、被动语态相结合，同一复句前后分句不宜用两种不同语态用过去时叙述工作内容、过程，现在时叙述研究目的、结果和结论

（如Thisstudyisto…,Theresultshows…），少用完成时和将来时脱离论文内容，出现了与论文内容不相符的新情况、新信息偏离研究主题，出现了不切题或无关的背景介绍、现状描述工作交待冗余，知识、背景介绍冗余，工作内容、过程繁杂成果体现不够，结论、成果表述中缺少创新内容、技术要点简单复制照搬，过多地重复题名、前言、结论中的有关语句对原始结果作补充、修改和多余的诠释、评论甚至自我评价

7.4

摘要写作的常见问题第19页脱离事实或有关数据、资料、内容，出现了言过其实的表达出现了图表引用，没有必要地出现了冗长公式或繁杂数学式在不涉及（证实或否定）他人成果的情况下引用了相关文献内容和结构不太完整，缺少必要的目的、方法、结果、结论用较多论证代替介绍、描述，将报道变成议论，甚至还举例使用标号、代号、特殊字符、图符等难录难懂的超语言要素

7.4

摘要写作的常见问题第20页没有用标准的专业词汇、术语，表达不够准确、严谨、求实一般缩略语、简称、代号等首次出现时未给出或注明其全称未正确用量和单位，量和单位使用不标准、不规范，问题多篇幅太短，短到只有几句甚至一句，只描述过程不交待结果篇幅过长，表达冗余，不浓缩、不概括，无独立性、自明性完全不考虑摘要的应有功能，整篇写成背景介绍和因果论述

7.4

摘要写作的常见问题第21页实例一MasteringthegameofGowithdeepneuralnetworksandtreesearchNature,Vol529,28January2016实例二TheAnthropoceneisfunctionallyandstratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHolocene

Science,Vol351,Issue6269,8January2016第22页

7.5

摘要写作实例评析Abstract:ThegameofGohaslongbeenviewedasthemostchallengingofclassicgamesforartificialintelligenceowingtoitsenormoussearchspaceandthedifficultyofevaluatingboardpositionsandmoves.HereweintroduceanewapproachtocomputerGothatuses‘valuenetworks’toevaluateboardpositionsand‘policynetworks’toselectmoves.

Thesedeepneuralnetworksaretrainedbyanovelcombinationofsupervisedlearningfromhumanexpertgames,andreinforcementlearningfromgamesofself-play.Withoutanylookaheadsearch,theneuralnetworksplayGoatthelevelofstate-of-the-artMonteCarlotreesearchprogramsthatsimulatethousandsofrandomgamesofself-play.WealsointroduceanewsearchalgorithmthatcombinesMonteCarlosimulationwithvalueandpolicynetworks.Usingthissearchalgorithm,ourprogramAlphaGoachieveda99.8%winningrateagainstotherGoprograms,anddefeatedthehumanEuropeanGochampionby5gamesto0.

Thisisthefirsttimethatacomputerprogramhasdefeatedahumanprofessionalplayerinthefull-sizedgameofGo,afeatpreviouslythoughttobeatleastadecadeaway.

第23页实例一的摘要MasteringthegameofGowithdeepneuralnetworksandtreesearch第一句交代研究领域、范围：围棋一直是人工智能领域最具挑战性的经典游戏。ThegameofGohaslongbeenviewedasthemostchallengingofclassicgamesforartificialintelligenceowingtoitsenormoussearchspaceandthedifficultyofevaluatingboardpositionsandmoves.

第24页实例一的摘要第一句第二句提出研究目的和方法：提出一种评估棋局位置和选择落子的新方法；基于价值网络（valuenetworks）和策略网络（policynetworks）。HereweintroduceanewapproachtocomputerGothatuses‘valuenetworks’toevaluateboardpositionsand‘policynetworks’toselectmoves.

第25页实例一的摘要第二句第三句进一步阐释方法：对围棋高手下过的棋局进行监督学习，对自我对局棋局进行强化学习，将二者结合起来训练这些深度神经网络（价值、策略网络）。Thesedeepneuralnetworksaretrainedbyanovelcombinationofsupervisedlearningfromhumanexpertgames,andreinforcementlearningfromgamesofself-play.第26页实例一的摘要第三句第四句陈述使用上述方法的结果，说明方法的先进性：不用任何前向搜索，深度神经网络通过模拟成千上万的随机自我对局，可以达到最先进的蒙特卡洛树搜索程序的水准。Withoutanylookaheadsearch,theneuralnetworksplayGoatthelevelofstate-of-the-artMonteCarlotreesearchprogramsthatsimulatethousandsofrandomgamesofself-play.第27页实例一的摘要第四句第五句提出另一研究目的和方法：提出一种新的搜索算法；将蒙特卡罗模拟与价值、策略网络相结合。WealsointroduceanewsearchalgorithmthatcombinesMonteCarlosimulationwithvalueandpolicynetworks.第28页实例一的摘要第五句第六句陈述使用这一新算法的结果：开发出的围棋比赛程序AlphaGo相比其他围棋程序可以达到99.8%的获胜率，并以5∶0击败了欧洲围棋冠军。Usingthissearchalgorithm,ourprogramAlphaGoachieveda99.8%winningrateagainstotherGoprograms,anddefeatedthehumanEuropeanGochampionby5gamesto0.第29页实例一的摘要第六句第七句点出创新：实现了计算机程序AlphaGo在全进阶围棋比赛中首次击败人类职业棋手，是一种比常规至少提前10年实现的壮举。Thisisthefirsttimethatacomputerprogramhasdefeatedahumanprofessionalplayerinthefull-sizedgameofGo,afeatpreviouslythoughttobeatleastadecadeaway.第30页实例一的摘要第七句Abstract:HumanactivityisleavingapervasiveandpersistentsignatureonEarth.VigorousdebatecontinuesaboutwhetherthiswarrantsrecognitionasanewgeologictimeunitknownastheAnthropocene.

WereviewanthropogenicmarkersoffunctionalchangesintheEarthsystemthroughthestratigraphicrecord.Theappearanceofmanufacturedmaterialsinsediments,includingaluminum,plastics,andconcrete,coincideswithglobalspikesinfalloutradionuclidesandparticulatesfromfossilfuelcombustion.Carbon,nitrogen,andphosphoruscycleshavebeensubstantiallymodifiedoverthepastcentury.Ratesofsea-levelriseandtheextentofhumanperturbationoftheclimatesystemexceedLateHolocenechanges.Bioticchangesincludespeciesinvasionsworldwideandacceleratingratesofextinction.ThesecombinedsignalsrendertheAnthropocenestratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHoloceneandearlierepochs.第31页实例二的摘要TheAnthropoceneisfunctionallyandstratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHolocene第一、二句交代研究领域及主题：人类活动在地球上留下了普遍而持久的印记，关于这是否可表明被称作的人类纪是一个新的地质时期的激烈争论一直存在。

HumanactivityisleavingapervasiveandpersistentsignatureonEarth.VigorousdebatecontinuesaboutwhetherthiswarrantsrecognitionasanewgeologictimeunitknownastheAnthropocene.

第32页实例二的摘要第一、二句第三句指出研究目的（本文工作），通过地层记录回顾地球系统功能变化的人类起源标记。WereviewanthropogenicmarkersoffunctionalchangesintheEarthsystemthroughthestratigraphicrecord.第33页实例二的摘要第三句第四至七句阐述结果，给出由回顾得出的结论性认识：包括铝、塑料和混凝土在内的沉积物中制造材料的出现，与化石燃料燃烧产生的放射性核素和微粒的全球峰值相吻合；在过去的一个世纪里，碳、氮和磷的循环发生了很大改变；海平面上升的速率和人类对气候系统的干扰程度超过了全新世晚期的变化；生物变化包括世界范围的物种入侵和加速灭绝的速度。Theappearanceofmanufacturedmaterialsinsediments,includingaluminum,plastics,andconcrete,coincideswithglobalspikesinfalloutradionuclidesandparticulatesfromfossilfuelcombustion.Carbon,nitrogen,andphosphoruscycleshavebeensubstantiallymodifiedoverthepastcentury.Ratesofsea-levelriseandtheextentofhumanperturbationoftheclimatesystemexceedLateHolocenechanges.第34页实例二的摘要第四至七句第八句进行总结，给出总结性结论：以上各种信息结合起来使人类纪的地层学与全新世和更早期的截然不同。Bioticchangesincludespeciesinvasionsworldwideandacceleratingratesofextinction.ThesecombinedsignalsrendertheAnthropocenestratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHoloceneandearlierepochs.第35页实例二的摘要第八句实例TheoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesiumNature,2015,526:62−67[2023-12-13]./articles/nature15364第36页

7.6

摘要和结论实例对比37Abstract①Magnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium38Abstract①Magnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium①直接切入背景，提出表观问题，塑性差、很难形成和使用及轻量化结构均是相关研究问题与目标，也是材料和工业界常识用词通俗易懂，读者群体较宽泛，材料类在读博士，10000人无障碍阅读通过无问题39Abstract①Magnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulations

utilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.

③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium②进入方法、发现，涉及难懂的专业知识。核心方法是分子动力学模拟、密度泛函理论，而揭示…现象是重要成果（但未交待具体结果），揭示是表学术质量的定性词开始涉及难懂的术语，对分子动力学和密度泛函，材料物理、材料化学方面的专业人士才可能懂得较多，10000博士中可能就只有1000人能轻松理解了

概括总结全文，直接点明使用方法而获得重要发现（揭示…，解释宏观性能的一个疑团）与摘要②不同：摘要告知做了什么，但未告具体所得结果（摘要的广告性）；结论告知做了什么，并将具体结果一起放送，散发着学术笔记风味有<c+a>小圈子术语，1000人能轻松理解了40Abstract①Magnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium③较为细致表述研究结果的理论部分，阐明镁金属微观世界发生的现象，如位错、滑移想要说明宏观现象，自然从微观找原因。到此能顺畅理解的差不多还有200人吧

重述镁金属的微观行为，与摘要有重复，却必要疲惫不堪的阅读快要结束时，用贴切的总结语来结束，给读者莫大关怀，但要更加直截了当、简洁明快，任何冗余语句都不要再出现41Abstract①Magnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductility

ofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium④接着③继续表述，微观升级到宏观，机理外化到现象，回到标题。如室温、高硬化、低塑性是宏观的概念，问题表象层专业性最强、艰涩，可能只有100人能理解

实验验证+重述镁宏观行为（位错、高硬化和低塑性），与摘要重复，宏观行为易受到关注摘要在于点出发现，有无创新是关键，结论还要对新发现提供保证，有无验证和可信度是关键42Abstract①Magnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsi