2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练专题07 阅读理解说明文（解析版）

专题07阅读理解说明文目录题型综述 1解题攻略 3题型01细节理解题 3题型02词句猜测题 4题型03判断推理题 6题型04主旨大意题 9高考练场 11题型简介说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。命题类型细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。解题思路快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。题型01细节理解题说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),finally,not

only,but

also,then,in

addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as,such

as,for

example,for

instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however,but,yet,in

fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike,until,not

so

much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。

做这类题目时，做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。Studentsandteachers,aswellassomeparents,sitontwowoodenbenchesrunningthelengthofthehallwayoftheirschool.TheytaketurnsreadingfromtheOhén:tonKarihwatéhkwen,whichtranslatesfromtheMohawklanguageto“Wordsbeforeallelse.”Thesewords,whichexpressappreciationforalllifeforms,marktheday’sstartattheAkwesasneFreedomSchool.Butthe60-oddstudentsherewouldn’tunderstandtheselessonsifitweren’tforthislittleschoolhouseattheUnitedStates-Canadaborder.“Thismakesuswhoweare,andifwedon’thavethis,whoarewegoingtobe?”asksteacherKawehnokwiiosthe,whosenameinEnglishmeans“Shemakestheislandbeautiful.”Kawehnokwiiostheturnstoheryoungpupilsandstatesthattheyarewise,orage5,Mohawkisthemediumofeducationforstudentsineveryclassfromkindergartento8thgrade.WhenachildasksaquestioninEnglish,KawehnokwiiostherespondsinMohawk.MostparentspayfortheirchildrenwithahandmadequiltsoldinAugust.Theschoolisrunasacooperative,whereparentsdothecleaningalongwiththestudentsandthemaintenancework.StudentscomefromAmericanandCanadiansidesoftheborder,buttheschoolhasneveracceptedfundsfromeithergovernment,saysAlveraSargent,whoheadsthenonprofitFriendsoftheAkwesasneFreedomSchoolandisoneofthelastfirst-languagespeakersofMohawk.Thatmakesherindispensable,saysWaylonCook,formerteacherandnowprojectmanageroftheschool’snonprofitarm.“Wetreasureourfirst-languagespeakers,”hesays.“Wetreasurethembecausetheyaresoimportantforustocontinueonourlanguage.”9．WhatistheOhén:tonKarihwatéhkwenabout?A．Awayofgreeting. B．Awaytostartandendaday.C．Deeprespectforthenaturalworld. D．Old-fashionedbusinesspractices.10．Whatcanbelearnedabouttheschool?A．ItisheadedbyWaylonCookcurrently.B．Itisself-governedbythelocalcommunity.C．Itacceptskidsfromkindergartentohighschool.D．ItemploysbothEnglishandMohawkforteaching.【答案】9．C10．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一所学校为了保护莫霍克语所付出的努力。9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Thesewords,whichexpressappreciationforalllifeforms,marktheday’sstartattheAkwesasneFreedomSchool.(这句表达对所有生命形式感激之情的话标志着阿克韦森自由学校一天的开始)”可知，Ohén:tonKarihwatéhkwen是关于对自然世界的深切尊重。故选C。10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Theschoolisrunasacooperative,whereparentsdothecleaningalongwiththestudentsandthemaintenancework.(学校是以合作社的形式经营的，家长和学生一起做清洁和维护工作)”可知，这所学校由当地社区自治。故选B。题型02语意猜测题说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the

underlinedpart

…

in

paragraph…refers

to…或whatdoestheunderlined

word

mean?或what

is

the

meaning

of

the

underlined

word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them

等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。解解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。ThepopularityofDurianPersonalitiesisalsodrivenbythelongingfordepthandgenuineemotioninmodernsociety.Psychologicalresearchshowsthatwithincreasingrelianceonsocialnetworksandinstantmessagingtools,shallowrelationshipshavemademanylosepatienceandabilityfordeepcommunication.However,DurianPersonalitiesofferacure:Its“unapproachability”becomesafilteringmechanism,avoidingfrivoloussocialinteractionsandencouragingdeeperengagementinvaluableinterpersonalconnections15．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“frivolous”inparagraph3probablymean?A．Regular. B．Unnecessary. C．Nonprofitable. D．Time-consuming.【答案】15．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是“榴莲人格”以及其性格特点。15．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“DurianPersonalitiesofferacure:Its“unapproachability”becomesafilteringmechanism,avoiding(榴莲人格提供了一种治疗方法：它的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免……)”以及后文“socialinteractionsandencouragingdeeperengagementinvaluableinterpersonalconnections.(……社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系)”可知，榴莲人格的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免了不必要的社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系。故划线词意思是“不必要的”。故选B。DrKatyTamattheUniversityofTorontoScarboroughsaidboredomwascloselylinkedtoattention.“Wefeelboredwhenthere’sagapbetweenhowengagedweareandhowengagedwewanttobe,”shesaid.“Whenpeoplekeepswitchingthroughvideos,theybecomelessengagedwiththevideosandtheyarelookingforsomethingmoreinteresting.Thiscanleadtoincreasedfeelingsofboredom.”Theresultsappeartochimewithotherstudies:astheteamnotes,previousresearchhassuggestedthatwhileboredomreliefisadriverforpeopletousesocialmediaorsmartphones,theuseofsuchtechnologyappearstomakethefeelingworse.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“chimewith”meaninParagraph3?A．agreewith B．comparewith C．contrastwith D．disagreewith【答案】30．A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多伦多斯卡伯勒大学的研究人员关于人们浏览视频的研究，研究表明不断切换视频或在同一视频中前后跳跃实际上会让人们感到更无聊。30．词句猜测题。根据前文“Whenpeoplekeepswitchingthroughvideos,theybecomelessengagedwiththevideosandtheyarelookingforsomethingmoreinteresting.Thiscanleadtoincreasedfeelingsofboredom.(当人们不停地切换视频时，他们对视频的参与度就会降低，他们会寻找更有趣的东西。这可能会增加无聊感)”以及后文“astheteamnotes,previousresearchhassuggestedthatwhileboredomreliefisadriverforpeopletousesocialmediaorsmartphones,theuseofsuchtechnologyappearstomakethefeelingworse.(正如研究小组指出的那样，之前的研究表明，尽管缓解无聊是人们使用社交媒体或智能手机的一个动力，但使用这些技术似乎会让感觉更糟)”可知，之前的研究和现在的研究结果一样，推知chimewith是“以……一致，同意”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。Yourownexperienceofrevisingforexamsmighttellyouthatsessionsofuninterruptedconcentrationcanhelpyoutobetterrememberkeypiecesofinformation.Indeed,manystudentswillengageinintensiverevisionjustbeforeatest—inthebeliefthatessentialsubjectfactsandfigureswillbememorizedreadyforexamday.However,thiscommonlyheldwisdomhasbeencontradictedbyanobservationmadeinapsychologicalstudy.NowknownastheZeigarnikeffect,itwasfoundthatinterruptionduringataskthatrequiresfocuscaninfactimproveaperson’sabilitytorememberitafterwards.49．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thiscommonlyheldwisdom”inparagraph2referto?A．Rememberingessentialsubjectfactsguaranteessuccessinexams.B．Interruptiononmemoryprocessinggeneratesunexpectedresults.C．Uninterruptedconcentrationcontributestoeffectiverevision.D．Revisionwithfullconcentrationboostslong-termmemory.【答案】49．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家BlumaZeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。49．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Yourownexperienceofrevisingforexamsmighttellyouthatsessionsofuninterruptedconcentrationcanhelpyoutobetterrememberkeypiecesofinformation.(你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However,thiscommonlyheldwisdomhasbeencontradictedbyanobservationmadeinapsychologicalstudy.(然而，thiscommonlyheldwisdom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“thiscommonlyheldwisdom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterruptedconcentrationcontributestoeffectiverevision(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。题型03判断推理题推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一,包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题,是阅读理解中层次较高的题目,因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。这类题目常见的设问方式有：1.What

wastheauthor’sattitudetowards

...?

2.Thepassageisintendedto...3.Theauthorsuggeststhat...4.Thestoryimpliesthat…5.Whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?6.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...7.Thepurposeofthepassageisto...。解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。ResearchersfromSunYat-senUniversitysharedtheirfindingsinInternationalEnvironmentthatmicroplastics(微塑料)canmakehairlossworsebyhurtingtheskin’sprotectivebarriersthroughaprocesscalledoxidativestress(氧化应激).Microplasticsareverysmallpiecesofplastic,smallerthan5millimeters.Theycomefrombiggerplasticitemsbreakingdown,likeshoppingbags,take-outcontainers,anddrinkbottles.Thesetinybitscangetintowater,soilandairandtheycanmoveupthefoodchainanddepositinourbody.Theresultofthefirststudyshowswhenmicroplasticsaretestedinlivinganimals,theycancreateoxidativestressandstopcertainproteinsfromworkingproperly.Thiscanhurttheskinandthepartsofthehairfollicleswherehairgrows,finallyleadingtohairfallingout.Inthesecondstudy,researchersexploredhownewandagedmicroplasticsaffecttheskinandhairinmice.Theygavemicewaterwiththesemicroplasticsfortwomonthstoseewhatwouldhappentotheirhair.Afterjustoneday,researcherscouldseethatthemicroplasticshadmovedthroughthemice’sstomachs,gotintotheirbloodandendedupintheirhair.Aftertwomonths,themicethatdrankwaterwithagedmicroplasticshadmoredamagedskinandfallinghairthanthosewithnewmicroplastics.Butfurtherexperimentsareneededtodecidewhetheragedmicroplasticsaremoreharmful.“Notably,indailylifemicroplasticscanbefoundinbottledwater,clotheswewear,andeventheairwebreathe.Itisestimatedthatapersonconsumesapproximately5gramsofmicro-plasticparticlesperweekonaverage,”saidresearchleaderWangXusheng.17．Howdoestheauthordevelopparagraph2?A．Byquotation. B．Bylistingnumbers.C．Bycomparison. D．Bygivingadefinition.18．Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3&4?A．Microplasticsareabsorbedthroughmanyorgans.B．Microplasticsfinallydepositinthemice’sstomachs.C．Researcherswillcarryoutfurtherexperimentsonhumanbeings.D．Newandagedmicroplasticsaffectthemicetothesameextentinthefirststudy.19．WhatisWangXusheng’sattitudetowardsmicroplasticsindailylife?A．Indifferent. B．Objective. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical.20．Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?A．Tostressontheimportanceofhairprotection.B．Tointroducesomenewfindingsofmicroplastics.C．Tocallforurgentactiononplasticbanworldwide.D．Towarnreadersthedangerofmicroplasticsindailylife.【答案】17．D18．A19．C20．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料通过氧化应激损害皮肤屏障，加重脱发的研究发现。17．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Microplasticsareverysmallpiecesofplastic,smallerthan5millimeters.Theycomefrombiggerplasticitemsbreakingdown,likeshoppingbags,take-outcontainers,anddrinkbottles.Thesetinybitscangetintowater,soilandairandtheycanmoveupthefoodchainanddepositinourbody.(微塑料是非常小的塑料片，小于5毫米。它们来自于大型塑料物品的分解，比如购物袋、外卖容器和饮料瓶。这些微小的颗粒可以进入水、土壤和空气，它们可以沿着食物链向上移动，并沉积在我们的体内)”可知，作者通过下定义的方式解释了微塑料是什么。故选D。18．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“Afterjustoneday,researcherscouldseethatthemicroplasticshadmovedthroughthemice’sstomachs,gotintotheirbloodandendedupintheirhair.Aftertwomonths,themicethatdrankwaterwithagedmicroplasticshadmoredamagedskinandfallinghairthanthosewithnewmicroplastics.(仅仅一天之后，研究人员就可以看到微塑料已经穿过老鼠的胃，进入它们的血液，最后进入它们的头发)”可以推断，微塑料通过多个器官被吸收。故选A。19．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Notably,indailylifemicroplasticscanbefoundinbottledwater,clotheswewear,andeventheairwebreathe.Itisestimatedthatapersonconsumesapproximately5gramsofmicro-plasticparticlesperweekonaverage,”saidresearchleaderWangXusheng.(“值得注意的是，在日常生活中，瓶装水、我们穿的衣服、甚至我们呼吸的空气中都含有微塑料。据估计，一个人平均每周摄入约5克塑料微粒，”研究负责人王旭生说)”可知，王旭生提到日常生活中的微塑料问题时，表达了对微塑料广泛存在及其潜在危害的关注和担心。故选C。20．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“ResearchersfromSunYat-senUniversitysharedtheirfindingsinInternationalEnvironmentthatmicroplastics(微塑料)canmakehairlossworsebyhurtingtheskin’sprotectivebarriersthroughaprocesscalledoxidativestress(氧化应激).(中山大学的研究人员在《国际环境》杂志上分享了他们的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过一个称为氧化应激的过程损伤皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发)”可知，文章主要介绍了中山大学研究人员的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过氧化应激过程伤害皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发。因此推知，文章的主要目的是介绍微塑料的一些新发现。故选B。题型04主旨大意题说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This

passage

mainly

talks

about

____.What

is

the

mainideaofthepassage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This

passage

mainly

talks

about

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答题时首先答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。Thebrainisprotectedbyshock-absorbingfluidand,outsidethat,theskull.Inaconcussion(脑震荡),thebrainbouncesaroundintheskull,accelerating,deceleratingorrevolving.Thiscreatesaseriesofimpacts.Theneurons(神经元)inthebrainaredisturbed,andbetweenthoseneurons,theaxons-thinfibersthattransmitelectricalimpulses–stretchorbreak.Insidethebrain,it’slikeanearthquakethathashappened.Everythingisstillstanding,buttherearecracksintheroadsandinbuildingfoundations.Thisextremelysmalldamagehasbigconsequences.Butdecadesago,thepublichada“walkitoff”attitudetowardsconcussions.That’schanged,thanksinparttoanincreasedawarenessaboutthelong-termeffects.The2015film“Concussion”tellsthetruestoryofDrBennetOmalu,aforensicpathologiststudyingchronictraumaticencephalopathy(CTE),abraindisordercausedbyrepeatedheadinjuries.Untilrecently,thedark-roomtreatmentwasthestandardprescribedbymostdoctors,involvingpatientsrestingindarknessandwithoutanymentalstimulation,untiltheirsymptomseasedoff.Thissuggestioncameoutofstudiesinthe1990sandearly2000sthatfoundwhenathleteswithconcussionscontinuedwithhighlevelsofactivity,theyrecoveredmoreslowlythanthosewhorested.Butpeoplewhospendmoretimeinadarkroom-sometimescalled“cocooning”-arealsomorelikelytoexperienceanxiety,depressionandsleepproblems.Theirbodiesgetweakerduetounderuse,aswell.“Scienceandresearchhaveevolvedoverthepastdecade,showingthatwhenyoustopdoingactivityaltogether,thatactuallyaffectsyourrecoveryprocess,”saysBabul,asports-injuryspecialist.Theactive-restapproachtoconcussionrecoverypromotesaslowincreaseinactivity,startingwithadayortwooflightdailymovement,andgraduallyaddingactivity,buildingtoafullreturntonormal,unrestrictedactivity.“Peoplewhofollowtherightguidanceandmanagementtendtorecoveruneventfully,andthosewhodon’tandcontinuetodotheiractivitiescontinuetotaxtheirbrainandarelikelytohavelong-term,persistingsymptoms,”Babulsays.“Thekeyistorecognizeitimmediatelyandknowwhattodo.”41．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theworkingsofconcussion. B．Thecausesofconcussion.C．Thesymptomsofconcussion. D．Theeffectsofconcussion.44．Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A．FromInactiontoAction:ConcussionShocks. B．FromDarknesstoLight:ConcussionRecovery.C．FromOutsidetoInside:ConcussionTreatment. D．FromNothingtoSomething:ConcussionStudy.【答案】41．A44．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。41．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Thebrainisprotectedbyshock-absorbingfluidand,outsidethat,theskull.Inaconcussion(脑震荡),thebrainbouncesaroundintheskull,accelerating,deceleratingorrevolving.Thiscreatesaseriesofimpacts.Theneurons(神经元)inthebrainaredisturbed,andbetweenthoseneurons,theaxons-thinfibersthattransmitelectricalimpulses–stretchorbreak.Insidethebrain,it’slikeanearthquakethathashappened.Everythingisstillstanding,buttherearecracksintheroadsandinbuildingfoundations.(大脑是由吸震液保护的，在吸震液之外，还有头骨。在脑震荡中，大脑在头骨中反弹，加速，减速或旋转。这产生了一系列的影响。大脑中的神经元受到干扰，在这些神经元之间，轴突——传输电脉冲的细纤维——伸展或断裂。在大脑内部，就像发生了一场地震。一切都还在，但道路和建筑地基上有裂缝。)”可知，第一段的主要讲的是脑震荡的机制，包括脑部在颅骨内的运动及其对神经元的影响。故选A项。44．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段““Peoplewhofollowtherightguidanceandmanagementtendtorecoveruneventfully,andthosewhodon’tandcontinuetodotheiractivitiescontinuetotaxtheirbrainandarelikelytohavelong-term,persistingsymptoms,”Babulsays.“Thekeyistorecognizeitimmediatelyandknowwhattodo.”(Babul说：“遵循正确指导和管理的人往往会平静地康复，而那些不遵循正确指导和管理的人则会继续进行活动，继续给大脑带来负担，并可能出现长期持续的症状。”“关键是要立即意识到这一点，并知道该怎么做。”)”可知，文章主要讲的是脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。故这篇文章最好的标题是“从黑暗到光明：脑震荡的康复”。故选B项。（2024·新高考卷I阅读理解C篇）Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?A.Seemunlikelytolast. B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse. D.Becomeeasytonotice.29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly. B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstand.C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly. D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedia.30.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention. B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills. D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.语篇解读主旨概要本文是一篇说明文，这篇文章主要讲了在阅读方面，纸质书相比电子书，音频，视频在信息的吸收，专注度，参与度方面都要胜出不少，为了支撑这个论点，作者用了很多理论和实证来支撑自己的观点。原文出处本文来自美利坚大学语言学教授NaomiS.Baron（内奥米··S.巴伦）的一篇名为Whyweremembermorebyreading–especiallyprint–thanfromaudioorvideo的文章/why-we-remember-moreby-reading-especially-print-than-from-audio-or-video/语言知识重难单词comprehensionn理解（力）；onscreenadv在屏幕上；viewv[名词动化]看看；；contentn内容；；coverv[熟词生义]涉及，处理；；factorn因素；；concentrationn专心，专注；entertainmentn消遣，娱乐；multitaskv同时执行多项任务；consumev消费，消耗；confirmv证实；printn[熟词生义]印刷品，出版物；experimentern实验员；posev[熟词生义]提出；identifyv识别，找到；mentaladj思考的，思想的，精神的；abstractionn抽象；physicaladj物理（学）的；propertyn[熟词生义]性质，特性；literaladj确确实实的，真实的；visualadj视觉的；geographyn[熟词生义]布局；distinctadj不同的；aspectn方面；proposev提出；shallowv变浅；approachv处理，对待；seriousadj严肃的，需认真思考的；engagingadj有吸引力的，有趣的；sayv[熟词生义]比方说；assignv布置；demonstratev证明；；identicaladj完全相同的；；piecen[熟词生义]文章，报道；rolen[熟词生义]作用；availableadj可获得的；maximizev使增加到最大限度，使最大化；reflectionn反思，深思；assumev认为，假定，假设；randomlyadv随机地；；informativeadj提供有用信息的implyv暗指；applyv运用；multipleadj多种的；techniquen技巧；producev制作重难词块thewrittenword书面文字；；relateto涉及，与……相关；avarietyof各种各样的；；atendencytodosth做某事的倾向；shinethrough表现明显；drawinferencesfrom从……中推断出结论；berelatedto与与……有关；；physicalproperties物理特性；；alongwith与…一起；；link…to...将……同……联系起来；；(be)suitedto适合……；mentaleffort脑力，心力；inprint已刊印，已出版；mentalfocus精神集中；callfor需要；treatsthlightly对待某事持轻松的态度；holdsb’sattention保持某人的注意力；developadvancedskills培养高级技能长难句分析Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks–likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage–toonesthatrequirementalabstraction–suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.句意为：当实验人员从提出简单的任务，如找到阅读文章的主旨，，转向需要抽象思维的任务，如从文本中推断出结论时，纸质阅读的好处尤为明显。本中句中when引导时间状语从句，从句谓语为move，likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage和suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext分别补充说明simpletasks和onesthatrequirementalabstraction。Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.句意为：根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要少。suitedtosocialmedia作后置定语修饰mindset，which引导的非限词制性定语从句，修饰先行词socialmedia，and连接主句并列的谓语approach和devote。【答案】28.D29.A30.A31.C【解析】【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据前文“Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“whenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shinethrough应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowinghypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowinghypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。（2024·新高考卷II阅读理解C篇）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheco