教师公开招聘考试小学英语模拟试卷4

教师公开招聘考试小学英语模拟试卷4

（共8套）

（共295题）

教师公开招聘考试小学英语模拟试卷4

（共8套）

（共295题）

教师公开招聘考试小学英语模拟试卷第

1套

一、阅读理解（本题共30题，每题1.0分，共30分。）

Whilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganization,communallifecreatesspecial

hazards.Whiletheorganizaliunofsocietycanreducethedangersofdisease,tradeand

urbanization,withtheirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollution,canalso

aggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcentury,duringthebriefcalmbetween

thepolioandAIDSepidemics,epidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogens

（cancer-producingsubstances）frompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld.To

theeconomist,effortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.The

benefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaser

ofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietya"freeride"withrespecttothebenefits

obtained.Tomarkettheorists,suchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofgovernmentalintervention

inthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexplainaspectsofpublichealthlaw

andassistsinfittingitintomoderneconomictheory,itomitsacriticalpoint.Illhealthis

notamerebyproductofeconomicactivity,butaninevitableoccurrenceofhuman

existence.Asaresult,whereverthereishumansociety,therewillbepublichealth.Every

societyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmust,everysocietysearchesto

makediseasecomprehensiblewithinthecontextofthesociety'sownparticularculture,

religion,orscience.Inthissense,healthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsare

indivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecause

communallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit.

Governmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcare,actingas

iftheirrolewereobligatory.Howgovernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvaried

throughouttimeandacrosssocieties,accordingnotonlytothewealthandscientific

sophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues-becausehealthisdefined

inpartbyacommunity'sbeliefsystem,publichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflect

culturalnormsandvalues.ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfor

notprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurance

coverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandard,seventeenthandcightccnth-

centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.However,

despitethegeneralpaucity(scarcity)ofbureaucraticorganizationinpre-industrial

America,thevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Of

course,thepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthv/as

carriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealth

regulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucracies,tendingtoappearincrisesand

fadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefbcuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnatural

andwarrantingaresponse,nottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichwere

acceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionally,andnotsurprisingly,religious

influencewassignificant,especiallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finally,inanerawhich

lackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateandgovernmentalbodies,manypublic

responsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.

Nevertheless,theextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfare

stateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration'sassumptionsaboutthe

relationshipbetweengovernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonly

assumed.

1、Howcancommunallifecreatespecialhazardswithregardtodisease?

标准答案：Tradeandurbanization,withtheirconsequentproblemsofsanitationand

pollution,canalsoaggravatesuchdangers.

知识点解析•：细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句可知，社会的组织可以减少疾

病、贸易和城市化的危险，以及由此产生的卫生和污染问题，同时也可以加剧这种

危险。

2、Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisible

amongbeneficiaries"?

标准答案：Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietya"free

ride"withrespecttothebenefitsobtained.

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段第三句可知，医疗保健的唯一私人购买

者将使社会中的其他人能够“免费获得''这些福利。

3、Whatdetermineshowwellgovernmentsfulfilltheirdutyofprovidinghealthcare?

标准答案：Notonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsoto

itsfundamentalvalues.

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句可知，政府是如何履行这一义务

的。这一义务在整个社会和整个社会都有不同，这不仅取决于文化的财富和科学的

复杂性，而且也取决于其基本价值一一因为健康在一定程度上是由社区的信仰体系

所界定的，公共卫生措施必须反映文化规范和价值观。

4、WhatcanreaderslearnaboutsomeAmericanpeople'sattitudetowardtheirhealth

caresystemandreasonfortheirattitude?

标准答案：ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfornotproviding

healthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurancecoveragefor

thecostsofmedicalexpenses.

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句可知，那些批评今天美国政府没

有为所有公民提供医疗保健的人，把提供医疗保健等同于医疗费用的保险。

5、Whydidn'torganizationresponsibleforhealthregulationsbackinthe18thcentury

respondtomanyprevalentandchronicdisease?

标准答案：Organizationsresponsibleforhealthregulationwerelessstablethanmodern

bureaucracies,tendingtoappearincrisesandfadeawayinperiodsofcalm.

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段第五句可知，负责卫生管理的组织比现

代官僚机构稳定，在危机中出现，在平静时期逐渐消失。

Everyonemakesmistakes,[G1].Makingamistakeatwork,however,canbe

moreserious.itmaycauseproblemsforyouremployerandevenaffectthecompany's

bottomline.Evilconsequenceswillfinallycomedowntoyou.Simplycorrectingyour

mistakeandmovingonmaynotbeanoption.Whenyoumakeamistakeatwork,your

careermaydependonwhatyoudonext.Admityourmistake.Tellyourbossaboutyour

mistakeimmediately.Theonlyexceptionisthatyoumakeaninsignificanterrorthatwill

notaffectanyone.Otherwise,don'ttrytohideyourmistake.[G2]Present

yourbosswithaplantofixyourmistake.Whenyougotoyourbosstoadmityour

mistake,youmusthaveaplanforcorrectingit.Presentyourplanclearly.Tellyourboss

howlongitwilltaketocarryoutyourplanandifthereareanycostsinvolved.Don't

blameanyoneelseforyourmistake.[G3]Encouragethosewhomayshare

responsibilitytofollowyourleadinadmittingtoyourboss.[G4].There'sa

bigdifferencebetweenadmittingyourmistakeandbeatingyourselfupaboutit.Take

responsibilitybutdon'tblameyourselfformakingit,especiallyinpublic.Correctyour

mistakeonyourowntime.Ifyouhavetospendextrahoursatworktocorrectyour

mistake,don'texpecttobepaidforthattime.[G5]A.Pointingfingerswon't

helpyouifyoumakeamistakeB.YouwilllookterribleifsomeoneelsediscoversitC.

StrengthenyourfriendshipwithyourbossD.Youcanuseyourlunchhourorcomeinto

workearlyE.Apologizeforyourmistakebutdon'tbeatyourselfupF.Usuallyyoucan

correctyourerrororjustforgetaboutitandmoveonG.You'llfeelashamedifyour

colleaguetakestheresponsibilityfbryou

6、[Gl]

标准答案：F

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。后一句however表示转折，句意：工作中犯错就很

严重了。F符合上下文语境，意为：通常情况下你可能会改正你的错误或者忘记犯

过的错误并继续前行，故选F。

7、[G2]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。本段主题为：Admityourmistake（承认错误），犯

了错就应立刻跟你的老板承认你的错误。除非你犯的错无关紧要不影响别人，否则

不要试图掩饰你的错误。“要是被别人发现你会很惨''符合语境。故选B。

8、[G3]

标准答案：A

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。根据本段主题“Don'tblameanyoneelseforyour

mistake（不要因为你的错误而责怪任何人）"可知A项'、如果你犯了错，指责别人

没有任何帮助''符合语境。故选A。

9、[G4]

标准答案：E

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。细读本段可知本段大意为“承认错误与打倒自己是

有区别的。承担责任，但不要苛责自己，尤其是公共场合”。E项”为错误道款但不

要把自己打倒''符合语境。故选E。

10、[G5]

标准答案：D

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。本段主题为：用自己的时间弥补错误。根据本段内

容“如果你不得不加班来弥补你的错误，不要指望加班费。''可知D项"你还可以用

午餐时间或者提早上班来补救自己的错误”符合语境。故选Do

Imagineanarea34timesthesizeofManhattan.Nowimagineitcoveredinankle-deep

plasticwaste—atotalofabout19billionpoundsofgarbage.[G1]"We're

beingoverwhelmedbyourwaste,"saidJennaJambcck,anenvironmentalengineerv/ho

ledthe2015studythatdeterminedthisastonishingnumber.[G2],unless

somethingisdonetostopthetideofgarbage.Plastic—awidely-usedmaterial—hasin

manywaysbeenabenefittohumansbutithasalsocausedagrowingproblem.Today,

plasticsarctheNo.ltypeofgarbagefoundinthesea.OceanConservancy,anon-profit

corporationthatorganizesanannualcoastalclean-upeventworldwide,saidplasticwaste

makesuparound85percentofthegarbagecollectedfrombeachesandoceans.Ocean

Conservancysaysplasticsarebelievedtothreatenatleast600differentwildlifespecies.

[G3];agrowingbodyofevidencesuggestshumansareconsumingplastics

throughtheseafoodweeat.Aresearchsuggestssomeplasticscouldbepoisonousto

humansandcouldpotentiallyincreasetheriskofhealthproblems.[G4]At

theEconomistWorldOceanSummit2018,tennationsannouncedtoreduceplasticsea

litteraspartofUNEnvironment'sCleanSeacampaign,[G5]Corporations

alsohavearole,asdoindividuals.Wecanstartbythinkingtwicebeforeusingsingle-use

plasticproducts-andwhenwedousethem,weshouldtakecaretoproperlythrowthem

offorrecycle.A.ThefollowingiswhatwcshoulddoB.Andit'snotjustwildlifethat's

threatenedC.Andthisfigureislikelytodoubleby2025D.Butit'snotjustcountriesthat

needtodotheirparts.E.By2050,thatfigureisexpectedtoriseto1,000speciesF.Thal's

howmuchplasticwasteendsupinouroceanseveryyearG.Allofushaveanimportant

roletoplayindealingwiththeproblems

11、[Gl]

标准答案：F

知识点解析：考查上卜文语境。根据前一句"Nowimagineitcoveredankle-deepin

plasticwaste-atotalofabout19billionpoundsofgarbage.“可知，总共塑料垃圾为190

亿英傍。F选项，这就是每年流到海洋里塑料垃圾的数量，与前文切题，故选F。

12、[G2]

标准答案：C

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。根据后一句"unlesssomethingisdonetostopthetide

ofgarbage.”可知，除非采取一些措施来减少垃圾。而C选项，预计到2025年，数

量翻倍，与后文形成条件关系，切题，故选C。

13、[G3]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：考查.上下文语境。根据后一句"agrowingbodyofevidencesuggests

humansareconsumingplasticsthroughtheseafoodweeat.”可知>越来越多的证据显

示人类通过食用海产品也吸入了塑料。B选项，不仅动物受到威胁，与下文形成总

分关系，切题，故选民

14、[G4]

标准答案：G

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。根据本段后文tennations以及corporalions可知，

这个问题需要全世界共同合作。G选项，所有人都能够起作用，切题，故选G。

15、[G5]

标准答案：D

知识点解析：考查上下文语境。根据下句“Curpuialiunsalsohavearule,asdo

individuals.”可知，金业和个人也有作用。D选项，不仅仅是国家可以采取措旅，

开启下文，切题，故选D。

XiaoLi,acollegestudentbornafter1995,usedtowashherhaireverytwodays.Butas

theweatherhasgotcolder,shehasbecomelazier.Shehasboughtamistspray（免洗喷

雾）,whichallowshertowashherhairlessoften.SheisnottheonlyyoungChinesewho

spendsmoneybecauseshe'slazy.AccordingtothereportissuedinDecemberbyChina's

c-commcrccplatformTaobaoonChina'slazyeconomy（经济），Chinesepeoplespent16

billionyuanonproductsandservicesonlinein2018.Thepost-1995（95后）generation

wasthe"laziest"asitsconsumption（ifj费）increasedby82percent,comparedwiththat

in2017.Theso-calledlazyeconomyreferstoanewtypeofconsumptionofproductsand

serviceswhicharedesignedtosavetimeandlabor.Accordingtothereport,manypeople

ofthepost-1995generationbuyhigh-techelectronicdevicessuchasfloormopping

robotsandautomaticwindowcleaners,whichsavethetroubleofdoinghouseholdchores.

Meanwhile,takc-outfooddeliveryservicesarealsopopularamongpeoplebornafter

1995.Youngpeoplearcwillingtospendmoneyonsuchproductsbecausetheywantto

enjoyhard-earnedleisuretimeafterabusyandstressfuldayatworkorschool,reported

GlobalTimes.Becausetheyneedtofocusontheirstudiesorjobs,theseso-calledlazy

peopletendtousetheirsparetimemorefreely.Whilethelazyeconomymightbe

convenientforyoungpeople,itmightalsocreateproblems."Thelazyeconomyon

campusisexpressedindungslikepeoplebuyingfoodorotherthingswithoutleavingthe

dormitory.Asaresult,theystayintheirdormitoriesalldaylong,playingoncomputers

andsmartphones,"atutorsurnamedWenfromBeijingJiaotongUniversitytoldChina

News.AccordingtoJinanDaily,thissituationcouldleadtoyoungpeoplebecomingless

sociableandevendevelopingproblemsofcommunicatingwithothers.Youngpeople

shouldbealerttoit."Thelazyeconomyisachoiceoflifestyle.Whilethelazyeconomy

saveslimeandlabor,thesavedtimeshouldbeusedtodovaluablethings/*commented

OrientToday.

A/AnItothebuyccononi)

Chinesefirufde16btUion)IMU)onpnxiiMi*undsenicesunlinrin2018.

'Ih*ofthe«nhncbuyingotthepiMt-1995|«encniiiunwa»mu<h2.comparedwith

Phenomenon

thatin2017.

(现象)

k

Chinr«c93thepoM/9950mrration.liketoittrhigh-terhelr<tn)nicdevices.

Manyyuungproplclikebuvinfffoodorotherthin<>tonline

Peoplecanha»emoretimeIorelaxthcm«cl*e»after■hardday'»work.

4

Peopleranalno»penda»muchlimetutthe><«nworkingand»lu<hin|i.

Di.■小.nUtfrfiYoungpeoplenuyhaveproUrmlullingemmunicMionwithothers.

(JuiM*epeoplesprnl16INUMMI》u4nonproductsand“nicr#onlinein2018.

The43oftheonlinebuying</ihrJKMI-1995grnrrationmuch2.exnpowd»ith

Pttenootmon

ihaiin2017.

(现象)

YuungChinexr.3thep>M«l995grnrnitNNi,liketoxhigh-techrlctirocii<-<le»1<•**».

Man?MMJngpeoplelikebuyingfoodor<xl»rrthinpotilinr.

Thelax*ccooonni»ant*wtypeofronMimpOanofproducts«nd•rnice*»hi<harcdeigned

lo心utimeandlabor.

Iti««kindoflilrstylewrmayrhoom*.Urkhou!dEw»dcrthr5ofihrWEItime.

16、[Gl]

标准答案：survey

知识点解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段第二句"Accordingtothereport”可知，本文

是一篇调查报道，故填入survey。

17、[G2]

标准答案；lazier

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第三句"Thepost-1995generationwas

theUaziesfasitsconsumptionincreasedby82percent,comparedwiththatin2017.”可

知，95后是最懒的一代，乂因空前是much,是比较级的修饰词，所以木空应咳填

比较级，故填入lazier。

18、[G3]

标准答案：like

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第一句"Accordingtothereport,manypeople

ofthepost-1995generationbuyhigh-techelectronicdevices”可知，95后这一代喜欢买

高科技电子产品，由于本空只能填一个单词，所以应是“像95后这一代的年轻

人”，故填入like。

19、[G4]

标准答案：Advantages

知识点解析：概括归纳题。由表格中所给信息,、人们可以有更多的时间放松、学习

和工作”可知，这些都是懒经济的优点，故填入Advantages。

20、[G5]

标准答案：use

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句"thesavedtimeshouldbeusedtodo

valuablethings”可看出，节省下来的时间应该用来做有价值的事情，因此此处表示

要合理利用节省下来的时间，故填入use。

Ifyouwanttohelpreduceglobalwanningandairpollution,oneofthebestthingsyou

candoisgetoutofyourcar.Walkorrideabicycleforshorttrips,andtakepublic

transportationforlongerones.Eitherway,youwillsignificantlyreducetheamountof

pollutionandgreenhousegasemissions(排放物)youproduceeachday.Transportation

accountsformorethan30percentofU.S.carbondioxideemissions.Accordingtothe

AmericanPublicTransportationAssociation(APTA),publictransportationintheUnited

Statessavesabout1.4billiongallonsofpetrolandabout1.5milliontonsofcarbon

dioxideannually.Yet,only14millionAmericansusepublictransportationdailywhile88

percentofalltripsintheUnitedStatesaremadebycar—andmanyofthosecarscarry

onlyoneperson.Publictransportationbenefitspeopleinmanyways.Forexample,

althoughanincreasingproportionoftheoilconsumedintheUnitedStatesisnow

producedinNorthAmerica,muchofitstillconiesfromoverseas.Usingpublic

transportationcanreducetheuseofoil,whichmakespeoplelessdependentonother

countriesinenergy.Besides,ridingabusismuchsaferthandrivinganautomobile,and

takingthetrainandtakingthesubwayareevensafer.Studieshaveshownthatpeople

whousepublictransportationregularlytendtobehealthierthanpeoplewhodon't,

becauseoftheexercisetheygetfromwalkingtoandfrombusstops,subwaystations,

theirhomesandoffices.AccordingtoanAPTAstudy,familiesthatusepublic

transportationcanevenreducetheirhouseholdfeesby$6,200annually,morethanthe

averageU.S.householdspendingonfoodeveryyear.Trainsystemsarethemostefficient

onesinmanyways,emittinglesscarbondioxideandusinglessfuelperpassengerthan

busesandcars,buttheyarcoftenmuruexpensivelubucaniuduul.Anulhuipromising

alternativeisbusrapidtransit(BRT),whichrunsextra-longbusesinspeciallanes.A

studybytheBreakthroughTechnologiesInstitutefoundthataBRTsysteminamedium­

sizedU.S.citycouldreducecarbondioxideemissionsbymorethan650,000tonsduring

a20-yearperiod.Ifyouliveinanareawithgoodpublictransportation,dosomething

goodfortheplanettoday.Parkyourcarandtakethesubwayorthebus.Ifyoudon't,talk

toyourlocalandfederalelectedofficialsaboutthebenefitsofitandhowitmayhelp

solvesomeoftheproblemstheyarcdealingwithrightnow.

Topic：ChoowPublicTraizjxNtaiion(orFccrEniztonB

[u*ingprivatrcarsisapuodwayh>futiallrgjolwilwnnningaswella»air

Introduction

poilution.

n»j!!husi”publictninxpur1ati<Nicangettniiclienrrgj2HIM!ICK»carbon

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inAmerica

can*,andwttnxjslill,manyofthemtendlodrive3.

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・Ifyouli%einanamiwithgoodpublicimmporUlion.useitiml”dofyour

mncar.

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・Ifyouilcm*!«AppealtoyourlocalpHrmmrntlodeveloppublic

ImmfMrtation.

21、

标准答案：Avoiding

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第一句"Ifyouwanttohelpreduceglobal

warmingandairpollution,oneofthebestthingsyoucandoisgetoutofyourcar.“可

知，避免使用私家车是应对全球变暖和大气污染的一个好办法。avoiddoingslh.意

为“避免做某事“，为固定用法；符合空格处后面的using；分析题干句子结构可知

“1usingprivatecars”为主语,所以用现在分词，且首字母大写。故填入Avoiding。

22、

标准答案：saved

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句"publictransportationintheUnited

Statessavesabout1.4billiongallonsofpetrolandabout1.5milliontonsofcarbon

dioxideannually”可知，使用公共交通工具可以节约能源，减少二氧化碳的排放。

getsth.done意为“使”,为固定用法。故填入saved。

23、

标准答案：alone/individually/separately

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第二届的最后一句"Yet,only14millionAmericans

usepublictransportationdailywhile88percentofalltripsintheUnitedStatesaretrade

bycar-andmanyofthosecarscarryonlyoneperson.”可知，在美国88%的出行都是靠

私家车，甚至很多私家车只载一个人。故填alone/individually/separately。

24、

标准答案：Benefits/Strengths/Advantages/Profits

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句"Publictransportationbenefitspeople

inmanyways.”和表格右栏的内容可知，此处讲的是公共交通的好处。故填入

Benefits/Strengths/Advantages/Profitso

25、

标准答案：independence

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第三句"Usingpublictransportationcanreduce

theuseofoil,whichmakespeoplelessdependentonothercountriesinenergy”可知，

公共交通系统的使用可以减少石油的消耗，减轻对他国的能源的依赖，即有利于能

源独立。故填入independenceo

26、

标准答案：superior

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第四句"Besides,ridingabusismuchsafer

thandrivinganautomobile,andtakingthetrainandtakingthesubwayarcevensafbr.”

可知，乘坐公共交通要比开私家车更安全。besuperiorio意为“胜过，优于“，为固

定用法v故填入superior^

27、

标准答案：exercise

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第五句"Studieshaveshownthatpeoplewho

usepublictransportationregularlytendtobehealthierthanpeoplewhodon't,because

oftheexercisetheygelfromwalkingtoandfrombusstops,subwaystations,their

homesandoffices.”可知，乘坐公共交通给乘客提供了锻炼的机会。故填入

exercise0

28、

标准答案：energy-efficient/cncrgy-saving

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“Trainsystemsarcthemostefficientonesin

manyways,emittinglesscarbondioxideandusinglessfuelperpassengerthanbuses

andcars”可知，铁路系统比私家车更节能。故填入energy-efficient/energy-savingo

29、

标准答案：greatly

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据第五段第二句"aBR'Tsysteminamedium-sized

U.S.citycouldreducecarbondioxideemissionsbymorethan650»000tonsduringa20-

yearperiod”可知，在美国中等大小的城市，快速公交系统在20年的时间内可以减

少不止650000吨的二氧化碳排放，即快速公交系统可以大大减少二氧化碳的排

放。故填入greatly。

30、

标准答案：appeal(s)/suggestions/tips/advice

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段及表格右栏的内容可知，此处主要讲的是

作者的呼呼/建议。故填入appeal(s)/suggestions/tips/advice。

一、阅读理解(本题共30题，每题1.0分，共30分。)

Whilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganization,communallifecreatesspecial

hazards.Whiletheorganizationofsocietycanreducethedangersofdisease,tradeand

urbanization,withtheirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollution,canalso

aggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcentury,duringthebriefcalmbetween

thepolioandAIDSepidemics,epidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogens

(cancer-producingsubstances)frompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld.To

theeconomist,effortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.The

benefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaser

ofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietya"freeride"withrespecttothebenefits

obtained.Tomarkettheorists,suchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofgovernmentalintervention

inthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexplainaspectsofpublichealthlaw

andassistsinfittingitintomoderneconomictheory,itomitsacriticalpoint.Illhealthis

notamerebyproductofeconomicactivity,butaninevitableoccurrenceofhuman

existence.Asaresult,whereverthereishumansociety,therewillbepublichealth.Every

societyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmust,everysocietysearchesto

makediseasecomprehensiblewithinthecontextofthesociety'sownparticularculture,

religion,orscience.Inthissense,healthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsare

indivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecause

communallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit.

Governmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcare,actingas

iftheirrolewereobligatory.Howgovernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvaried

throughouttimeandacrosssocieties,accordingnotonlytothewealthandscientific

sophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues-becausehealthisdefined

inpartbyacommunity'sbeliefsystem,publichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflect

culturalnormsandvalues.ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfor

notprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurance

coverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandard,seventeenthandeighteenth­

centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.However,

despitethegeneralpaucity(scarcity)ofbureaucraticorganizationinpre-industrial

America,thevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Of

course,thepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthv/as

carriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealth

regulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucracies,tendingtoappearincrisesand

fadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefocuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnatural

andwarrantingaresponse,nottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichv/ere

acceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionally,andnotsurprisingly,religious

influencewassignificant,especiallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finally,inanerawhich

lackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateandgovernmentalbodies,manypublic

responsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.

Nevertheless,theextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfare

stateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration'sassumptionsaboutthe

relationshipbetweengovernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonly

assumed.

31、Howcancommunallifecreatespecialhazardswithregardtodisease?

标准答案：Tradeandurbanization,withtheirconsequentproblemsofsanitationand

pollution,canalsoaggravatesuchdangers.

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句可知，社会的组织可以减少疾

病、贸易和城市化的危险，以及由此产生的卫生和污染问题，同时也可以加剧这种

危险。

32Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsare

indivisibleamongbeneficiaries'1?

标准答案：Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietya"free

ride"withrespecttothebenefitsobtained.

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段第三句可知，医疗保健的唯一私人购买

者将使社会中的其他人能够“免费获得''这些福利。

33、Whatdetermineshowwellgovernmentsfulfilltheirdutyofprovidinghealthcare?

标准答案：Notonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsoto

itsfundamentalvalues.

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句可知，政府是如何履行这一义务

的。这一义务在整个社会和整个社会都有不同，这不仅取决于文化的财富和科学的

复杂性，而且也取决于其基本价值一因为健康在一定程度上是由社区的信仰体系

所界定的，公共卫生措施必须反映文化规范和价值观。

34、WhatcanreadersleamaboutsomeAmeric