英文【CAS-德勤】锂离子电池回收-面向绿色未来的市场及创新趋势（英）

Lithium-ionLithium-ionBatteryMarketandInnovationAdivisionoftheAmericanchemicalsocietyDeloitte.ExecutiveSummary2MarketLandscape8TechnologicalInnovation12FuturePerspectives23CaseStudy：BrunprecyclingReferences•Capacityexpansion•Digitalsolutions•Pathwaytoprofitability1.Tighteningregulationsandcompliancerequirements345678ElectricvehiclebaElectricvehiclebatteryrecyclingtechnologypolicyNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionRecyclingoftractionbatteryusedRecyclingoftractionbatteryusedinelectricvehicleAQSIQDirectoryofwasteelectricalandelectronicequipmenttreatmentNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionTheimplementationplanoftheextendedproducerTheStateCouncilofChinaPolicyonPolicyonpollutionpreventiontechniquesofwastebatteriesMinistryofEnvironmentalProtectionMeasuresfortheadministrationofthecascadeutilizationoftractionbattMeasuresfortheadministrationofthecascadeutilizationoftractionbatteriesfornewenergyvehiclesMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyandothersActonresourcecirculationofelectricalandelectronicequipmentandvehiclesMinistryofEnvironment,SouthKoreaLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonthepreventionandcontrolofsolidwastepollutionTheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeopleIsCongressofpowerbatteriesrecycleofnovelenergies-basedvehiclesMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyAdministrationmeasureforcollectingwastevehiclesCirculareconomydevelopmentplanduringthe14thFive-YearPlanperiod(2021-25)AdministrationmeasureforcollectingwastevehiclesGeneralOfficeoftheStateGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilNewenergyautomotiveInterimmeasuresforthemanagementofrecyclingandutilizationofnewenergypowervehiclebatteryNewenergyautomotiveInterimmeasuresforthemanagementofrecyclingandutilizationofnewenergypowervehiclebatteryindustrydevelopmentplan(2021-2035)Ministryofindustrydevelopmentplan(2021-2035)MinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyandothersGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilPilotworkonrecyclingandutilizationofpowerbatteriesforelectricvehiclesMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyAreportbyEPA:Ananalysisoflithium-ionbatteryfiresinwastemanagementandrecyclingU.S.EPAMinistryofCommerceandothersDetailedrulesfortheimplementationofthemeasuresforthemanagementofscrappedmotorvehiclerecyclingMinistryofCommerceandothersAnnex2:StrategicactionAnnex2:StrategicactionplanonbatteriesEuropeanCommission(EC)Newcross-industryworkgroupU.S.Newcross-industryworkgroupU.S.EPAImplementationrulesforcertificationofsecond-lifebatteriesfornewenergyvehiclesNationalCertificationandAccreditationAdministrationInflationReductionActU.S.DepartmentofTreasuryLithiumLithiumBatteryRecyclingRegulatoryStatusandFrequentlyAskedQuestionsU.S.DepartmentofTreasury-GeneralrequirementsMinistryofIndustryandInformation-GeneralrequirementsMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyRecoveryoftractionbatteryusedinelectricvehicleNewbatteriesregulationEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncilTechnicalspecificationsofpollutioncontrolfortreatmentofwastepowerlithium-ionbatteryMinistryofEcologyandEnvironmentEuropeanCommission(EC)Rules,2022MinistryofEuropeanCommission(EC)Rules,2022MinistryofEnvironment,ForestryandClimateChange2023BatteryWasteManagement2.Supply-chaindecarbonizationisbeingprioritizedbyautoOEMsWhileelectricvehiclesareregardedascleanfortheabsenceofdirecttailpipeemissionsfromfuelcombustioninoperation,theproductionoftheirLIBsisasignificantsourceofcarbonintensity.ProducingLIBsaccountsforapproximately40-60%ofthetotalemissionsproducedduringanEV’smanufacturingprocess.Inresponsetoincreasingpressurefromregulators,investors,andstakeholdersforreducedcarbonfootprints,leadingautoOEMsareswiftlyadvancingtheirzero-carbonstrategieswithaparticularfocusonessentialmaterials,especiallybatteries(Figure2).AsakeytargetinVolkswagen’scarbon-neutralstrategy,thegroupcommittedtoreducingcarbonemissionbyanaverageof30%overtheentirelifecyclecomparedto2018levels.Toachievethisgoal,Volkswagenlaunchedapilotfacilityforrecyclingvehiclebatteriesatthebeginningof2021andplanstoadoptaspecificcirculareconomyKPIforitsupstreambatterysuppliers.TeslaVolkswagenSAICMercedes-BenzChanganNet-zerotargetSupplychaindecarbonizationrelatedtoTeslaVolkswagenSAICMercedes-BenzChangan//Setuprecyclingfacilitieswithanannualrecyclingcapacityofupto1.3GWh/EstablishedaLCAcarbonfootprintaccountingmethods3GWhofbatterymaterialsweredispatchedtorecyclingpartnersin2023TracecarbonfootprintofcomponentsandrawmaterialsbyCatena-X,ashareddataecosystemCooperatewithHuayouCircularintheclosed-looprecycling/CooperateswithGreenmaxtoachieverecyclingofbatteriesSetaspecificKPIforthetopicofcirculareconomywhichwillbeusedinbatteryproductionPilotbatteryrecyclingplantforautomotivepowerbatteriesinSalzgitter/CooperatewithCATLtopromotetherecyclingofbatteries/CarriedoutcarbonfootprintaccountingforallmodelsandrankedtopintheC-GCAPEntrustqualifiedsupplierstorecyclebatteriesTrackandmeasurethecarbonfootprintofsupplychainwithinthenexttenyearsWideuseofrecycledmaterialsandrenewableenergyintheproductionprocessJointheInternationalEPDPassengerCarPCRStandardWorkingGroupEstablishajointventurewitharecyclingcompanyforrecyclingbatteriesSelf-developedcarbonmanagementinformationplatformFormedanindustrialalliancerecyclingmodelwithOEMsasthecoreSource:Companywebsite,publicinformation,DeloitteresearchFigure2.LeadingEVOEMs’net-zerostrategiesandkeytasksrelatedtobatteries.EVbatteriescontainvariousmineralssuchaslithium,nickel,andcobalt,whichemitsubstantialamountsofCO₂intheirminingandrefiningprocesses.Therefore,batteryrecyclingandrawmaterialsrecoveryisanimportantsteptowarddecarbonization.Inaddition,batteryrecyclingalsohelpstoreduceenergyconsumptionandcarbonemissionsintransportation,manufacturing,andotherprocesses.InaresearchpaperpublishedbyFraunhoferIWKSin2023,thelife-cycleenvironmentalimpactsofthreemajorrecyclingrouteswereevaluated.19Thestudyestimatesthatrecycling1kgoflithiumbatteriescanreducecarbonemissionby2.7to4.6kgCO₂equivalent.Amongtheevaluatedmethods,directrecyclingdemonstratedthehighestenvironmentalperformance(Figure3).32103.EVbatteriesareusheringawaveofretirementGwhEnd-of-lifeLi-batteryLi-batteryprocessscrapsCathodeprocessscrapsCAGR+43%20212022202320242025202620272028202920304.RecyclingtobridgethefuturesupplygapforcriticalrawmaterialsLithium-DemandLithium-MiningLithium-Chemicals3734324083704502035Cobalt-DemandCobalt-MiningCobalt-Refining435472410215240224Nickel-DemandNickel-MiningNickel-Refining6,2066,3863,7963,4513,1043,7963,4515,5705,5704,0954,2894,2654,5774,2474,5664,247202320301.Recyclingmarketprojection22Established-Volume(tons/year)SwedenSwedenPlanned:13,000NorwayEstablished:1Planned:1BelgiumNorwayEstablished:1Planned:1BelgiumEstablished:1Planned:05,00010,000-20,00070,000-90,000100,000-150,000200,00-300,000300,000-500,000FinlandEstablishedFinlandEstablished:3Planned:1UnitedKingdomEstablished:1Planned:3PolandPlanned:2Established:4Planned:0ChinaPlanned:7JapanEstablished:2Planned:2UnitedStatesEstablishedUnitedStatesEstablished:10Planned:12SouthKoreaEstablished:2Planned:3Established:2Planned:3SwitzerlandEstablished:1Planned:1AustraliaEstablishedAustraliaEstablished:2Planned:0Established:8Planned:5Established:0SingaporeEstablished:0SingaporePlanned:2Planned:1Planned:2IndiaIndiaPlanned:6Established:0Planned:12.Industrialvaluechain(Figure7).VehicleVehiclemanufacturingBatterymanufacturingEvaluation/ScreeninglifebatteryRemanufacturing Third-partyrecyclersBatterymanufacturersOEMThird-partyrecyclersBatterymanufacturersOEM-ledallianceModelFeaturesGEMGEMMiracleAutomationMiracleAutomationEngineering/GoldenTigerEngineering/GoldenTigerLi-CycleLi-CycleRedwoodMaterialsRedwoodMaterialsGlencoreStenarecyclingNanotechGlencoreStenarecyclingNanotechNanotechGuoxuanHighTech(GXHT)GXHT•Third-partyrecyclers•Batterymanufacturers•AutoOEMs2,000ofpublicationsofpublicationsNumber800Number600400200Journal*200420042005200620072008200920102012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024PublicationyearNumberofPublicationsNumberofPublications7,971ChinaJapanSouthKoreaGermanyUnitedKingdomOthers586ChinaJapanSouthKoreaGermanyUnitedKingdomOthers586Country/Region*** NumberNumberofpatentpublications250200Others(3%)GermanyOthers(3%)UnitedStatesUnitedStates(4%)12%Japan71%BrunpRecyclingTechnBrunpRecyclingTechnNewMaterialTechnologyHefeiGuoxuanHigh-techTechnologyToyotaMotorDowaEco-SystemCommercialpatentassignees28),2.ValuewinsovermassindrivingtherecyclingmethodologySeparators(PP,PE)CurrentcollectorsCurrentcollectors(AlandCu)\CathodeElectrolyte(LiPF6)Componentsof(LiPF6)Anode(Graphite)Housing(Housing(SteelorAl)323536RECOVEREDMATERIALS(fromslagandfumes)Licompounds,graphiteanode,Source:CAS3.Leadingthecharge:PyrometallurgyandhydrometallurgyremaindominantforLIBrecyclingJournalsPatentsJournalsPatents*NumberofpublicationsPyrometallurgyHydrometallurgyNumberofpublications40020020042005200620042005200620072008200920102012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024Publicationyear4.Cathodekings:ThecriticalroleofcathoderecyclinginLIBs38392,500NumberNumberofpublications2,0000Hydrometallurgy&PyrometallurgyPyrometallurgyHydrometallurgyCathodeAnodeElectrolyteSeparatorCurrentcollector400China33%33%33%Japan36%35%32%35% 44%26% UnitedStates27%26%21% Germany24%32%CommercialCommercialpatentassignees42,43BrunpRecyclingTechnologySumitomoMetalMiningAnhuiNaradaHuaboNewMaterialTechnologyJXNipponMining&MetalsHefeiGuoxuanHigh-techPowerEnergyGEMHunanKeykingRecyclingTechnologySKInnovationToyotaMotorDowaEco-SystemCathodetypeHydrometallurgyHydrometallurgy&PyrometallurgyHydrometallurgyPyrometallurgyDirectHydrometallurgyPyrometallurgyDirectrecyclingCurrentcollectorCathodeElectrolyteSeparatorCathodeElectrolyteSeparatorAnodeAnodeRecyclingmethodPartsrecycledNumberofpatentpublications5.Recyclingshowdown:TheultimatecomparisonofLIBrecyclingmethods44ENVIRONMENTALEnergyrequirements3emissionsGaseousCurrentcollectors(Cu,Al)andMnrecoveryemissionsGaseous2LiquidemissionsCathoderecoveryLiquidemissionsefficiency0InitialinvestmentLithiumrecoveryInitialinvestmentPre-treatmentstepsSimultaneousprocessingofvariouscathodetypesPre-treatmentstepsSimultaneousprocessingofvariouscathodetypesProcessingtimeHydrometallurgyPyrometallurgyDirectrecyclingAdvantages2:Medium3:HighSource:CAS1.Recyclingtechnologyinnovationstotapthecostandsafetyissues4649TECHNOLOGYDESCRIPTIONMATURITY2020MATURITY2024OTHERDETAILSPyrometallurgyUseshigh-temperaturefurnaces(>1000oC)tomeltandseparatethebatterycomponentsMatureMatureHydrometallurgyUsesaqueoussolutionstodissolvethebatterycomponents.Includesacidicleaching,extraction,andprecipitationMatureMatureSince2010,hydrorecyclershavereceivedVCfundingof$1.2billion.FundingtobeusedforcommercializationpurposesincludingtheconstructionofnewfacilitiesDirectrecyclingCathodematerialcanberecoveredwithouttheuseofacidsorsmeltingSmallprototype(TRL=4)LargeprototypePrincetonNuEnergy(PNE)hasreceivedover$55millioninfunding,Boschco-ledaninvestmentof$36MtoLiIndustriesElectricity-basedrecyclingUseofelectriccurrentsandvoltagetoseparatethemetalsConceptConceptBatterydesignedforrecyclingDesigningbatterieswithrecyclinginmind,tomakedisassembly,recyclingorevenrejuvenationeasier,saferandmoreefficientLargeprototypeLargeprototype2.Adoptionofdigitaltoolstoincreasetraceabilityandefficiency50CategoryKeyApplicationsImpactDataManagement&Tracking••••••Automation&Robotics••••AdvancedAnalytics&AI••••CircularEconomyPlatforms••••3.Collaborationacrossthevaluechainisbecomingthekeyforscalingup5004003002000Growingtrendofbatteryrecyclingpartnerships20202021202220232024(Jan-Oct)Closed-LoopRecyclingSystems•Telsa&RedwoodMaterials:Partnertocreateaclosed-looprecyclingprocessforEVba廿eries•Mecedes-Benz,GEM,CATL:Collaborationtorecycleba廿erymaterialsandfeedthembackintonewba廿eryproductionAdvancedRecyclingTechnologies•Northvolt&Hydro:Workingonalow-energyhydrometallurgicalprocessforEVba廿eryrecycling•Farasis&TsinghuaUniversity:Collaboratinginthefieldofsafetytechnologydevelopmentforba廿eriesRecyclingCapacityExpansion••GanfengLithium&BrunpRecycling:InvestinginrecyclingfacilitiesinChinatoexpanddomesticrecyclingcapacity.Fortum&BASF:Developingba廿eryrecyclinginfrastructureinEuropetosupportlarge-scalerecycling.SustainabilityStandards•GlobalBatteryAlliance:Collaboratingtoestablishstandardsforethicalsourcingandsustainablerecyclingofba廿erymaterials.RegulatoryCompliancePartnership••RedwoodMaterials&U.S.DOE:CollaborationtosupporttheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’srecyclinggoals.Umicore&EUBatteryDirective:Umicore’sworkwiththeEUtomeetingrecyclingefficiencytargetsMaterialsSupplyCollaboration••Glencore&SamsungSDI:PartneringtosupplyrecycledcobaltforSamsung’sba廿eryproduction.BMW&BASF:Workingtogethertoensurethesupplyofrecycledcobaltandlithiumforba廿eryproductionRecy