高考理综知识点总结归纳物理化学生物

高考理综知识点总结归纳(物理、化学、生物)高中理科知识点总结高中所有化学方程式物理学习记忆口诀;力的图示法口诀你要表示力，办法很简单。选好比例尺，再画一段线，长短表大小，箭头示方向，注意线尾巴，放在作用点。物体受力分析施力不画画受力，重力弹力先分析;摩擦力方向要分清，多、漏、错、假须鉴别。牛顿定律的适用步骤画简图、定对象、明过程、分析力;选坐标、作投影、取分量、列方程;求结果、验单位、代数据、作答案。不等臂天平称量法天平两臂不相等，待测物体左右称;物体质量是多少,两数积的算术根。匀速圆周运动“匀速圆周”并不匀，速度方向变不停，加速度，向圆心，速度平方比半径。功和能的区别和联系状态定，能量定，状态能量两对应，状态变化能量变，做功传热是过程。关于密度的计算密度单位要注明，气体、溶液必须清，体积换算勿遗忘，立方厘米对毫升。说明:气体密度单位常用“克/升”，液体密度单位常用“克/(厘米)3”，体积换算时，1(厘米)3?1毫升。液体内部的压强公式不管容器粗和细，哪怕管子斜又曲，液体压强真稀奇，只看ρ?g和h。注:液体内部的压强公式:P,ρgh。凸透镜成像规律实像倒，虚像正，焦距内外分虚实，二倍焦距物像等，放大缩小要分清。氢原子光谱规律一二三四五，赖巴帕布普;二三四五六，依次记光谱。电动势?电压?电流电源有个电源力，推动电荷到正极，正负极间有电压，电路接通电荷移。直流电路等效图无阻导线缩一点，等势点间连成线;断路无用线撤去，节点之间依次连;整理图形标准化，最后还要看一遍。安培定则歌导线周围的磁力线，用安培定则来判断。判断直线用定则一，让右手直握直导线。电流的方向拇指指，四指指的是磁力线。判断螺线用定则二，让右手紧握螺线管。mplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorder电流的方向四指指，N极在拇指指那端。安装电灯要点火地并排走，地线进灯头，火线进开关，开关接灯头。安全用电顺口溜电灯离地六尺高，固定安装最重要。广播碰到电力线，喇叭怪叫要冒烟。如果有人触了电，切断电源莫迟延。电线要是着了火，不能带电用水泼。初中物理实验口诀(四则)(一)调节天平横梁平衡物理天平进行称量之前，指针应指在刻度中央。若指针偏在标尺左侧，将横梁左端螺丝向左调，或将横梁右端螺丝向左调，均能使指针回到标尺中央。当指针向右偏时，横梁螺丝(不论左端或右端的螺丝)应向右调，横梁螺丝调节方向可概括为:左偏左调，或者左—左，右偏右调。右—右。托盘天平的指针在横梁上方，故横梁螺丝的调节方向跟物理天平相反。只要熟记物理天平的口诀，联想记忆托盘天平螺丝要反调，就不会混淆了。(二)滑动变阻器的使用滑动变阻器分上下两层，上层钢杆和下层电阻丝各有两个接线柱，为了变阻，使用时应上下各用一个接线柱。可简记为:一上一下，各用一个。根据这一接法，连接实物时就不必拘泥于电路图中滑动变阻器的接线方向，从而选择短距离，避免交叉的布线方式。(三)连接电路的入门方法连接含有并联电路的回路时，可先只连接并联导体中的一个导体，伏特表也暂不接入电路，即首先连接一个串联回路，然后再把并联的导体和伏特表接入电路，这种入门的方法叫先串后并。这样做，对初学者能起到化难为易的作用。(四)防止读错数据的一种方法物理量具的刻度方向不尽相同。量筒和温度计的上刻度值比下刻度值大，而弹簧和比重计则相反。再如0.6安培表，每小格刻度值是0.02安培。当指针指在没有标值的地方时，粗心的同学常会读错数据。为防止读错，可以记住这样一个口诀:匀中助读。意思是说，可以先把指针相邻的两个标度值中点的值读出来，再读指针处的数据。高中所有化学方程式非金属单质(F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)1,氧化性:F2+H2===2HFF2+Xe(过量)===XeF22F2(过量)+Xe===XeF4nF2+2M===2MFn(表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O22F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClFmplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorder3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF37F2(过量)+I2===2IF7Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S===2NaCl+SCl2+H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O22O2+3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnSN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3NN2+6Rb===2Rb3NP4+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===Zn3P22(还原性S+O2===SO22S+3O2===2SO3S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2===2NO4P+5O2===P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2，Cl2，Br2)PX3+X2===PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2COmplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorderC+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2===SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H23，(碱中)歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热，浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO二，金属单质(Na，Mg，Al，Fe)的还原性2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2mplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorder2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)三,非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)1,还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O2高中所有化学方程式3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H22,酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2===2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)mplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorder3，碱性:NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打，苏打)4，不稳定性:2HF===H2+F22HCl===H2+Cl22H2O===2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S===H2+S2NH3===N2+3H2四，非金属氧化物低价态的还原性:2SO2+O2===2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2===SO3+NO2NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)2CO+O2===2CO2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H2氧化性:SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si3,与水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+H2O===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3)CO2+H2O===H2CO34,与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2,mplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorder再用H2SO4处理:2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(过量)===Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)===CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2五,金属氧化物1,低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O2,氧化性:Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)，Al.MgO，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O3,与水的作用:Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)4,与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+SO3===MgSO4MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物:Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2O3高中所有化学方程式Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2Omplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorder六,含氧酸1,氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HClHClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HClHClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HClHClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但浓,热的HClO4氧化性很强)2H2SO4(浓)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S===3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H22H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O4HNO3(浓)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(浓)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(浓)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O2,还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3,酸性:H2SO4(浓)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(浓)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HClH2SO4(浓)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)23HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO32HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S，HI，HBr，(SO2)等还原性气体)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)H3PO4(浓)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI4，不稳定性:2HClO===2HCl+O24HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2OH2SO3===H2O+SO2mplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorderH2CO3===H2O+CO2H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O七，碱低价态的还原性:4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3与酸性物质的作用:2NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)===NaHSO32NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2O(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强,)NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3.H2OAl(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解3,不稳定性:Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2===CuO+H2O八,盐1,氧化性:2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgClFe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl22,还原性:2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl33Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO43,与碱性物质的作用:MgCl2+2NH3.H2O===Mg(OH)2+NH4ClAlCl3+3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3+3NH4ClFeCl3+3NH3.H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl4,与酸性物质的作用:Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaClmplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorderNaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)35,不稳定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONH4Cl===NH3+HClNH4HCO3===NH3+H2O+CO22KNO3===2KNO2+O22Cu(NO3)3===2CuO+4NO2+O22KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KClO3===2KCl+3O22NaHCO3===Na2CO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2===CaCO3+H2O+CO2CaCO3===CaO+CO2MgCO3===MgO+CO2生物概念辨析一、类脂与脂类脂类:包括脂肪、固醇和类脂，因此脂类概念范围大。类脂:脂类的一种，其概念的范围小。二、纤维素、维生素与生物素纤维素:由许多葡萄糖分子结合而成的多糖。是植物细胞壁的主要成分。不能为一般动物所直接消化利用。维生素:生物生长和代谢所必需的微量有机物。大致可分为脂溶性和水溶性两种，人和动物缺乏维生素时，不能正常生长，并发生特异性病变——维生素缺乏症。生物素:维生素的一种，肝、肾、酵母和牛奶中含量较多。是微生物的生长因子。三、大量元素、主要元素、矿质元素、必需元素与微量元素大量元素:指含量占生物体总重量万分之一以上的元素，如C、H、O、N、P、S、K、Ca、Mg。其中N、P、S、K、Ca、Mg是植物必需的矿质元素中的大量元素。C是基本元素。主要元素:指大量元素中的前6种元素，即C、H、O、N、P、S，大约占原生质总量的97%。矿质元素:指除了C、H、O以外，主要由根系从土壤中吸收的元素。必需元素:植物生活所必需的元素。它必需具备下列条件:第一，由于该元素的缺乏，植物生长发育发生障碍，不能完成生活史;第二，除去该元素则表现专一的缺乏症，而且这种缺乏症是可以预防和恢复的:第三，该元素在植物营养生理上应表现直接的效果，绝不是因土壤或培养基的物理、化学、微生物条件的改变而产生的间接效果。微量元素:指生物体需要量少(占生物体总重量万分之一以下)，但维持正常生命活动不可缺少的元素，如Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、B、Mo，植物必需的微量元素还包括Cl、Ni。四、还原性糖与非还原性糖还原性糖:指分子结构中含有还原性基团(游离醛基或α-碳原子上连有羟基的酮基)的糖，如葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖。与斐林试剂或改良班氏试剂共热时产生砖红色Cu2O沉淀。非还原性糖:如蔗糖内没有游离的具有还原性的基团，因此叫做非还原性糖。mplementation"fivebigdevelopmentconcept"ofrequirements,accurategraspeconomicdevelopmentnewnormalandtransformationdevelopmentofrelationship;deepunderstandonin-depthadvanceruleoflawconstruction,andtobuildtransformationdevelopmentgoodenvironmentofrequirements;deepunderstandonfullmobilizationGeneralcadresenthusiasm,andconstantlyupgradeworkessenceGodofrequirements,putJiaSecretaryspeechspiritimplementationtospecificactionintheto,promotedXXeconomicsocialdevelopmentMichaelShangnewsteps.XiangBAthirdpartyCongressreportontheworkofoureffortstopromoteeconomicandsocialdevelopment--intheCommunistXXXXeightreportingthreeplenarymeetingsoftheCommissionrepresentativesandcomrades:today,onbehalfoftheChineseCommunistsXXthreportoftheCommitteetotheGeneralAssembly.First,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulties,XXyearsofoutstandingachievements.XXyearsintheCounty,theCountyGovernment'sstrongleadership,theTownshipPartyCommitteerallyandleadtheentirepeopleofallethnicgroups,seriouslyimplementtheCentral,provincial,StateauthorityandthedecisionsoftheCountypartyCommittee,adheretothe"steady,steady,steadyquality,"Generalrequirements,forgeaheadinunity,overcomedifficulty,dosolidwork,topromotetheImplementationofthework,thesuccessfulcompletionoftheobjectivesdefinedatthebeginningofthetask,theTownshiptomaintainsustainableeconomicgrowth,socialharmonyandstability,ethnicunityandprogress,peaceconsolidationandeco-goodorder五、斐林试剂、双缩脲试剂与二苯胺试剂斐林试剂:用于鉴定组织中还原性糖存在的试剂。很不稳定，故应将组成斐林试剂的A液(0.1g/ml的NaOH溶液)和B液(0.05g/ml的CuSO4溶液)分别配制、储存。使用时，再临时配制，将4-5滴B液滴入2mlA液中，配完后立即使用。原理是还原性糖的基团—CHO与Cu(OH)2在加热条件下生成砖红色的Cu2O沉淀。双缩脲试剂:用于鉴定组织中蛋白质存在的试剂。其包括A液(0.1g/ml的NaO