海水的化学特征省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖课件

Chapter3

chemicalandphysicalfeaturesofseawaterandtheworldocean大洋海水化学和物理特征第1页UniquenatureofpurewaterThreestateofwater(fig.3.1-3.3)HeatandwaterWaterasasolvent第2页水形态/form固体/solid(ice)氢键牢靠、晶体结构/crystal、比重小于1、固定体积和形状液体/liquid结构趋于晶体化、4

C为比重分界、有体积无形状气体/gas(steamorwatervapor)无氢键、水分子相互独立、无固定形态和体积第3页Fig.3.1Fig.3.2第4页热值/heatvalue氢键（hydrogenbonds)水热值为：1将1克液体水温度升高1度需1卡热将1克100

C水变成100

C蒸汽需540卡热将1克0

C冰变为0

C水需80卡热第5页Fig.3.3第6页Waterassolvent

Alayerofwatermoleculessurroundseachion,weakenstheionicbonds,whichpullapartordissociate,andsaltdisslves.当盐入水后，在正负离子周围包围了一层水分子，弱化了盐离子键结协力，逐步造成其断裂，使盐溶化在水中第7页SaltcompositionofseawaterCl-18,980(PPM)Na+10,560SO42560Mg+21272Ca+2400K+380HCO3-142Br+65第8页SaltoriginChemicalweatheringofrocks/化学风化sodium(Na+),potassium(K+),magnesiu(Mg++),etc.Hydrothermalvents/熔岩火山sulfide(HS-),chloride(Cl-),etc.

第9页Seawater-waterquality

SalinityandhardnessTemperaturedensitypHDissolvedgases/溶解气体Transparency/透明度Pressure/压力，水压第10页硬度/hardness原意指淡水沉淀肥皂能力现在仅指钙离子和镁离子浓度软水：0-55ppm轻度硬水：56-100ppm中度硬水：101-200ppm重度硬水：201-500ppm第11页Salinity,temperature,

anddensityThetemperatureandsalinityofseawaterdetermineitsdensity:Itgetsdenserasitgetssaltier,colder,orboth./海水温度和盐度决定了它密度，温度越低，盐度越高，密度越大。第12页Temperatureprofile/

温度断面图

Thermocline/温跃层(fig.3.8)

第13页Transparency/透明度Thedepththatsunlightcanpenetrateintotheocean/阳光在海洋中能穿透深度。Clearoceanwaterismosttransparenttobluelight(fig.3.11)第14页Fig.3.11Fig.3.12第15页EffectstotransparentDepth(<1000m)Suspendedanddissolvedmaterial/悬浮物或溶解物Plankton/浮游生物第16页Pressure/压力Witheach10mofincreaseddepth,oneatmosphereofpressureisadded/水深每增加10米，压力就增加1个大气压。(fig.3.13)第17页第18页Stratifiedandstabilityofwatercolumn/水体分层和稳定Watercolumnintheoceanisusuallystratified,controlledbydensity/大洋水体因为比重关系通常是分层。Thedifferenceindensitybetweensurfaceanddeepwatermakesthewatercolumnstableorunstable/表层和底层水比重差异大小造成水体稳定或不稳定(3.15-16)

第19页ThreelayeredoceanSurfacelayer/表层:（<100m)mixedlayer/混合层:（100-200m）

thermocline/温跃层:

suddenchangesintemperatureoversmalldepthinterval/在浅水区域水温突然发生改变水层。Intermediatelayer/中间层:(200-1500m)Deeplayerorbottomlayer/深层或底层:(1500-5000m)(fig.3.17)第20页Fig.3.15f第21页Overturn/垂直交换Whensurfacewaterbecomemoredensethanthewaterbelow,surfacewatersinks,overturnordownwellingoccurs/当表层水密度比底部水密度大，表层水下沉，垂直交换才会发生Occursintemperateandpolarregions,duringwintercools/通常发生在冬季温带、极地域域第22页Fig.3.17第23页Motionintheocean/海洋运动第24页Windforming第25页Wind

patternTradewind/信风:approachtheEqautoratanangleofabout45°overtheocean,andsteady.Westerlies/西风带:atmiddlelatitudes,moveintheoppositedirectiontothetradewends.Thewindisvariable.Polareasterlies/极地东风带：athighlatitude,mostvariablewind.第26页Windpattern

第27页Surfacecurrent/表层流Thewindpushtheseasurfacetocreatingsurfacecurrents.Thesurfacecurrentsmoveat45°fromwind.Thewind-drivingsurfacecurrentscombineintohuge,moreorlesscircularsystemscalledgyres/环流.第28页Oceangyres

/大洋环流第29页CurrentsregulateearthtemperatureWaterisparticularlygoodattransportheatWarmcurrentsonthewesternsidefromequatortohighlatitudes.Coldcurrentsflowintheoppositedirectionontheeasternside.“ElNinophenomenon”

“laninaphenomenon”Marineorganismdistributionrelatedtogyres第30页Oceangyresandocean

surfacetemperature第31页Wave

Crest/波峰:highestpartTrough/波谷:lowestpartWaveheight/波高:verticaldistancebetweentroughtocrestWavelength/波长:betweenonecresttonextcrestoronetroughtonexttroughWaveperiod/波时:thetimeawavetakestogobyanygivenpoint第32页Wavemotion

Underthecrestwavemoveupandforward,andundertroughtheyarepullbackanddown.Aswavepass,thewaterdon’tgoanywhere,justmoveincircle第33页Stormwindpushthewavecrestsupintosharppeaksandstretchesoutthetroughstocreateseas/波涛，andthenswell/涌浪。Whenthewavesapproachshoreandgetintoshallowwater,it“pileup”,becominghigherandsteepandformingsurf/碎波.涌浪碎波波涛第34页Wave(tsunami/海啸）thatkill(1992-)第35页Springtide/大潮，高潮Neaptide/小潮，低潮Semidiurnaltide/半日潮Mixedsemidiurnaltide/混合半日潮Diurnaltide/周日潮，一日潮。Tide/潮汐第36页Worldwidedistributionof

threetypeoftide第37页WhyaretheretideThetidesarecausedbyacombinationofthe

gravity

ofthesunandmoonandthecentrifugalforcethatresultsfromtherotationoftheearth,moonandsun.(fig.3.29-3.31)/潮水是由太阳、月亮综合引力以及太阳、地球和月亮旋转时所产生离心力共同作用而产生第38页Fig.3.31第39页八分算潮法高潮时=0.8×(农历日期-1(或16))+高潮间歇=月中天时+高潮间歇

高潮间歇各地不一，是个常数。

某一高潮时+12h24min.即为下一个高潮时某一高潮时+6h12min.即为下一个低潮时第40页CriticthinkingMosttsunamisoccurinthePacificOcean.Howwouldy