工程质量管理的基本知识BasicKnowledgeofPr

《工程质量管理的基本知识》

BasicKnowledgeofProjectQualityManagement（一）建筑工程质量管理特点和原则Section1Characteristicsandprinciplesofconstructionprojectqualitymanagement1、建筑工程质量管理的特点1.Characteristicsofconstructionprojectqualitymanagement工程质量管理是确定工程质量方针、目标和责任，并通过质量体系中的质量策划、质量控制、质量保证和质量改进，来实现所有管理职能的全部活动。Projectmanagementaimstoascertainprinciples,objectivesandresponsibilitiesoftheprojectquality,andachieveallmanagementfunctionsthroughqualityplanning,qualitycontrol,qualityassuranceandqualityimprovementinthequalitysystem.建筑工程质量管理具备以下特点：Therearefourcharacteristicsinconstructionprojectmanagement:（1）影响质量的因素多(1)Variedfactorsinfluencethequalityoftheconstructionproject（2）质量控制的难度大(2)Greatdifficultyinqualitycontrol（3）过程控制的要求高(3)Highrequirementsforprocesscontrol（4）终结检查的局限大(4)Manylimitationsexistinthefinalcheck2、施工质量的影响因素2.Factorsaffectingtheconstructionquality影响施工质量的因素有：Thefactorsthataffectconstructionqualityareasfollows:（1）人的因素(1)Human（2）材料的因素(2)Material（3）设备的因素(3)Machine（4）方法的因素(4)Method（5）环境控制(5)Environmentcontrol3、施工质量管理原则3.Theprinciplesofconstructionqualitymanagement

质量管理原则包括以下八个方面：Theprinciplesofconstructionqualitymanagementincludethefollowing8aspects.（1）以顾客为关注焦点。Customerfirst（2）领导作用。

Theroleofleadership（3）全员参与。

Totalinvolvement（4）过程方法。

Processmethods（5）管理的系统方法。

Systematicapproachesofmanagement（6）持续改进。Constantimprovement（7）基于事实的决策方法。Decisionmaking

basedon

facts（8）与供方互利的关系。Mutualbeneficialrelationshipwithsuppliers（二）建筑工程施工质量控制Section2Constructionqualitycontrol质量控制是质量管理的一部分，致力于满足质量要求。质量控制的目标就是确保项目质量能满足有关方面所提出的质量要求。质量控制的范围涉及项目质量形成全过程的各个环节。Qualitycontrolisapartofqualitymanagementandiscommittedtomeetingqualityrequirements.Itaimstoensurethatprojectqualitycanmeetthequalityrequirementsputforwardbyrelevantparties.Itsscopeinvolveseachlinkofthewholeprocessofprojectqualityformation.质量控制的工作内容包括专业技术和管理技术两方面。质量控制应贯彻预防为主与检验把关相结合的原则，对影响项目工作质量的人、机、料、法、环（4M1E）因素进行控制，并对质量活动的成果进行分阶段验证，以便及时发现问题，查明原因，采取措施，防止类似问题重复发生，并使问题在早起得到解决，减少经济损失。Theworkcontentofqualitycontrolincludesprofessionaltechnologyandmanagementtechnology.Qualitycontrolshouldimplementtheprincipleofcombiningpreventionfirstandtakinginspection,whichmeansthatfactorsaffectingtheworkqualityoftheproject,includingman,machine,material,methodandenvironment(alsoknownas4M1E)shouldbeundercontrol,andtheresultsofqualityactivitiesshouldbeverifiedbystagesinordertofindproblemsintime,soastofindoutthereason，takemeasurestopreventsimilarproblemsfromoccurringagain,maketheproblemsresolvedintheearlystageandreducefinanciallosses.1、施工质量控制的基本内容和要求1.Basiccontentsandrequirementsofconstructionqualitycontrol施工质量控制应贯彻全面全过程质量管理的思想，运用动态控制原理，进行质量的事前控制、事中控制和事后控制。Constructionqualitycontrolshouldimplementthethoughtofwhole-processqualitymanagementinanall-roundmanner,usingtheprincipleofdynamiccontrollingtorealizepre-control,mid-controlandaftercontrolofquality.2、工序质量控制、隐蔽工程施工验收及成品保护2.Processqualitycontrol,constructionacceptanceofconcealedworkandfinishedproductprotection.施工作业过程质量控制的内容：Thefollowingisthecontentofqualitycontrolintheconstructionprocess,including（1）进行技术交底；Disclosingtechniques（2）检查施工工序、程序的合理性、科学性，防止工序流程错误导致工序质量失控；Checkingtheconstructionprocessesandproceduresinarationalandscientificwaytopreventtheprocessqualityfrombeingoutofcontrolduetothewrongprocessflow.（3）检查工序施工条件；Checkingconstructionconditionsoftheprocess.（4）检查工序施工中人员操作程序、操作质量是否符合质量规程要求；Checkingwhethertheoperationprocedureandoperationqualityofpersonnelinprocessconstructionmeettherequirementsofqualityregulations.（5）检查工序施工中间产品的质量；Checkingthequalityofintermediatematerialsofprocessconstruction.（6）对工序质量符合要求的中间产品及时进行工序验收或隐蔽工程验收；Timelycarryingoutprocessacceptanceorconcealedworksacceptanceforintermediatematerialswithprocessqualitymeetingtherequirements.（7）质量合格的工序经验收后可进入下道工序施工；未经验收合格的工序，不得进入下道工序施工。Qualifiedprocesscanenterthenextoneafterpassingthetest,or,itcan’t.3、隐蔽工程施工验收3.Acceptanceofconcealedworks（1）施工工艺顺序过程中，前道工序已施工完成将被后一道工序所掩盖、包裹而再无法检查其质量情况，前道工序通常被称为隐蔽工程。Intheprocedureofconstruction,thepreviousworkthatiscoveredandwrappedbythelattercannolongerbechecked.Suchprocessiscalledaconcealedwork.（2）隐蔽工程施工完毕，承包单位按有关技术规程、规范、施工图纸先进行自检，自检合格后，填写“报验申请表”。Whencompleteaconcealedwork,thecontractorshallfirstconductaself-inspection,followingtherelevanttechnicalregulations,specificationsandconstructiondrawings.Ifeverythingisqualified,fillinthe“InspectionApplicationForm.”（3）监理工程师收到报验申请后，首先对质量证明资料进行审查，并进行现场检查，承包单位的项目工程技术负责人、专职质检员及相关施工人员应随同一起到现场。Thesupervisingengineershallfirstlyreviewthequalitycertificationandinspectthesite.Theprojectengineeringtechnicaldirector,full-timequalityinspectorandrelatedconstructionpersonnelshallfollowthesupervisingengineertothesite.4、施工质量检查4.Constructionqualityinspection检查验证的方法，主要是核查有关工程技术资料、直接进行现场质量检查或必要的实验等。Constructionqualityinspectionmajorlyinvolvechecksonrelatedtechnicaldocumentsandon-siteprojectqualityandnecessarytests.（1）现场质量检查内容：On-sitequalityinspectioncontent

1）分部分项工程内容的抽样检查；Samplinginspectionofsub-itemprojectcontent

2）工程外观质量的检查。Inspectionofprojectappearancequality（2）现场质量检查时机：On-sitequalityinspectiontimings1）开工前检查；Beforeconstruction2）工序交接检查；Processhandover3）隐蔽工程检查；Thecompletionofconcealedworks4）巡视检查；Patrol5）停工后复工前的检查；Aftertheshutdownandbeforethereopening6）分部分项工程完工后应经检查认可；Thecompletionofsub-itemproject7）成品保护检查。Finishedworkinspection（3）现场进行质量检查的方法：现场进行质量检查的方法有目测法、实测法和试验法三种。On-sitequalityinspectionincludethreemethods:observation,measurementandtests.目测法：看、摸、敲、照。Observationswithoutmeasurementdevices:visualinspection;handcheck;knockforhallowspacesorvibratingpartscheck;inspectionofdimlylitplaceswithlights

实测法：靠、吊、量、套。Measurement:Userulerandfeelergaugetochecktheflatnessofwalls,floorsandroofs;Verticalitycheck;Checkthedeviationofsectionsize,axis,elevation,angle,etc.;Inspectionwithsquarerulerandfeelergauge试验法：指必须通过试验手段，才能对质量进行判断的检查方法。Tests:Thismethodisusedwhenthequalitycanonlybeknownthroughtests.5、成品保护措施5.Protectionoffinishedworks（1）施工顺序与成品保护Constructionprocedureandprotectionoffinishedworks先在放入回填土后再作基础防潮层，可保护防潮层不致受填土夯实损伤。楼梯间与踏步饰面宜在整个饰面工程完成后，再自上而下地进行；门窗扇的安装通常在抹灰后进行；一般先油漆，后安装玻璃；这些施工均有利于成品保护。Putthebackfillsoilfirstandthenmakethefoundationmoisture-prooflayertopreventdamageofthecompactionofthesoil.Thecoveringofstairwellandsteplayershouldbeaftertheentirefacingprojectandbedonefromtoptobottom.Theinstallationofdoorsandwindowsisusuallycarriedoutafterplastering.Generally,paintfirst,installwindowslater.Alltheseisbeneficialtofinishedworkprotection.先喷浆而后安装灯具，可避免安装灯具后又修理浆活，从而污染灯具。Installinglampsandlanternsafterguniteprocesstoavoidstainingfromslurryrepairment.当铺贴连续多跨的卷材、防水卷材屋面时，应按先高跨、后低跨，先远后近，先天窗玻璃油漆，后铺卷材屋面的顺序。Whenpavingcontinuousmulti-spanorwaterproofcoiledmaterial,followtheorderofhigh-spantolow-span,andfartonear（2）成品保护的措施：护、包、盖、封。Measuresoffinishedworkprotection:Useprotectionbag,box,etc.;Wrap;Cover;Sealtopreventpipeblockageandotherproblems6、施工项目质量事故处理6.Handlingofqual