创新高职英语 基础教程 综合课件U2

目录

ContentWarm-upPage2801.02.Reading3803.04.LanguagePractice4205.Listening4306.SpeakingPage44–4507.Writing47Mini-PediaofChineseCulturePage48WARM-UPPage28Nowwatchthevideo.Warm-upExercise1Mostlywecantellsomeoneissickfromcertainsymptoms.Lookatthefollowingpicturesandwritedowntherelevantsymptoms.A）____________B）____________C)____________lyinginbed,feelingcold,acoldtowelontheforehead,agreentingeintheskinstuffednoseorrunnynosecoveringnosewithapieceoftissueorahandkerchiefbrokenarmwrappedwithbandagesinaslingE）____________F）____________D)____________vomiting/throwinguplyinginbed,touchinghisforehead,havingafeverwithathermometerinhismouthhavingaheadache,frowning,pressingthetemplesSample:Ithinktheboyissick,becauseheislyinginbed.Itappearsheishavingafever.Exercise2Beinghealthyisalwaysbetterthanbeingsick.Butwe'vebeenthroughallkindsofillnessestoo.Trytorecallthelasttimeyouweresick,anddiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourclassmates.WARM-UPHaveyouhadanybighealthproblemsbefore?Whatwastheexperiencelike?Hasbeingsickchangedyourwayoflookingatlife?Here’sJoyce’sexperience:“Overtheweekend,Ibecamesick,andIlostmyvoice.Ihadafever,chills,noenergyforworkandtoomuchdiscomfortforsleep.Andtheendresultisfeelingmiserable.ButIdofeelabitdifferentafterthatexperiencebeingbadlysick.WhenIwassick,thingsthatformerlyseemedsoall-importantsuddenlybecameunimportant;theywerepushedtothebottomofthelist.NowIthinkIcanappreciatelifebetter.”READINGPage29–38TEXTABeforereading:Whatdoestheexpression“preventionisbetterthancure”mean?Andwhypreventionisimportant?Johnisabitconcernedabouthishealth.AsanengineerinabigITcompany,heisyoungandstrong.Buthehasjustgotthenewsthathiscollegeclassmate,TimothyZhan,recentlydiedfromaheartattackduetoexcessivework.So,Johndecidestofindsomeinformationonwaystopreventheartdisease.Herearetwoarticles.Article1WhatAretheLeadingCausesofDeath?In2020,fivemajorcausesofdeath(heartdisease,cancer,stroke,chroniclowerrespiratory(呼吸道的)diseases,andaccidents)accountedforover64percentofalldeathsintheUnitedStates.

However,thisgeneralprofilechangesdependingonthedecedent’sage.Thefiveleadingcausesofdeathforthoseaged1–24yearsareexternalcauses,i.e.accidents,homicide(他杀),suicide

(自杀)

followedbycancerandheartdisease.Thispattern(ofexternalcausesaccountingformoredeathsthanchronicconditions)shiftsnoticeablyasageincreases.Inolderagegroups,chronicconditionsaccountformoredeathsthandoexternalcausesofinjury.Accidents,forexample,accountedfor43percentofalldeathsamongpersonsaged1–24years.Heartdisease,ontheotherhand,accountedforonly3percentofalldeathsforthissameagegroup.Forindividualsaged65andover,heartdiseaseistheleadingcauseofdeath,accountingfor28percentofalldeathsinthisagegroup,whereasaccidentsarenotoneofthefiveleadingcausesofdeathforthoseaged65andover(Figure1).From1990to2020,thethreeleadingcausesofdeath(heartdisease,cancer,andstroke)havenotchangedinrankorder.However,deathsfromheartdiseasehavetendedtodecreasethroughoutthisperiod,whereasdeathsfromcancerhavegenerallytendedtoincrease.Itislikelythat,atsomepointinthenearfuture,cancerwillovertakeheartdiseaseastheleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates.Article2HowtoPreventHeartDiseaseTherearehereditary(遗传的)andenvironmentalriskfactorsthatincreaseyourchancesofdevelopingheartdisease.Althoughfamilyhistorycannotbechanged,thereareseveralfactorsthatcontributetotheriskofheartdiseasethatyoucancontrol.Herearesomehelpfultipstoreduceyourrisks.Step1:Findoutyourfamilyhistory.Awarenessofyourfamilyhistorycanhelpyouandyourdoctorrecognisesignsandsymptomsofheartdisease.Step2:Quitsmoking!Asmoker’sriskfordevelopingheartdiseaseisatleasttwotimesthatofanon-smoker.

Step3:Haveyourcholesterol(胆固醇)levelcheckedregularly.Step4:Bloodpressuresignifieshowhardyourheartisworking.Ifyouhaveconsistenthighbloodpressure,yourdoctormayprescribemedicationtokeepitatanappropriatelevel.Step5:Controlyourweight.Whenobesity(肥胖)isjoinedwithfactorssuchashighcholesterollevelsandhighbloodpressure,therisksincreasedramatically.Evena10-poundlosscanlessenyourriskforheartdisease.Step6:Exercise!Physicalinactivityisanotherriskfactor.Gettingactive,evenifitisjustaroutinebriskwalk,willreduceyourrisk.Step7:Makebetterdietarychoices.Chooseadietthatislowinsaturatedfat(饱和脂肪)contentandcontainswholegrains,unprocessedfruitsandvegetableswithhighfibrecontent.Step8:Takepartinactivitiesthatreduceormanagestresslevels.cancer/'kænsə/n.癌症；恶性肿瘤stroke/strəʊk/n.中风chronic/'krɒnɪk/adj.慢性的；长期的decedent/dɪ'siːd(ə)nt/n.死者external/ɪk'stɜːn(ə)l;ek-/adj.外面的；外用的symptom/'sɪm(p)təm/n.症状；征兆

obesity/ə(ʊ)'biːsətɪ/n.肥胖dietary/'daɪət(ə)rɪ/adj.饮食的；规定食物的GlossaryPhrases&Expressionsrankorder排列顺序Article1(title)…theLeadingCausesofDeathleading:adj.chief;themostimportant;inthefirstposition【运用】leadingactor主角;

leadingindicator领先指标e.g.

TheIvoryCoastbecametheworld’sleadingcocoaproducer.【拓展】lead（n.）领导地位e.g.TheUSisintheleadinmanyfieldsofscience.(Para.1)

…dependingonthedecedent’sage.decedent:(Law)adeadpersone.g.Maybethroughthismethod,thedecedentcanaccompanyhisfamilieseveryday.【拓展】decease(v.)死亡deceased(adj.)已死的

（n.）(thedeceased)逝者，死去的人e.g.Peoplecreatememorialstorememberthedeceased.(Para.2)

…externalcausesfollowedby…external:adj.actingorcomingfromtheoutside【运用】externaldebt外债externalforce外力e.g.Theskincreamlabelreads“Forexternaluseonly”【拓展】externally(adv.)外表上，在外部internal(adj.)内部的，内在的e.g.Hehelpedtodesigntheinternalstructureofthepavilion.LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTALANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTA(Para.3)whereasaccidentsisnotoneofthefiveleadingcauses…whereas:conj.while(atthesametime);while(onthecontrary)【运用】whereas+从句，表示相反、转折e.g.Iliketogoswimmingwhereasshelikestosail.【拓展】whereaswhile(Para.4)…cancerwillovertakeheartdiseaseastheleadingcauseofdeath…overtake:v.topassaftercatchingupwith【运用】noovertaking禁止超车e.g.Heovertookthetruckandpulledintotheinsidelane.【拓展】overflow(v.)溢满；overload（v.）超载；overcome（v.）制服，克服e.g.Inthesedaysoftechnologicalchange,weallsufferfrominformationoverload.Article2(Para.5)

…consistenthighbloodpressureconsistent:adj.inagreementorharmony;accordant【运用】consistentwith与……一致e.g.Peoplebehaveinafashionconsistentwiththeirownself-interest.【拓展】consistency（n.）一致性;

连贯性e.g.Thepolicyofhisgovernmentlackedbothimaginationandconsistency.

LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTAArticle1什么是美国人死亡的主要原因?

在2020年，心脏病、癌症、中风、慢性下呼吸道疾病及事故是导致死亡的五大因素，因为这五大因素而死亡的人数占美国死亡人数的64%以上。不过，这个情况也由于过世者的年龄不同而有所变化。

在1—24岁的年龄组中，五大死因主要是外因，即事故、他杀、自杀，随后才是癌症和心脏病。这种外部原因比慢性疾病导致更多死亡的格局随着年龄的增加发生了显著的变化。在更年长的群体中，慢性疾病所引起的死亡人数要比外部伤害所引起得多。

譬如，在1—24岁的人群中，因事故导致的死亡占43%，而因心脏病导致的死亡只占3%。对于65岁及以上的个体而言，心脏病是主要致死原因，因为心脏病而死亡的人占了这个年龄组中死亡人数的28%，而交通事故则跌出这一年龄组的五大致死原因之外（见图1)。

心脏病、癌症和中风这三大致死原因的排名状况在1980年至2007年间并未发生变化。不过因心脏病而死亡的人数在这一时期有下降的趋势，而因癌症致死的人数则有增加的趋势。在不久的将来，癌症很有可能会在某一时间节点上取代心脏病，成为美国人的第一杀手。TextA译文Article2如何预防心脏病遗传和环境因素都可能会增加你患心脏病的可能。尽管家族历史无法改变，但你还是可以控制另外几个会导致心脏病的风险因素。以下几个有用的小知识能帮助你降低患病风险。第一步：查出你的家族病史。你对家族病史的认识可以帮助你和你的家庭医生识别出心脏病的信号和症状。第二步：戒烟！吸烟者患心脏病的几率至少是不吸烟的人的两倍。第三步：定期检查胆固醇指标。第四步：血压会表明你的心脏的工作情况。如果你一直患有高血压，你的医生也许会给你开点药使你的血压保持在一个合适的水平。第五步：控制体重。当肥胖和高胆固醇、高血压等因素结合时，患心脏病的风险就会大大提高。哪怕只减10磅，也会使你患心脏病的风险下降。第六步：锻炼！不运动是另一个风险因素。动起来！即使只是日常的快走也会降低你的患病风险。第七步：调整饮食。选择饱和脂肪含量低，含有全谷物、天然水果和高纤维蔬菜的饮食。第八步：参加减压或控压活动。UNITTASKAStep1

Role-playadialogue.Readthefollowingsentencesandre-arrangethemintoadialogue.Thefirsttwosentencesaregiven.six

Oneday,whenhewokeup,Johnfeltasuddenpaininhischest,whichmadehimunabletobreathe.Afterafewseconds,thepaingraduallyeasedaway.Coulditbeasignofheartattack?Abitworried,Johnaskedforaleaveandwenttothehospital.JohnisadmittedintoDr.Brown’soffice.Thedoctorusesastethoscope(听诊器)

tocheckJohn’sbreathingandaskshimsomequestions.(1)Dr.Brown:Morning,John.Haveaseat.So,whyhaveyoucomeintoday?(2)John:Morning,Dr.Brown.Ifeltasharppaininmychest.IthinkI’dbettercheckitout.…()Dr.Brown:Whendidthispainfirststart?()Dr.Brown:Doyousmoke?()Dr.Brown:Canyoudescribethispainforme?()Dr.Brown:Itcouldbe,butit’sstillhardtodeterminenow.Haveyourchestsufferedanyimpactorinjuryrecently?()Dr.Brown:Youshouldquitsmokingcompletely.Smokingisthemajorcauseofmanyacuteandchroniclerespiratorydiseases.()Dr.Brown:Hmm.YourrespiratorysystemsoundsOK.Ineedyoutotakeafullphysicalexam.37511913UNITTASKAsix()John:Well,itstartedallofasudden.Foramoment,Icouldhardlybreathe.EverytimeIinhale,ithurtsme.Butafterafewseconds,whenIbreatheagain,thepainisgone.()John:Yes,Dr.Brown.Issmokingthecauseofmyproblem?()John:ItstartedthismorningwhenIwokeup.Idon’trecallithappenedbefore.()John:ThankyouDr.Brown,I’lldoitrightaway.()John:Ismokeverylittle.AndIhaven’tlitacigaretteformaybehalfayearnow.()John:No.Idon’trememberanyaccidentlikethat.610414812Step1

Role-playadialogue.Readthefollowingsentencesandre-arrangethemintoadialogue.Thefirsttwosentencesaregiven.Dr.Brown:Morning,John.Haveaseat.So,whyhaveyoucomeintoday?John:Morning,Dr.Brown.Ifeltasharppaininmychest.IthinkI'dbettercheckitout.Dr.Brown:Whendidthispainfirststart?John:ItstartedthismorningwhenIwokeup.Idon'trecallithappenedbefore.Dr.Brown:Canyoudescribethispainforme?John:Well,itstartedallinasudden.ForamomentIcouldhardlybreathe.EverytimeIinhale,ithurtme.Butafterafewseconds,whenIbreatheagain,thepainisgone.Dr.Brown:Doyousmoke?John:Ismokeverylittle.AndIhaven'tlitacigaretteformaybehalfayearnow.Dr.Brown:Youshouldquitsmokecompletely.Smokingisthemajorcauseofmanyacuteandchroniclerespiratorydiseases.John:Yes,Dr.Brown.Issmokingthecauseofmyproblem?Dr.Brown:Itcouldbe,butit'sstillhardtodeterminenow.Haveyourchestsufferedanyimpactorinjuryrecently?John:No.Idon'trememberanyaccidentlikethat.Dr.Brown:Hmm.YourrespiratorysystemsoundsOK.Ineedyoutotakeafullphysicalexam.John:ThankyouDr.Brown,I'lldoitrightaway.Shortlyaftertheexam...Dr.Brown:TheX-rayscanningshowsnothingunusual.IbelieveyourchestpainiscausedbyPrecordialCatchSyndrome,whichisnotdangerousatall.John:Whatcatch?Isitrelatedtoheartattacks?Dr.Brown:No,it'scausedbyminormusclecrampsinyourchest.Andthereisnoneedforanymedication.John:Soit'snothingbutafalsealarmthen?Dr.Brown:Yes,it'snothingtoworryabout.Butontheotherhand,accordingtotheexamresult,yourcholesterollevelandbloodpressureishigherthannormal.John:Oh.HowcanIkeepthemdown?

Dr.Brown:I'llprescribesomemedicineforyou.ButIdosuggestyoukeepahealthydietary,takemoreexerciseandcontrolyourweight.John:Thankyouforyouradvice,Dr.Brown.I'llkeepthatinmind.Role-playReferenceUNITTASKAStep2Makeafitnessplan.MyFitnessMotivatorsandHealthBenefitsMyPhysicalActivitiesMyTimetoGetFit□Tobemoreenergetic□Toreleasestress□Tokeepmyhearthealthy□Toimprovemyoverallhealth□Tomanagemyweight□Toimprovemyself-esteem□______________□______________□Walkinginsteadoftakingthebus□Takingthestairsinsteadoftheelevator□Walkingaroundwhiletalkingonthephone□Ridingmybike□Playingateamsport□Takingadanceclass□______________□______________□CutTV,theInternet,andvideogametimeinhalf□Takeafriendoragroupoffriendsonawalk□Schedulework-outtimeinmyplanner□______________□______________□______________WordTipsPossibleexerciseandfitnessactivities:aerobicsrunningjoggingbikingspeedwalkingsit-uppush-updumbbellexercisefootballbasketballtennis...

Johnwantstobemorephysicallyactive,butdoesn’tknowwheretostart.HisfriendSallyishelpinghimtomakeaweeklyfitnessplan.Shepreparesaworksheettohelphimfigureoutwhatmotivateshimtoexercise,whichtypesofactivitieshe’llenjoymost,andhowtofitthemintohislife.

SupposeyouareJohn.Pleasecheckofftheideasyouagreewith.Usetheextralinesatthebottomtowritedownsomeofyourownideas.UNITTASKAStep3Designamenuforhealthydiet.BSupposeyouareJohn,pleasedesignamenuinordertoimproveyourhealth,especiallyforpreventingheartdisease.Youcanchoosedishesfromtheabovedietpyramidorwritedownyourowndishes.

HealthDietMenuFatandoilcanincreasetherisksofheartdisease.I’dliketodesignamenutoimprovemyhealth.Forbreakfast_________________________.Forlunch_____________________________________.Fordinner____________________________________.ALookatthefollowingdietpyramid.EatLessFat,Oil,Salts&SweetsEatModeratelyMeat,Poultry,Fish,Eggs,DryBeans&DairyProductsEatMoreFruits&

VegetablesEatMostGrains

&

CerealsUNITTASKAStep4Shareyourwisdomonkeepinghealthy.Johnhasbeendoingexercisesandhavinghealthydietsforaperiodoftime.SupposeyouareJohn.Nowpleaseshareyourexperienceswithyourcolleagues.Sample:IhavebeenhikingonceaweeksincelastOct.Hikingcanmakemerelaxedandrefreshed.Iusedtoeatalotofmeat.NowIadapttohavevegetables.Vegetablescanreduceoilandfat.HowDoVaccinesWork?Germsareallaroundus,bothinourenvironmentandinourbodies.Whenapersonissusceptibleandencountersaharmfulorganism,itcanleadtodiseaseanddeath.Thebodyhasmanywaysofdefendingitselfagainstpathogens(disease-causingorganisms).Whenapathogendoesinfectthebody,ourbody’sdefences,calledtheimmunesystem,aretriggered,andthepathogenisattackedanddestroyedorovercome.Thebody'snaturalresponseEachpathogenismadeupofseveralsubparts,usuallyuniquetothatspecificpathogenandthediseaseitcauses.Thesubpartofapathogenthatcausestheformationofantibodiesiscalledanantigen.Theantibodiesproducedinresponsetothepathogen’santigenareanimportantpartoftheimmunesystem.Youcanconsiderantibodiesasthesoldiersinyourbody’sdefencesystem.Eachantibody,orsoldier,inoursystemistrainedtorecogniseonespecificantigen.Whenthehumanbodyisexposedtoanantigenforthefirsttime,ittakestimefortheimmunesystemtorespondandproduceantibodiesspecifictothatantigen.Inthemeantime,thepersonissusceptibletobecomingill.Oncetheantigen-specificantibodiesareproduced,theyworkwiththerestoftheimmunesystemtodestroythepathogenandstopthedisease.Antibodiestoonepathogengenerallydon’tprotectagainstanotherpathogenexceptwhentwopathogensareverysimilartoeachother,likecousins.Oncethebodyproducesantibodiesinitsprimaryresponsetoanantigen,italsocreatesantibody-producingmemorycells,whichremainaliveevenafterthepathogenisdefeatedbytheantibodies.Ifthebodyisexposedtothesamepathogenmorethanonce,theantibodyresponseismuchfasterandmoreeffectivethanthefirsttimearound.Thismeansthatifthepersonisexposedtothedangerouspathogeninthefuture,theirimmunesystemwillbeabletorespondimmediately,protectingagainstdisease.HowvaccineshelpVaccinescontainweakenedorinactivepartsofaparticularorganism(antigen)thattriggersanimmuneresponsewithinthebody.Newervaccinescontaintheblueprintforproducingantigensratherthantheantigenitself.Regardlessofwhetherthevaccineismadeupoftheantigenitselfortheblueprintsothatthebodywillproducetheantigen,thisweakenedversionwillnotcausethediseaseinthepersonreceivingthevaccine,butitwillprompttheirimmunesystemtorespondmuchasitwouldhaveonitsfirstreactiontotheactualpathogen.Somevaccinesrequiremultipledoses,givenweeksormonthsapart.Thisissometimesneededtoallowfortheproductionoflong-livedantibodiesanddevelopmentofmemorycells.Inthisway,thebodyistrainedtofightthespecificdisease-causingorganism,buildingupmemoryofthepathogensoastorapidlyfightitifandwhenexposedinthefuture.TextBBeforereading:Discusswithyourdeskmatesandlistthewaystopreventdiseasesorinfections.vaccine/ˈvæksiːn/n.疫苗germ/dʒɜːm/n.[生]细菌；病菌suscepsible/səˈseptəbl/adj.易受影响的；易受感染的organism/ˈɔːɡənɪzəm/n.微生物；有机体pathogen/ˈpæθədʒən/n.病菌；病原体attack/əˈtæk/v.&n.攻击；进攻；（疾病）发作trigger/ˈtrɪɡə(r)/vt.引发；触发antigen/ˈæntɪdʒən/n.抗原defeat/dɪˈfiːt/v.&n.击败；战败reaction/riˈækʃn/n.反应（能力）；抗拒dose/dəʊs/n.（药的）一服；一剂GlossaryPhrases&Expressionsdefend...against...保护……不受……；防御prevent...from...阻止；防止uniqueto独一无二的inresponseto对……作出反应beexposedto暴露于……pumpout用泵排出；抽出；释放出regardlessof不管；不顾allowfor允许有；留出(Title)

HowDoVaccinesWork?vaccine:

n.substancethatisputintothebloodandthatprotectsthebodyfromadisease【运用】influenzavaccine流感疫苗

rabiesvaccine狂犬病疫苗

hepatitisbvaccine乙型肝炎疫苗e.g.ThereisnovaccineagainstHIVinfection.

(Para.1)Whenapersonissusceptible

susceptible:

adj.yieldingreadilytoorcapableof;easilyimpressedemotionally【运用】susceptibletosb./sth.易受……影响e.g.Inhisweakenedcondition,heisverysusceptibletocold.(Para.1)...andencountersaharmfulorganism...encounter:v.tocomeupon,asifbyaccident;meetwithn.acasualmeetingwithapersonorthing

【运用】encountersb./sth.遭遇；邂逅encounterwithsb./sth.遭遇；遇到e.g.Everydayofourlivesweencountermajorandminorstressesofonekindoranother.e.g.Ourwildlifetripsofferathrillingencounterwithwildlifeinitsnaturalstate.organism:n.

alivingthing,especiallyonethatisextremelysmall;asystemconsistingofpartsthatdependoneachothere.g.Abacteriumisaverysmallorganismmadeupofonecell.［拓展］organicadj.器官的；有机的；组织的organn.器官；机构

LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTBLANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTB(Para.2)...calledtheimmunesystem...

immune:adj.

relatingtoorconferringimmunity(todiseaseorinfection);notaffectedbyagiveninfluence

e.g.

Stresscanwreakhavocontheimmunesystem.【拓展】immunity(n.)免疫力；免除(Para.2)...thepathogenisattackedanddestroyedorovercome.

attack:v.

tolaunchanassaulton;beginhostilitiesorstartwarfarewith

e.g.

Thearmyattackedatnightwhentheenemywasasleep.【拓展】underattack遭到攻击e.g.TheystuckbymewhenIcameunderattack(Para.3)...oursystemistrainedtorecogniseonespecificantigen.recognise:v.to

detectwiththesenses;accept(someone)tobewhatisclaimedoraccepthispowerandauthoritye.g.ShehadchangedsomuchthatIcouldhardlyrecogniseher.【拓展】recognition(n.)识别；认可；赏识e.g.Thephotohasfadedbeyondrecognition.(Para.5)...whichremainaliveevenafterthepathogenisdefeatedbytheantibodies.defeat:v.towinavictoryover;n.anunsuccessfulendinge.g.Hewascalmandconcentratedinjudginghowtodefeathisopponent.(Para.7)...itwouldhaveonitsfirstreactiontotheactualpathogen.reaction:n.aresponsethatrevealsaperson’sfeelingsorattitudee.g.Nailbitingisoftenasubconsciousreactiontotension.【拓展】react(v.)应答；对刺激起反应；发生反应reactive(adj.)反应的；起反作用的；反动的e.g.Howwouldyoureacttotheelectionresults?LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTB疫苗是如何起作用的？细菌就在我们身边，既存在于我们周遭的环境中，也存在于我们的身体里。。当一个人易受感染并遇到有害的微生物时，这些有害的微生物就会导致疾病和死亡。我们的身体有许多方法来抵御病原体（致病微生物）。当病原体感染人体时，就会出发我们身体的防御系统（称为免疫系统）去攻击、破坏或打败病原体。身体的自然反应每种病原体由几个子部分组成，这些子部分通常是特定病原体及其引起的疾病所特有的。引起抗体形成的病原体的子部分称为抗原。针对病原体抗原产生的抗体是免疫系统的重要组成部分。你可以把抗体看作你身体防御系统中的士兵。在我们的免疫系统中，每个抗体（或士兵）都能识别一个特定的抗原。我们体内有成千上万种不同的抗体。当人体第一次接触抗原时，免疫系统需要时间来响应并产生针对该抗原的抗体。与此同时，这个人便很容易生病。一旦产生抗原特异性抗体，它们就与免疫系统的其他部分一起工作，以破坏病原体并阻止疾病。一种病原体的抗体通常不能保护另一种病原体，除非两种病原体彼此非常相似，就像表亲一样。一旦机体在对抗原的初级反应中产生抗体，它也会生成能产生抗体的记忆细胞。即使病原体被抗体击败后，记忆细胞仍然存活。如果身体不止一次接触同一种病原体，抗体反应会比第一次快得多，而且更有效，因为记忆细胞已经准备好释放出针对该抗原的抗体。这意味着，如果这个人在未来接触危险的病原体，他的免疫系统能够立即作出反应，预防疾病。疫苗有什么作用？疫苗含有部分减弱的或不活跃的特定微生物（抗原），能在人体内触发免疫反应。更新的疫苗包含了能产生抗原的模型，而不是抗原本身。无论疫苗是由抗原本身还是其模型制成的，这样身体就会产生抗原，这种减弱的抗原不会在接种疫苗的人身上引起疾病，但它会促使他们的免疫系统像对实际病原体的第一次反应一样作出很大的反应。有些疫苗需要间隔几周或几个月再次接种多次。这有时是必要的，以便产生长久的抗体和记忆细胞。通过这种方式，可以训练身体对抗特定的致病微生物，建立对病原体的记忆，以便在将来接触时迅速对抗病原体。TextB译文UnitTaskBExcercise1Guessthemeaningofthefollowingwordsandexpressionsfromthecontext,andthencheckyourunderstandingwiththehelpofadictionary.1)infect(Para.2)________________________2)overcome(Para.2)_____________________3)formation(Para.3)_____________________4)contain(Para.7)________________________5)blueprint(Para.7)______________________6multiple(Para.8)________________________v.传染；使感染（病毒）v.克服；战胜n.形成；构成v.装有；包含n.（基因）模型；蓝图adj.多重的；多个的Excercise2Matchthewordstotheirdefinitions.1)susceptible2)encounter3)immune4)trigger5)recogniseA.initiate(areaction,process,orchainofevents)B.notaffectedbyagiveninfluenceC.accept(someone)tobewhatisclaimedoracceptD.hispowerandauthorityE.tocomeuponorexperienceespeciallyunexpectedlyExcercise3FillintheblankswithwordsfromthelistinExercise2.Changetheformsofthewordsifnecessary.1)Our__________systemsarekillingbillionsofgermsrightnow.2)She_____________hermother’sgracehandwritingontheenvelope.3)Dreamontheroadwill____________variousdifficulties.4)Youngpeoplearethemost______________toadvertisements.5)Whetherornotcamerasshouldbeinstalledinpublicareashas____________aheateddebate.immune

recognisesencountersusceptibletriggeredUnitTaskBExcercise4ScanthetextandmarkeachofthefollowingstatementsTrue(T)orFalse(F).()1.Whenapersonencountersaharmfulorganism,hewillbecomeill.()2.Eachantibodyinoursystemcanrecognisemorethanoneantigen.()3.Whenthehumanbodyisinfectedbyapathogenforthefirsttime,itwillimmediatelytriggertheimmunesystemtoattackanddestroyit.()4.Theweakenedantigencontainedinthevaccinewillnotcausethediseaseinthepersonreceivingthevaccine.()5.Vaccineswillhelpourbodytobuildantibodiestofightaspecifickindofpathogens.

T

F

F

T

TLANGUAGEPRACTICEVocabularyTranslationGrammarPage39–42LANGUAGEPRACTICEVocabulary1.Providenounsoftheverbsontheleftcolumn.Thencompletethesentencesthatfollow.VerbNoundefend

respondformexposeproducedefence/defenseresponseformationexposureproduction1)Thereisadirectcorrelationbetween____________________tosunandskincancer.2)Policearethemajorlineof_______________________againstcrime.3)Priceswillfallassoonas_________________catchesuptodemand.4)Theygaveacold_________________tohissuggestions.5)Apparently,the_________________ofMountYulongglacierisduetoitshighsealevel.exposuredefense/defence

productionresponseformationLANGUAGEPRACTICE2.Fillintheblankswithexpressionsgivenbelow.Changetheformswherenecessarydefendagainstpreventfromuniquetoinresponsetobeexposedtopumpoutregardlessofallowfor1.Bloodwas_____________________ofhisbellylikeafountain.2.Hisletter______________________herrequesthadcontainedafirmrefusal.3.Theemperorhimselfledhisarmyto_______________________theoffensivefromoutside.4.Hewenttotherescueofadrowningchild_______________________hispersonalsafety.5.Youhaveto________________________acertainamountoferrors.6.Theexamplesare_________________________thisdictionary.7.Weshouldallowchildrento______________________newideas.8.Putonrainbootwhenwashingfloor,to_______________________slippingdown.pumpingoutinresponsetodefendagainstregardlessofallowforuniquetobeexposedto

preventfromLANGUAGEPRACTICETranslationTranslatethefollowingChinesesentencesintoEnglishwiththegivenwords.1.Givenwords:defend...against（保护……不受……）中文：我们决心不惜任何代价保卫祖国，防御进犯之敌。2.

Given

words:inresponseto（对……作出反应）

中文：自动化的目的主要是提高生产率,以应付国际竞争的挑战。3.

Given

words:besusceptibleto（易受……影响）中文：负重行走时肩膀很容易受伤。4.Givenwords:beexposedto（接触；遭受；暴露）中文：这药因受潮失去了效力。5.Givenwords:regardlessof（不管；不顾）中文：不管天气条件如何，这块地总是保持稳产高产。Thepurposeofautomationismainlytoincreaseproductivity,inresponsetothechallengeofinternationalcompetition.Walkingwithweightsmakestheshouldersverysusceptibletoinjury.Thedrughaslostitseffectbybeingexposedtomoisture.Thefieldsgivehighandstableyieldsregardlessofclimaticcircumstances.Wearedeterminedtodefendourmotherlandagainstanyenemyatallcosts.LANGUAGEPRACTICEGrammarComparativeAdjectivesandAdverbs(形容词和副词比较级）典型例句、考题形式见用法1)YouarenotasgenerousasJohn(is).2)Peterneverdoeshisworkascarefullyas

Mary