卓越研究生英语（人文篇）综合教程2 课件 B2U4 Unlocking scientific treasures

Afterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto:analyzethemultifacetedvalueofscience,andillustrateChina’sscientificandtechnologicalachievements;interpretthemeaningoffiguresinanacademiccontext;grasptheauthor’sattitudewhilereading;deliveraspeechonChina’scontributionstoworldscience.Thedevelopmentofsciencehasexpandedourknowledge,cultivatedscientificspirit,andledtothecreationofnewproducts.Brainstormandcompletethediagram.Celltheory

Theoryofrelativity

Empiricism

Open-mindedness

Nano-materials

Smartrobots

ThevalueofscienceChina’spathtobuildingupitsstrengthsinsci-tech

China’scontributionstoprogressinworldscienceInthepresentday,Chinahasbeenapowerhouseofscientificandtechnologicalinnovations.CanyouthinkofanyrecentadvancementsinChinathathaveprofoundlyinfluencedyourdailylife?Watchthevideoandcompletethefollowingexercises.scripts1.HowdoesChinabuilditsstrengthsinsci-tech?Findtheanswerbycompletingtheoutline.HistoricalandrecenttechachievementsInventingthecompass,developingtheMarsroverZhurong,etc.Keydriversof1)________________________________Implementingsomecomprehensive2)________________inthescienceandtechnologysystemIncreasing3)_____________________,whichhasexceededsomemajorinnovativecountriesExpandingtheinnovativetalentpoolPromoting4)________________ofthegeneralpublicImproving5)______________________andresearchenvironmentFuturecommitmentUpgradingthesupplyofhigh-quality6)____________________technologicaldevelopmentreformsR&Dexpenditurescientificliteracyinternationalcooperationsci-techachievementsInanacademiccontext,figuresareembedded“story-tellers”thatillustratetherelationshipbetweenvariables.Herearethetwocommonfunctionsoffigures.DescribepatternsandtrendsFigureseffectivelyillustratepatternsandtrends:upward,downward,orstable.Thewords“surge,”“peak,”“slump,”“plunge,”“steady,”and“level”arefrequentlyemployedtodescribemovements.Inthevideo,thespeakerused“increasedfrom3.247millionin2012to6.354millionin2022”tohighlightanupwardtrajectoryinthenumberoffull-timeequivalentR&DpersonnelinChinaoverthespanofadecade.DecodingfiguresinanacademiccontextDescribecomparisonsandcontrastsFigurescanalsobeusedtodirectlycomparetwoormoregroupsorentities,indicatingtheirsimilaritiesordifferences.Expressionsthatareoftenusedinclude“comparedto,”“similarto,”“relativelyspeaking,”“bycomparison,”“differentfrom,”and“incontrast.”Decodingfiguresinanacademiccontext2.Analyzethesentencesthatusefigures,andlistthefunctionandimpliedmeaningofthesefigures.YoucanrefertotheAcademiclisteningskill.SentencesusingfiguresFunctionImpliedmeaningAsanimportantindicatormeasuringsci-techmanpowerinput,thenumberoffull-timeequivalentR&DpersonnelinChinaincreasedfrom3.247millionin2012to6.354millionin2022.Describepatternsandtrends

Overthespanofadecadethereisanupwardtrajectoryinthenumberoffull-timeequivalentR&DpersonnelinChina.China’stotalR&Dexpenditureincreasedfrom1.03trillionyuanin2012tonearly3.09trillionyuanin2022.____________________________________2)________________________________________________________________________________China’stotalspendingonR&Daccountedfor2.55%ofitsGDP,higherthanthatofmajorinnovativecountriessuchasFrance(2.35%)andtheNetherlands(2.32%).3)_______________________________________4)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________DescribepatternsandtrendsOverthepasttenyearstheamountofmoneyChinahasspentonR&Dhasrisensubstantially.DescribecomparisonsandcontrastsChinaisinvestingalargerportionofitseconomicoutputintoR&DcomparedtoFranceandtheNetherlands.3.

Answerthefollowingquestions.WhatarethemainobstaclesforChinatoachieveself-relianceinkeytechnologies?InwhatwayscanChinaleverageitstechnologicaladvancementstoimprovethewell-beingofitscitizens?1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.Wordsandphrases

unfathomablepopularizationprowesstelescopepropelconvertobservatoryresolutionintergovernmentalthusarenasphericalnonethelessusherexcrescenceScientificdevelopmentisanexpansivejourneyofprobingtheunknown.Everybreakthroughopensupnewrealmsforexplorationandunderstanding.Inthemodernera,oneofthemostmesmerizingaspectsofscienceistheunveilingofthecosmicuniverse.Spacehasalwaysfascinatedmankindwithitsinfinity.Ithasbeentransformedintoavast1)_____________–astagesetforcelestialbodies.Aremarkablefindingisourunderstandingofthe2)_____________natureofmanycosmicbodies.Fromstarstoplanets,theircircularsilhouetteisafascinatingrevelation,shapingourperceptionofspace.arenaspherical1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.Wordsandphrases

unfathomablepopularizationprowesstelescopepropelconvertobservatoryresolutionintergovernmentalthusarenasphericalnonethelessusherexcrescenceInthispursuit,3)_____________havetakensciencetounprecedentedheights.Theyareourwindowsintothecosmos,gatheringdataaboutdistantgalaxies,nebulae,andstars.The4)_____________ofspaceexplorationthroughmediaandeducationalprogramshasgreatlyincreasedpublicengagementwithastronomy.Throughimproved5)_____________andsatellites,ourclaritytouncoverthesecretsoftheuniversehasbeenenhanced.Eachprogressionintechnologyrefinesourcosmicvision,unblurringmysteriesoncethoughttobe6)_____________.observatoriespopularizationtelescopesunfathomable1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.Wordsandphrases

unfathomablepopularizationprowesstelescopepropelconvertobservatoryresolutionintergovernmentalthusarenasphericalnonethelessusherexcrescence7)_____________,sciencedevelopmentisnotlinear.Westumbleuponobstaclesandchallengesalongtheway.However,thesebarriersarenotsetbacks;theyarepromptsforconsecutiveadvancements,eachproblemleadingtoasolutionthatspiralsourknowledgeforward.Nonetheless1.Fillintheblanksbyselectingsuitablewordsfromthewordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.Makechangeswherenecessary.Wordsandphrases

unfathomablepopularizationprowesstelescopepropelconvertobservatoryresolutionintergovernmentalthusarenasphericalnonethelessusherexcrescenceTheinformationfromtelescopesisrawandenigmaticandneedstobe8)_____________intodigestibledata.Applyingcomplexalgorithms,wetransformastronomicalparticularsintoinsightsthat9)_____________furtherdevelopmentinvariousscientificdomains.The10)________________collaborationthroughprojectsliketheInternationalSpaceStationexemplifiesaglobalapproachtotacklingthevastchallengesandopportunitiesofspaceexploration.Thus,ourjourneyinscienceisoneofconstantdiscovery,exploringthecosmos,facingchallenges,andturningtheunknownintotheknown–andthat’sthetrueessenceofscientificdevelopment.convertedpropelintergovernmentalThevalueofscienceThepursuitofscienceisnotonlyajourneythroughtheempiricalandtangiblebutalsoanexplorationoftheprofoundandphilosophical.Howcanengagementwithscienceinfluenceanindividual’sspiritualgrowth?Toeverymanisgiventhekeytothegatesofheaven;thesamekeyopensthegatesofhell.(Para.4)Meaning:Everypersonpossessesthepotentialtodoeithergoodorbad,tosucceedorfail.Thechoicesandactionsofeveryindividualdeterminetheirultimatefate.2.Thisisaveryrealandimportantpointandonepointwhichisnotconsideredenoughbythosewhotellusitisoursocialresponsibilitytoreflectontheimpactofscienceonsociety.(Para.6)Meaning:Thepleasureresultingfromintellectisanotheraspectofscience.Itholdssignificantvalue.Somearguethatitisthedutyofscientiststocontemplatetheimpactofscienceonsociety.Theyoftenoverlookthispointofvalue.3.Scientistshavealotofexperiencewithignorance,doubtanduncertainty,andthiskindofexperienceisofutmostimportance.(Para.7)Meaning:Inscientificresearch,scientistsencountermanyproblems.Theyoftenfeelignorant,doubtful,anduncertain.Thisisthemostimportantexperience.4.Scientificknowledgeisabodyofstatementsofvaryingdegreesofcertainty–somemostunsure,somenearlysure,noneabsolutelycertain.(Para.7)Meaning:Scientificknowledgeisacollectionofstatements.Thesestatementshavevariouslevelsofcertainty.Somearenotcertainatall.Somearealmostcertain,butnoneareabsolutelycertain.varying:

a.differentfromeachotherindegree,amount,condition,etc.Theclimatemodelsproducedvaryingpredictions,highlightingthecomplexityanduncertaintyoffutureclimatescenarios.5.Infact,itisfromthehistoryoftheenormousmonstrositiescreatedbyfalsebeliefsthatphilosophershaverealizedtheapparentlyinfiniteandwondrouscapacitiesofhumanbeings.Thedreamistofindtheopenchannel.(Para.9)Meaning:Inthepast,manyhorribleactshavebeencommittedinthenameoffalsebeliefs.Bystudyingthishistory,philosophershaverealizedtheimmensepotentialofhumanbeings.Thedreamistogainaccesstotheopengatetofreehumanpotential.5.Infact,itisfromthehistoryoftheenormousmonstrositiescreatedbyfalsebeliefsthatphilosophershaverealizedtheapparentlyinfiniteandwondrouscapacitiesofhumanbeings.Thedreamistofindtheopenchannel.(Para.9)NotesEnormousmonstrositiesrefertothemassiveandhorrifyingactsoreventsthathaveoccurredthroughouthistoryasaresultofpeopleembracingfalsebeliefs.Theseactsmightincludegenocides,wars,persecutions,andotherformsofviolenceandsufferingthathavecausedimmensedestructionandlossoflife.Theword“monstrosities”emphasizesthegrotesqueandhorrificnatureoftheseactions,highlightingthetragicconsequencesthatcanarisewhenpeoplearedrivenbymisguidedideologiesforfalsehoods.Thesentencepointsouttheironythattheveryworstofhumanactions,arisingfromfalsebeliefs,haveparadoxicallyhighlightedthevastpotentialforgoodthatexistswithinhumanity.Theironyisheightenedbytheuseof“apparentlyinfiniteandwondrouscapacities,”whichcontractswiththeprecedingreferencetohorrorandnegativity.6.Ifwetakeeverythingintoaccount,notonlywhattheancientsknew,butallofwhatweknowtodaythattheycouldnotknow,thenwemustfranklyadmitthatwealsodonotknow.(Para.10)Meaning:Thinkaboutthequestionwithalltheknowledgewehave.Itincludestheknowledgeofancienttimesandthevastknowledgewehavetoday.Wemusthonestlyacknowledgethatwedon’thavetheanswertoit.7.Thiswewilldoifwesaywehavetheanswersnow,whilesoyoungandignorant;ifwesuppressalldiscussion,allcriticism,saying“Thisisit,boys.Manissaved,”wewouldtherebybecondemningmanforalongtimetothechainsofauthority,andconfiningmantothelimitsofourpresentimagination.(Para.12)Meaning:Humansareverynaiveinfrontoftheuniverse.Wewillmakeseveremistakesifwedeclarethatwealreadyholdallthesolutions.Weneeddebatesandobjections.Withoutthem,wewilltraphumanityunderthecontrolofthoseinpower.Withoutthem,wewillhinderanypotentialprogressbeyondourcurrentlimitedperspectives.suppress:vt.topreventsth.fromgrowing,developing,orcontinuing压制；阻止；抑制Scientistsfoundawaytosuppressthesignalsthattriggerallergicreactionsinsensitiveindividuals.Readingandunderstanding1.Sciencechangesthewayweliveandthink,deliveringsignificantbenefitstohumanity.Readthetextandcompletetheoutline.ThevalueofscienceValue1Enablingpeopletocreatevariousthings·Scientificknowledgehelpspeopletocreateallkindsofthings,eventhoughitdoesnotcomewith1)________________onitsown.Value2Offering2)_____________________·Somepeopleamusethemselvesbyreading,learning,andthinkingaboutsciencewhileothersby3)________________.·Sciencecontributestosocietybycorrespondingwith4)________________–arrangingthingsforpeopletoenjoy.(clear)instructionsintellectualenjoymentworkinginsciencethevalueofsocietyReadingandunderstanding1.Sciencechangesthewayweliveandthink,deliveringsignificantbenefitstohumanity.Readthetextandcompletetheoutline.ThevalueofscienceValue3Allowingpeopletogainexperiencewith5)_____________________________·Acknowledgingignoranceand6)____________________arecrucialforprogress.·Scientificknowledgecomprisesstatementsof7)___________________________.·Scientistsshouldacceptuncertaintyandignorance,andtaketheresponsibilityofmaintaining8)____________________.·Itisthroughfalsebeliefsthatphilosophershaverealizedthe9)____________________capacitiesofhumanbeings.·Acknowledgingthelimitsofourknowledgelikelyleadsustofind10)________________.ignorance,doubt,anduncertaintyleavingroomfordoubtvaryingdegreesofcertaintythefreedomtodoubtinfiniteandwondroustheopenchannelGraspingtheauthor’sattitudeisanessentialskillthatenrichestextcomprehensionandelevatesthereadingexperience.Belowaretwostrategies.PayattentiontowordchoiceManywordscarrywiththempositive,negative,orneutralconnotationsthatindicatetheauthor’sfeelings.Forexample,inthesentence“Ofallitsmanyvalues,thegreatestvalueofsciencemustbethefreedomtodoubt,”theauthoremploysthepositiveword“greatest”todemonstratehisfavorableattitudetowardquestioning.Additionally,subjectivewordsthatevokestrongemotions,suchas“horrific,”“miraculous,”“disastrous,”and“delightful,”canbeindicatorsoftheauthor’sattitude.Moreover,thechoicebetweenaformalandinformalregistercanindicaterespectoracasualstancetowardthesubjectmatter.Graspingtheauthor’sattitudeTakeheedofliterarydevicesTheuseofliterarydevicescanprovideinsightsintotheauthor’sattitude.Bright,upliftingimagerymaysuggestapositiveorhopefulattitude,whiledark,drearyimagerymightimplyanegativeorgloomyperspective.Irony,especiallysituationalorverbalirony,oftenindicatesskepticismorcriticism.Exaggerationmayconveystrongemotions,ofteninahumorousorcriticalmanner.Understatementmightdownplaysomeaspects,suggestingsarcasmoracasualdismissal.Graspingtheauthor’sattitude2.Matcheachofthefollowingstatementswiththeauthor’sattitude.Noteveryattitudecorrespondswithastatement.YoucanrefertotheAcademicreadingskill.Attitude:ShowingrespectforthepowerofscienceOfferingapositiveoutlookonhumanity’sfutureandpotentialforgrowthDisplayinganeutralstancetowardthepotentialbenefitsanddrawbacksofscientificknowledgeSuggestingastrongsenseofdutyandpassionforadvocatingthescientificmindPositivelyacknowledgingtheroleofskepticismanddoubtinscientificprogressStatements:1)Toeverymanisgiventhekeytothegatesofheaven;thesamekeyopensthegatesofhell.______C2.Matcheachofthefollowingstatementswiththeauthor’sattitude.Noteveryattitudecorrespondswithastatement.YoucanrefertotheAcademicreadingskill.Attitude:ShowingrespectforthepowerofscienceOfferingapositiveoutlookonhumanity’sfutureandpotentialforgrowthDisplayinganeutralstancetowardthepotentialbenefitsanddrawbacksofscientificknowledgeSuggestingastrongsenseofdutyandpassionforadvocatingthescientificmindPositivelyacknowledgingtheroleofskepticismanddoubtinscientificprogressStatements:2)Butitobviouslyhasvalue:Howcanweenterheavenwithoutit?______A2.Matcheachofthefollowingstatementswiththeauthor’sattitude.Noteveryattitudecorrespondswithastatement.YoucanrefertotheAcademicreadingskill.Attitude:ShowingrespectforthepowerofscienceOfferingapositiveoutlookonhumanity’sfutureandpotentialforgrowthDisplayinganeutralstancetowardthepotentialbenefitsanddrawbacksofscientificknowledgeSuggestingastrongsenseofdutyandpassionforadvocatingthescientificmindPositivelyacknowledgingtheroleofskepticismanddoubtinscientificprogressStatements:3) Itisourresponsibilityasscientists–knowingthegreatprogressofasatisfactoryphilosophyofignorance,thegreatprogressthatisthefruitoffreedomofthought–toproclaimthevalueofthisfreedom,toteachhowdoubtisnottobefearedbuttobewelcomedanddiscussed,andtodemandthisfreedomasourdutytoallcominggenerations.______D3.Answerthefollowingquestions.Whatadditionalworthdoesscienceofferasidefromthethreebenefitshighlightedinthetext?Theauthorclaimsthatthegreatestvalueofsciencemustbethefreedomtodoubt.Doyouagreewiththisopinion?Provideexamplestoillustrateyouropinion.Thinkofwaystoprotectfreedomofthoughtandshareyourideas.ThinkingbeyondFreedomofthoughtwithinthescientificfieldisnotonlyaprivilegebutalsoanecessity.Itformsthefoundationofscientificresearch,encouragingthesearchfornewknowledge.Yet,inanerawhentheabundanceofinformationcansimultaneouslyenlightenandoverwhelmresearchers,therearisesanewquestion:Howdoresearchersensurethatfreedomofthoughtremainsprotectedandnotstifledbymisinformation?1.Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsorphrases.BankedclozeCollaborationamongscientistsis__________toadvancingtechnologyandachievinggroundbreakingdiscoveries.Intherealmofscience,researchersconstantly____________intricatepuzzles,seekinginnovativesolutionsandexpandingtheboundariesofhumanknowledge.Themathematicianrigorouslyprovedalgorithmsfordeterminingtheareaofcirclesbydissectingtheregionsintoa(n)________numberofpieces.tossoutignoranceconfineinfinitewrestlewithparamountparamountwrestlewithinfinite1.Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsorphrases.Bankedcloze4)Theprofessor____________outdatedresearchmethodsandadoptedmoreadvancedtechniquesinherscientificexperiments.5)Thescientificspiritempowersustochallenge________anddevelopevidence-basedsolutionstocomplexproblems.6)Historically,scientificresearchwas________tolaboratories,butmodernadvancementsnowallowstudiesindiverseenvironments.tossoutignoranceconfineinfinitewrestlewithparamounttossedoutignoranceconfined2.Rewritethefollowingsentencesbyusing“it”astheformalsubject.Structure1)Interdisciplinarycollaborationisessentialfortacklingcomplexscientificproblems.Thisisevidentinphysicalscience.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Model:Science,notwithstandingtheenormoushorroritcanproduce,isofvaluebecauseitcanproducesomethings.Thisisquiteapparent.Itisquiteapparentthat,notwithstandingtheenormoushorroritcanproduce,scienceisofvaluebecauseitcanproducesomethings.Itisevidentinphysicalsciencethatinterdisciplinarycollaborationisessentialfortacklingcomplexscientificproblems.Structure2)CountriesmustacknowledgethegrowinginfluenceandvalueofAItechnologytoremaincurrentintheglobaltechnologicallandscape.Thisisimperative.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3)Scientistsneedtocontinuallyrefinetheirresearchmethodologiesandstayup-to-datewithadvancementsintheirfields.Thisisessential.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4)Universitiestaketheresponsibilitytofosteranenvironmentthatpromotesscientificinnovationandscholarlyexcellence.Thisiscrucial.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ItisimperativeforcountriestoacknowledgethegrowinginfluenceandvalueofAItechnologytoremaincurrentintheglobaltechnologicallandscape.Itisessentialforscientiststocontinuallyrefinetheirresearchmethodologiesandstayup-to-datewithadvancementsintheirfields.Itiscrucialforuniversitiestotaketheresponsibilitytofosteranenvironmentthatpromotesscientificinnovationandscholarlyexcellence.

China’scontributionstoprogressinworldscienceOverthecourseofhistory,therehasbeenacontinuousexchangeofscienceandtechnologybetweenChinaandtherestoftheworld.WhatcontributionsfromChinahavesignificantlyadvancedglobalscienceandtechnology?ButtheChinesehadnothingcorrespondingtotheDarkAgesofEuropeancivilization–whichweredarkasfarasscientificandtechnologicaladvancementswereconcerned.(Para.3)Meaning:However,therewasnoequivalentoftheDarkAgesinChinesecivilization.Thisagewascharacterizedbyalackofadvancementsinscienceandtechnology.corresponding:

a.(~tosth.)matchingorconnectedwithsth.thatyouhavejustmentioned符合的；相应的；相关的Thephysicistmeasuredthetemperaturechangesandnotedthecorrespondingincreaseinpressurewithinthesealedcontainer.2.Andthesearetobeseennowheremoreconspicuouslythaninthosethreewhichwereunknowntotheancients,andofwhichtheorigin,thoughrecent,isobscureandinglorious;namely,printing,gunpowder,andthemagnet.(Para.5)Meaning:Theforce,virtue,andconsequencesofdiscoveriesmanifestedthemselvesbestinthreeinventions.Theywerestrangetothepeopleofancienttimes.Theiroriginsarerelativelyrecentbutareunclearandlackrecognition.Theseinventionsareprinting,gunpowder,andthemagnet.conspicuously:ad.inawaythatiseasytoseeornotice,orthatislikelytoattractattention明显地；显著地Therobot’sabilitytonavigatecomplexenvironmentsimprovedconspicuouslyafterthesoftwareupdate.inglorious:

a.notfamousorrenowned不出名的；默默无闻的Manyingloriousresearchershavelaidthegroundworkforthemorecelebrateddiscoveriesinquantummechanics.3.ThoughmodernsciencedidnotariseinChina,thereisoneaspectofitthattheChineserecognizedbuttheWesttooksometimetoappreciate.(Para.8)Meaning:Chinadidnotoriginatemodernscience.However,theChineseacknowledgedonethingaboutitbeforetheWestfullyrecognizedit.appreciate:v.(notusedintheprogressivetenses)tounderstandthatsth.istrue理解；意识到；领会Developersbegantoappreciatethevalueofuserfeedbackincreatingmoreintuitiveanduser-friendlysoftware.4.TheyrealizeditwasnewandappreciatedthatithadcomefromtheWest,buttheyunderstoodimmediatelythatitpossessedakindofinherentuniversality.(Para.9)Meaning:TheChineserecognizedthenoveltyoftheScientificRevolution.TheyweregratefulforitsoriginfromtheWest.Yet,theyquicklygraspeditsessence.Thatis,it’suniversalinnature.universality:

n.thequalityorstateofexistingeverywhere,orinvolvingeveryone普遍性Theuniversalityofmathematicalprinciplesallowsengineerstodesignstructuresthataresafeandreliableanywhereintheworld.5.Moreover,therewasamovetowhatintheWestwascalledaplain,naked,naturalmannerofspeaking;nolongerwereexperimentsonchemistry,forexample,wrappedupintheobscurelanguageofthealchemists.(Para.11)Meaning:Additionally,therewasashiftinthewayofspeaking.TheWesternworlddescribedthiswayofspeakingassimple,straightforward,andunadorned.Forinstance,experimentsinchemistrywerenolongerexpressedintheobscurelanguageofthealchemists.Theyusedclearandsimplelanguageinstead.wrap:

vt.(~sth.up)(~insth.)tocoversth.completelyinpaperorothermaterial,forexamplewhenyouaregivingitasapresent包裹（礼物等）Thetechnicianhadtowrapuptheexposedwireswithinsulationtapetoensuresafety.obscure:

a.difficulttounderstand费解的；难以理解的Thecodesaresoobscureandsoflexiblethattheydefyrationalexplanation.6.OneotheradvantagetheChinesepossessedwasthattheirobservationsofthenaturalworldwereuntrammeledbypreconceivedideasofwhattheyoughttosee.(Para.13)Meaning:Chinesehadanotherbenefit.Theyhadunrestrictedperceptionsofthenaturalworld.Theywouldn’tbeinfluencedbypredeterminednotions.Theydidn’tpresupposewhattheyshouldexpecttowitness.untrammeled:

a.(fml.)(~bysth.)notlimitedbysth.不受限制的；自由自在的Theuntrammeledcreativityofthedevelopersledtogroundbreakinginnovationsinthenewsoftware.preconceived:a.(onlybeforenoun)(ofideas,opinions,etc.)formedbeforeyouhaveenoughinformationorexperienceofsth.（思想、观点等）事先形成的，先入为主的Despitepreconceiveddoubts,thenewtechnologyprovedtobebothreliableandefficientduringtesting.China’sroleinadvancingworldscienceMisconceptionsRebuttals·Chinaexperienceda(n)1)_____________________________________________inscienceandtechnologyaftermedievaltimes.·Greatinventionsexistedallthetimebutwereovershadowedby2)_____________________________.·Modernscienceincludescontributionsfrommanycultures,includingthosefromChina.·SomeofChina’sachie