科技论文英文摘要写作方法课件

NormsofWritingaResearchPaperComponentsofResearchPaperAuthors’NameReferencesBody

KeyWordsAbstractAuthors’AffiliationTitleGatheringData(材料收集)___1.Compiletheworkingbibliography___2.Preparethebibliographyoncardsincorrectform(3"x5"cards)___3.Beginextensiveworkinthelibraryreferenceroom;besuretocheck:___a.generalbibliographies___b.tradebibliographies___c.indexes(booksandcollections,literatureinperiodicals,newspaperindexes,pamphletindexes)___d.libraryelectroniccatalogueWritingthePaper(写作开始)___1.Developthefinaloutline;testyouroutline___2.Preparetowrite:___a.putyournotecardsintheorderthatyouroutlineisin___b.consideryour(realandimagined)readersandhowtheirexpectationsmayaffectyourtoneandstyle___3.Writetheroughdraft___4.Checkyourdocumentationcarefully___5.Reviseandrewrite___6.Checktheformatofthetext,citations,notes,andbibliography___7.Proofread翻译论文的英文标题应注意以下四点：(1）不能按汉语的语序逐字对照翻译，应按英语的表达方式用名词短语表达，一般不用完整的句子。

1)ThePaperTitle(2)标题应力求简练，实词10个左右，省略没有实际意义的词，如：thestudyof研究,theinvestigationof成果调查,theobservationof观察,theresearchof研究,theanalysisof分析,thecomparisonof比较,等。如果标题过长，可以分出一部分作为副标题。(3)

尽量避免用缩写词，因为英文缩写词太多，容易使读者费解。国外核心学术期刊中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。国外学术期刊论文标题使用缩写的情况不占1%，而我国学术期刊中论文标题用缩写词的却达10%以上，这也是不能与国际接轨的一个方面。

(5)利用检索工具统计分析医学论文英文标题利用Wordsmith及Range32等对所收集的2000个论文标题进行统计分析，得到具体数据如下：总形符19475个，标题平均长度为9.72个词，平均词长为5.59个字母。其中AmericanJournalofMedicine中出现重复标题4个，AnnalsofInternalMedicine重复标题有41个，ArchivesofInternalMedicine没有重复标题，BritishMedicalJournal上有10个重复的标题。下表

医学论文英文标题中频率最高的前10个词RankWordlistFreqencypercentage1of10385.33%2and7363.77%3in7243.72%4the6082.55%5for4452.88%6A3881.99%7to2761.41%8with2611.34%9patients1830.93%10disease1610.82of(表示动宾关系，所属关系，或性质特征等)in/among(在某范围中或人群中)for(作为…，对于)with(患有某种疾病，用某种研究方法,搭配需要等)on(表示对⋯的作用、影响，关于)等To(词语搭配需要,如relatedto,)由于论文标题一般由名词词组组成，所以比较多地使用介词。论文标题中使用最多的介词有1duringcardiacsurgery.4:5:6:Managementof

venousthrombo-.2foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areviewof

theevidencefo3foranAmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollege

of

Physicians4foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areview

of

theevidenceforan5AmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollegeof

Physiciansclinical6guideline.13:Diagnosisandtreatmentof

lowbackpain:ajoint7practiceguidelinefromtheAmericanCollege

of

Physiciansand8geriatricmedicine.15:Cost-effectiveness

of

screeningand9growthfactorindeterminingthecauseof

obstructivecholestasis.10ofobstructivecholestasis.17:Validity

of

modelsforpredicting检索19475个词,

of

共出现1038次，分析以下各行中of

的使用第1、2、4、6行均为动宾关系，其共同特征为前边有一个由动词变化而来的名词。第3、5、7、8、9、10均为所属关系。介词in

的使用频率仅次于介词of，共出现724次，后面跟人群，患者，疾病的范围或者指某一方面或部位。*Blindnessaftertreatmentofmalignanthypertension恶性高血压治疗后的视觉缺失（研究）*Self-accessEnglishLearninginwebenvironment网络环境下的自主英语学习*Secondarypreventionofprimarylivercancer:Randomizedcontrolledprospectivestudy原发性肝癌二级预防的随机分组前瞻性研究*Essentialfattyacidsinfullterminfantsfedbreastmilkorformula足月婴儿母乳喂养和配方喂养必需脂肪酸对比研究a.名词短语（N+Preposition）*Recentlytrainedgeneralpediatricians:perspectivesonresidencytrainingandscopeofpractice.*

EvaluationandmanagementoftheinfantexposedtoHIV-1intheUnitedStates.*

Utilityoflumbarpunctureforfirstsimplefebrileseizureamongchildren6to18monthsofage.*

Effectsoftheaccreditationcouncilforgraduatemedicaleducationduty-hourlimitsonsleep,workhours,andsafety.*UnderstandingtheDevelopmentandPreventionofType2DiabetesinYouth

青春期II型糖尿病的发生和预防措施研究

Preventingstrokeinpatientswithatrialfibrillation房颤患者中风预防*

Screeningforenvironmentaltobaccosmokeexposureamonginner-citychildrenwithasthma.b.动名词短语*MalignantHypertensionandCigarettesmoking恶性高血压与抽烟

相关性研究Gastroesophagealrefluxandcow’smilkallergyininfants:Aprospectivestudy

婴儿胃食管返流与牛奶过敏有关的前瞻性研究c.名词并列结构*Abnormalpainintheemergencyroom:176consecutivecases腹痛急诊连续176例研究*Qualityofinpatientcareforasthma:challengesandopportunities.哮喘住院病人护理质量调查:面临的挑战和机遇*DiabetesMellitus:NewDiagnosticCriteria

糖尿病新的诊断标准d.副标题的应用e．其它句式*OnControllingRectalCancer

关于控制直肠癌的探讨*BiologistsofChinaarealsoconsideringstrengtheningtheresearchonbiodiversity(次类动词接动名词/名词，还有：admit,avoid,appreciate,deny,escape,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,postpone,practice,recollect,understand,suggest,etc.)

*HomeorHospitalBirth?*Isthetreatmentofborderlinehypertensiongoodorbad?RetrospectiveStudyofEpidemiologyandDrugAbuse2)Traumaticbraininjuryinhighschoolathletes3)Changesinsleeppositionduringinfancy:Aprospectivelongitudinalassessment4)Long-termfollow-upcareforpediatriccancersurvivors.标题参考译文:1.大量名词词组的连接都是由介词和并列连接词来完成。2.英文中为副标题，而汉语不一定是副标题；3.注意信息的等价性,而不是字数相等;标题翻译提示作者单位在作者之后，按从小到大顺序排列，实词大写第一个字母，如：DepartmentofNephrology,ShanghaiChildren’sHospital,Shanghai200040,P.R.China上海市儿童医院肾病科（附所在城市，邮编，中国）。3.作者单位(Author’sAffiliation)关键词:

体育锻炼;减肥;肌肉总量;智力发展Keywords:physicaltraining;weightloss;mentaldevelopment;musclemass4)关键词

而英国一些期刊的结构式摘要力求祥实，大都有七部分组成：Objectives;Design;Setting;Subjects;Mainoutcomemeasurements;Results;Conclusion.摘要的长度在400词左右。有的作者对写摘要不够重视，三言两语，不能体现文中的主要内容，这样不易采用。英文摘要的写作既有格式和内容的要求，又有科技英语语言特点的要求，举例说明如下：ScreeningforHIV:AReviewoftheEvidencefortheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceAbstract:BackgroundandPurpose:HIVinfectionaffects850,000to950,000personsintheU.S.ThemanagementandoutcomesofHIVinfectionhavechangedsubstantiallysincetheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceissuedrecommendationsin1996.ThestudyistosynthesizetheevidenceonrisksandbenefitsofscreeningforHIVinfection.DataSources:MEDLINE,theCochranceLibrary,referencelists,andexperts.StudySelection:Studiesexampleofscreening,riskfactorassessment,accuracyoftesting,follow-uptesting,andefficacyofinterventions.DataExtractions:Dataonsettings,patients,interventions,andoutcomeswereabstractedforincludedstudies;qualitywasgradedaccordingtocriteriadevelopedbytheTaskForce.DataSynthesis:NotrialsdirectlylinkscreeningforHIVwithclinicaloutcomes.ManyHIV-infectedpersonsintheUnitedStatescurrentlyreceivediagnosisatadvancedstagesofdisease,andalmostallwithprogresstoAIDSifuntreated.Screeningbasedonriskfactorscouldidentifypersonsatsubstantiallyhigherriskbutwouldmissasubstantialproportionofthoseinfected.ScreeningtestsforHIVareextremelyaccurate(>99%).Acceptanceratesforscreeninganduseofrecommendedinterventionvarywidely.Highlyactiveantiretroviraltherapy(HAART)substantiallyreducestheriskforclinicalprogressionordeathinpatientswithimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.Alongwithotheradverseevents,HAARTisassociatedwithanincreasedriskforcardiovascularcomplications,althoughabsoluteratesarelowafter3to4years.Limitations:Dataareinsufficienttoestimatetheeffectsofscreeningandinterventionsontransmissionratesorinpatientswithlessimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.LongtermdataonadverseeventsassociatedwithHAARTarenotyetavailable.Conclusions:BenefitsofHIVscreening

appeartooutweighharms.Theyieldfromscreeninghigher-prevalencepopulationswouldbesubstantiallyhigherthanthatfromscreeningthegeneralpopulation.finishedObjectives

的语言特点是以动词不定式开头，言简意赅。如：1)Toidentifytheefficacyandsafetyof…2)Todescribecomplicationof….3)Toassesstheeffectivenessof…..4)Todeterminewhether/if…..5)Toexaminetherelationbetween….6)Toevaluatethesystemicavailabilityand…Languagefeaturesofanabstract7)Toinvestigatetheefficacyandsafetyof8)Toestablishaanimalmodel…9)Tomeasuretheserumconcentrationsof10)undertakeaprospective,singleblind,randomizedtrial11)Tosummarizetheevidenceontheefficacyof12)Toascertain（findout）theoutcomeassociatedwith13)Toreviewtheclinicalfeatures,treatment,andoutcomeofchildren…Methods

语言特点是用完整的句子叙述，谓语动词用一般过去时,被动语态。该部分包括设计如：experimentalstudy;casecontrolstudy;prospective,double-blindstudy;cross-overstudyofdurationofsixweeks;包括研究对象：subjects,patients,rats…;分组studygroupandcontrolgroup；包括用药时间，检测方法byradioimmunoassay等.Immunofuorescencemethod免疫荧光法Immunoelectroabsorption免疫电吸附法Immunoelectrophoresis免疫电泳法Immunoelectromicroscopicmethod免疫电镜法Radioimmunoassay放射免疫测定法Radioallergeosorbenttest放射变应原吸附实验Radioactiveisotopescanning放射性核素扫描Radioisotopescanning放射性同位素扫描Radionuclideangiography放射性核素血管造影临床检查方法Radionuclideemissioncomputedtomography

放射性核素计算机体层扫描Quantitativegeldiffusiontest定量凝胶扩散实验Quantitativemaculo-perimetry定量黄斑视野检查法Quantitativeperimetry定量视野检查法Quantitativeprecipitationtest定量沉淀实验Immunologicsurveillance免疫监视Immunogold-silverstaining免疫金银染色法Results

语言特点是用完整的句子叙述，谓语动词用一般过去时，提供研究数据对比。如：increasedby20%;droppedremarkably;remainedthesame;thefindingswerecorrelatedwith;therewasanincrease/decreaseinpatient’sheartrate/respiratoryvolume;therewasacorrelationbetweensmokingandcarcinoma…Conclusion

谓语动词用现在时或将来时，完整的句子表明该研究的临床意义、前景、尚未解决的问题。Forexample:Itcanbeconcludedthat…；Thefindings/thestudysuggest(s)that．．．Thereportdemonstratesthat…;weconcludethat…ExampleofafullAbstract:PaperTitle:AdultWeightChangeandRiskofPostmanopausalBreastCancer

A.HeatherAliassen,etal.JAMA2006;296:193-201

ABSTRACTContextEndogenous(内源的)hormonesareaprimarycauseofbreastcancer.Adiposityaffectscirculatinghormones,particularlyinpostmenopausalwomen,andmaybeamodifiableriskfactorforbreastcancer.Objective

Toassesstheassociationsofadultweightchangesince18yearsandsincemenopausewiththeriskofbreastcanceramongpostmenopausalwomen.Example:Design,Setting,andParticipantsProspectivecohortstudy(定群研究)withintheNurses’HealthStudy.Atotalof87143postmenopausalwomen,aged30to55yearsandfreeofcancer,werefollowedupforupto26years(1976-2002)toassessweightchangesince18years.Weightchangesincemenopausewasassessedamong49514womenwhowerefollowedupforupto24years.MainOutcomeMeasureIncidenceofinvasivebreastcancer.Results

Overall,4393casesofinvasivebreastcancerweredocumented.Comparedwiththosewhomaintainedweight,womenwhogained25.0kgormoresinceage18yearswereatanincreasesriskofbreastcancer(relativerisk[RR],1.45;95%confidenceinterval[CI],1.27-1.66;P<.001fortrend),withastrongassociationamongwomenwhohavenevertakenpostmenopausalhormones(RR,1.98;95%CI,1.55-2.53).Comparedwithweightmaintenance,womenwhogained10.0kgormoresincemenopausewereatanincreasedriskofbreastcancer(RR,1.18;95%CI,1.03-1.35;P=.002fortrend).Womenwhohadneverusedpostmenopausalhormones,lost10.0kgormoresincemenopause,andkepttheweightoffwereatalowerriskthanthosewh