英国文学简史笔记全套

英国文学简史笔记全套Chapter1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。【TheOldEnglish(Anglo-Saxon)Period】²TheBritishcivilizationisoneoftheoldestintheworld.sign:theStonehenge（巨石阵）prehistoricmonumentalpileofstonesCelts（凯尔特人）wereprobablythefirstinhabitantsoftheBritishIslesinrecordedhistory.Oneoftheirtribes,theBritons（不列颠人），cameoverinthe5thcenturyBC.亚瑟王传奇Arthurianlegends500yearsRomanConquest,JuliusCaesar（尤里乌斯凯撒）55BC500yearsAnglo-SaxonConquest,5thcenturyIn597ADtheAnglo-SaxonsbegantobeconvertedtoChristianity.paganelements/regularelementsreligionelementsInthesecondhalfofthe7thcentury,thefirstEnglishpoet,Caedmonbyname，begantosing.Anothercenturypassed,Beowulf.Inthe9thcentury,KingAlfreddecidedthatliteratureshouldbewritteninthevernacular（方言）ofOldEnglish.²WiththearrivalofSt.Augustinein597ADandthesubsequentspreadofChristianinfluenceandclassicallearning,heathenpoetrywasmaneuveredoutofthescene.atimeofintermingling（过渡时期）ofthepaganwiththeChristiancomponentsinpoetry.安格鲁撒克逊时期唯一完整的诗歌：Beowulf：1.ThenationalepicofEnglishpeople,apaganpoem2.Anepicofwellover3000lines.3.ThegreatestepiceverleftbytheancientGermanictribes.4.ThemostancienteversincethedemiseoftheGreekandRomanliteratures.5.TheonlyorganicwholepoemtocomeoutoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.6.ThestorytakesplaceinScandinavia,nomentionofEngland.7.AngloSaxon’searlylifeinEnglandTheme:Thepoemtellsthestoryofa6thcenturyhero,Beowulf.Itisbasicallyatwo-partnarrative——Beowulf’sfightwiththesea-monstersGrendelandhismotherinthefirstpart,andhiskillingafierydragonandhisdeathinthesecond.1.humandesireforsomesuperpowertoconquernature.2.greattraditionofrealism（现实主义传统）Versification:1.PaganstoryhasanChristianoverlay（覆盖物，表面）.（作诗法）ThemixtureofpaganandChristianelements2.usingofkenning(一种描写手法)e.g.:seaisoften“swan’sway”or“whale-path.3.conspiciousoccurrenceofalliteration(头韵).4.narratorofthepoem,the“I”isaminstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人）5.story’sdigressivemannerofnarration.6.elevatedtone（提高的音调）.7.theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements²Thenthepaganwassuperseded（超过）bythereligiousspirit,andminstrels（吟游诗人）gavewaytolearnedmen.²Caedmon（凯德蒙）:thefirstknownpoetinEnglishliteraryhistory.²TheEcclesiasticalHistoryofEngland（英格兰教会史）bythevenerableBede（比得）.欧洲最早的编年史：Anglo-SaxonChronicle（编年史）foundedbyKingAlfredtheGreat（阿尔弗雷德大帝）.【Medieval（中世纪）Literature:abriefintroduction】²1066NormanConquest:markedthebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishorAnglo-Normanperiod.(1066-1400)þIn1066,____,withhisNormanarmy,succeededininvadinganddefeatingEngland.A.WilliamtheConquerorB.JuliusCaesarC.AlfredtheGreatD.ClaudiusþAftertheNormanConquest,threelanguagesexistedinEnglandatthattime.TheNormansspoke_____.A.FrenchB.EnglishC.LatinD.SwedishThechangesandreplacementofdynastyandgovernment:TheNormanlineofkings90years1154AngevinkingsKingHenryⅡandhisdescendants245years1399TheHouseofLancaster²Fewoccurrencesofhistoricmagnitude:TheEstablishmentoftheFeudalSystem（封建制）WilliamtheConquerorgrabbedAnglo-Saxonlandbyforceandgaveittohisnoblesandfollowers.The1381PeasantUprising（农民起义）LedbyWatTylerofKentandJackStrawofEssex1086TheCompletionoftheDomesdayBook（末日审判书）AhistoricalrecordofAnglo-Saxoninstitutions,customs,andwayoflifeTheLaunchingoftheCrusades.（十字军东征）AseriousofwarsbetweenChristiansandtheMuslims(1096-1270)Thefirstcommunicationbetweeneastandwest1215ThesigningoftheMagnaCarter.（大宪章）KingJohnwasforcedtorecognizetherightsofthepowerfulbarons.（男爵）（Duke公Marquis侯Count伯Viscount子Baron爵）Asignificanteventinthelongdeclineofthemonarchy1337-1453TheWarwithFranceortheHundredYears’War（英法战争）NormanandAnglo-Saxonelementsbegantocoalesceintoonenation,andtheEnglishlanguagestartedtorevive.Theemergenceofnation（民族兴起）²Fewimportantpointsofliterature:Legend传奇：TheGrowthoftheArthurianLegends（亚瑟王传奇）Notputdownonpaperuntil1147GeoffreyofMonmouthcameoutwithhisLatin

HistoriaReugmBritanniae.Beenrichedbyagoodnumberoflaterwriters.1205Layamonwrotehiscastverseworkof32,000lines

Brut

inEnglish.ThebeginningoftherevivalofEnglishasaliterarymediumRomance骑士文学：SirGawainandtheGreenKnight:(《高文爵士和绿骑士》)astoryofadventure--fictitious,frequentlymarvelousorsupernatural--inverseorprose.þTheprevailingformofMedievalEnglishliteratureis____.A.novelB.dramaC.romanceD.essayþThestoryof___istheculminationoftheArthurianromances.A.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightB.BeowulfC.PiersthePlowmanD.TheCanterburyTalesþThethemeof____tokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.A.loyaltyB.revoltC.obedienceD.mockeryAfamousromanaboutKingArthur’sstoryA4-partworkof2,530linesin101sections.knightlyvirtues:loyalty,valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,andintegrity.OneChristmas（故事发生的时间）1.某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。2.一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，历经千辛来到一座城堡。3.城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动。4.最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。Thedescriptionofthechangeofseasonsandthedifficultterrainofhisroutewithitswastelandandwildanimals,servesinfactasameansofexternalizing（外化）thecomplexinginnerworldofthemangoingtodeath.Heisaperfecthumanbutheisnotdivine.Toforgivehisdivinetoearnhishuman在诗行结构和运用头韵等写作方法上同《贝奥武甫》非常相似骑士就跟普通人一样，也会犯错民谣ballads:

RobinHoodthemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliterature.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.þThemostfamouscycleofEnglishballadscentersonthestoriesaboutalegendaryoutlawcalled_____.A.Morted’ArthurB.RobinHoodC.TheCanterburyTalesD.PiersthePlowmanAcollectionof15thcenturymedievalballadsaboutRobinHood,theheroofthepoor,andtheenemyoftherichandthepowerful.Agreenwoodoutlaw（绿林好汉）罗宾汉是英国民间传说侠盗式英雄人物。人称汉丁顿伯爵。从12世纪中叶起，关于罗宾汉的民谣和传说就开始在民间流传。14世纪，有关罗宾汉的故事首次作为文学作品问世。此后，不断有作家以此为素材，写出了许多脍炙人口的作品。《侠盗罗宾汉》是法国文豪亚历山大·仲马在前人基础上再创作的作品。Basicfeaturesoffolkballads:repetitionofwords/refrain,uniforminmood,anddramaticinplotorcharacterportrayal.JohnWycliffe约翰威克里夫(1320-1384):TranslatebiblefromLatintoEnglish:thefirstattemptevertotranslatetheHolyScriptureintoEnglish.威克里夫（英国宗教改革的晨星，英文圣经译者）生于伦敦附近的约克郡，其父亲是威克里夫农庄的主人。1345年到牛津大学默顿学院就读，后来短时间任该大学巴略勒学院院长。他学识渊博，名噪一时，听他讲学的人极多，在神学教授中首屈一指。但为人不茍言笑。在哲学上他是“þ______wasthegreatestofEnglishreligiousreformersandthe

firsttranslatoroftheBible.A.LanglandB.GowerC.WycliffeD.ChaucerþThefirstcompleteEnglishBiblewastranslatedby_______,“themorningstaroftheReformation”andhisfollowers.A.WilliamTyndalB.JamesIC.JohnWycliffeD.BishopLancelotAndrewsWilliamLangland威廉朗兰(1332-endof14thcentury):VisionofPiersthePlowman:

adreamallegory（讽寓体）of7,000linestoattackevilinbothChurchandstate.《农夫皮尔斯》是用中世纪梦幻故事的形式写成的教诲诗，通过描绘梦中的景象来展现中世纪英国社会各方面的生活图景，采用寓言故事来惩恶扬善。长诗分为两部分，第一部分是皮尔斯的梦境，第二部分是称为“寻求好、更好、最好”的一连串幻想。全诗由有重读音和押头韵的诗行写成。þWilliamLangland’s____iswrittenintheformofadreamvision.A.KublaKhanB.PiersthePlowmanC.TheDreamofJohnBullD.Morted’ArthurþPiersthePlowmandescribesaseriesofwonderfuldreamstheauthordreamed,throughwhich,wecanseeapictureofthelifeinthe____England.A.primitiveB.feudalC.bourgeoisD.modernRomance

ChansondeRoland:（《罗兰之歌》）法国英雄史诗，中世纪武功歌的代表作品。全诗共分为291节，长4002行，以当时民间语言罗曼语写成。英雄史诗是法国最古老的文学。英雄史诗主要分为帝王系、纪尧姆·德·奥郎日系和敦·德·梅央斯系。《罗兰之歌》是帝王系的主要作品。Chapter2【GeoffreyChaucer1340-1400】²GeoffreyChaucer:Thelastmedievalman,thefirstmodernman.þIn

the14thcentury,themostimportantwriter(poet)is____.A.LanglandB.WycliffeC.GowerD.Chaucerþ______,the“fatherofEnglishpoetry”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland,wasborninLondoninabout1340.A.GeoffreyChaucerB.SirGawainC.FrancisBaconD.JohnDrydenþChaucerdiedonOctober25th,1400,andwasburiedin____.A.FlandersB.FranceC.ItalyD.WestminsterAbbeyþChaucer’searliestworkofanylengthishis_____,atranslationoftheFrenchRomandelaRosebyGaillaumedeLorrisandJeandeMeung,whichwasaloveallegoryenjoyingwidespreadpopularityinthe13thand14thcenturiesnotonlyinFrancebutthroughoutEurope.A.TheRomauntoftheRoseB.“ARed,RedRose”C.TheLegendofGoodWomenD.TheBookoftheDuchessþInhislifetimeChaucerservedinagreatvarietyofoccupationsthathadimpactonthewiderangeofhiswritings.Whichoneisnothiscareer?____.A.engineerB.courtierC.officeholderD.soldierE.ambassadorF.legislator(议员)þChaucercomposesalongnarrativepoemnamed_____basedonBoccaccio’spoem“Filostrato”.A.TheLegendofGoodWomenB.TroilusandCriseydeC.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightD.Beowulf他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人，英国历史上第一位卓越的诗人，英国文学史上用英语创作的第一位重要诗人。FounderofEnglishpoetrythemessengerofhumanismthefounderofEnglishrealismthefounderormasterofthemodernEnglishlanguagethepioneeroftheEnglishRenaissanceThefirstpreeminentEnglishpoet.ChaucerwasthefirstmostsignificantpoetinEnglishliteraryhistorytowriteinMiddleEnglish.Amasterofrealism.²作品：TheBookofDuchess《公爵之书》TheHouseofFame《声誉之堂》TheLegendofGoodWife《贤妇传奇》TroilusandCriseyde《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》TheParliamentofFowls《百鸟议会》²Themostfamousofallhisworks：TheCanterburyTales(《坎特伯雷的传说》)þGeoffreyChaucer’swork____givesusapictureoftheconditionofEnglishlifeofhisday,suchasitsworkandplay,itsdeedsanddreams,itsfunandsympathy.A.TheRomauntoftheRosesB.TheHouseofFameC.TroylusandCriseydeD.TheCanterburyTales英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作acollectionof20-oddstories,4fragmentsTheframingofthestoriesbymeansofafictitiouspilgrimage（朝圣）asthe

Tales

usesasaunifyingdevice.Acollectionofstoriesstrungtogetherwithasimpleplan（章回体，像西游记）124storiesplanned,only24finishedwritten

inMiddleEnglish²作品特点：突出两个群体：神职人员和中产阶级Substanceisfromothers,thetellingisChaucer’sown.Enormoussenseofhumor.Loyaltytoreality.Stickstohispolicyofhonestyandstaystruetolife.Offerssuchapanorama(全景)ofsociallife.Infinitesenseofhumanity.Itismorethanamerecollectionoftrue-to-lifepictures.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.form:

heroiccouplet（英雄偶句诗）

afour-linestanzaaverseunitconsistingoftworhymed(押韵)linesiniambicpentameter(五步抑扬格)²ContributiontoEnglishpoetry:IntroducedfromFrancetherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(theheroiccouplet),ThefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.MakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.²乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期：①法国影响时期（1359～1372）：主要翻译并仿效法国诗人的作品，创作了《悼公爵夫人》，用伦敦方言翻译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗《玫瑰传奇》等。②意大利影响时期（1372～1386）：诗人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。这一时期的创作如《百鸟会议》、《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》、《好女人的故事》，反映了作者面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点。③成熟时期（1386～1400）：乔叟在这最后15年里从事《坎特伯雷故事集》的创作。无论在内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟早期的创作受意大利和法国文学的影响。他把法国文学中的骑士传奇、抒情诗和动物寓言故事等引入英国文学。其早期作品《特罗勒斯和克莱西德》（1385），人物性格塑造生动细腻，语言机智幽默。从1377年开始，乔叟多次出使欧洲大陆，接触了但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品。这些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主义思想，使乔叟的创作思想发生了深刻的变化，开始转向现实主义。根据薄伽丘的一部长诗改写的叙事诗《特罗勒斯和克面西德》摈弃了梦幻和寓言的传统，代之以对现实社会中的人物和生活细节的描写，这是乔叟的第一部现实主义作品。乔叟在他生活的最后十五年进行了《坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400）的创作。这是他最杰出的作品。²

TheWifeofBath《巴斯夫人》:manshouldloveawomanforherworthratherthanherface²

TheMiller’sTale《磨坊主的故事》:oneofjealousy,infidelity,courtlylove,andobscenityinthestyleofthemedievalfabliau（讽刺性寓言诗）(afunnyvulgarstory)【ThePre-ElizabethanPeriod:ABriefIntroduction】The150yearsbetweenthedeathofChaucerandtheascensionofQueenElizabethI(1400-1557)wasaveryimportantperiodinhistory.²Reformation（宗教改革）firststartedinGermanybyMartinLuther(1483-1546)Thefollowersofthemovement,distinctnowfromtheCatholics,becameknownastheProtestants,andtheReformationhasalsobeenknowninhistoryastheProtestantReformation.JohnannesCalvin(1509-1564)Theybelieveinthedoctrineofjustificationbyfaith,thatman’sjustificationorsalvationdependsonthegraceofGodwhichcomesthroughfaithalone.（因信称义）²RenaissanceþEnglishRenaissancePeriodwasanageof______.A.proseandnovelB.poetryanddramaC.essaysandjournalsD.balladsandsongsþWhichofthefollowingis

NOT

regardedasoneofthecharacteristicsofRenaissance?A.Exaltationofman’spursuitofhappinessinthislife.B.Cultivationofthegenuineflavorofancientculture.C.Toleranceofhumanfoibles.D.Praiseofman’seffortsinhavinghissouldelivered.þThemostsignificantintellectualmovementoftheRenaissancewas____.A.theReformationB.humanismC.theItalianrevivalD.geographicalexplorationstherebirthofletterstheactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcenturymarkingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworldTwofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Theotheroneisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.【ThomasMore托马斯莫尔（1478-1535）】²ahumanist²hewitnessedtheevilsofthefutureoftheworldandsoughttohelpmendthings²

Utopia:þUtopiawaswrittenintheformof_____.A.proseB.dramaC.essayD.dialogueþ_____isoneoftheforerunnersofmodernsocialistthought.A.PhillipSidneyB.EdmundSpenserC.ThomasMoreD.WalterRaleighconsistoftwobookwithemphasisonbooktwoinwhichtheUtopianwealrepublicisdescribedindetailbooktwohas9sections:geographiccontours,citylife,administrationofthecountry,lifestyle,familystructure,utopiatravel.Section7:bondmen,attitudetowardswar,religion作品特点:nothingprivateinUtopia,noonehasanything,yeteveryisrichoffersbestidealsocialsystempossiblesomeproblems:strictadherencetoconformityslavesystemsuperpowerpoliticsmale-dominatedChapter3【TheElizabethanAge(1558-1625):abriefintroduction】²TheElizabethanperiodbeganwiththeascensionofQueenElizabethIin1558,anditsafterglowshonewellbeyondthe16thcentury.TheElizabethanagewasoneinwhichRenaissancetransformedChaucer’sMedievalEnglandintoShakespeare’smodernone.Allthethreemajordepartmentsofliterature——poetry,drama,andprose,andcountlessauthorsviedinofferingtheirverybestinatremendousoutburstofcreativepower.²TheElizabethanagecanbedividedintothreesub-periods:Thefirstofthesestretchesovertwodecades(1557-1579)beginningwiththeprintingof

Tottel’sMiscellany

《杂录》andconcludingwiththepublicationofEdmundSpenser’s

TheShepheardesCalendar《牧羊人日历》Spenser’sfirstknownworkPlacehimattheheadoftheEnglishpoetsofhisdayThesecondphasecoverssometwodecadesfrom1580through1599.aperiodofintenseliteraryactivityinwhichthegreatestElizabethanwritersmadetheirpresencefelt斯宾塞《仙后》、菲利普西德尼《爱星者和星星》、《为诗辩护》《阿卡荻亚》indramatheexuberanceshoweditselfwellinthegreatnumberofgreatplaysthatwerewrittenandstagedatthetimeinthisperiodShakespearewrotesonnetsandsome20ofhis37playsShakespearesonnet:ababcdcdefefggThethirdphasespansoversomethreedecades(1599-1625).出现大批大学才子ThiswastheperiodinwhichShakespearefinishedallhislaterplays,andBenJonsondidalmostthewholeofhiswork.【EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)埃德蒙斯宾塞】²anon-dramaticpoetofQueenElizabeth’speriodreadandlovedChaucerandsawhimashispatterninliterarycreation²majorworks:TheShepheardesCalendar

1579

《牧羊人日历》consistsof12pastoraleclogues(田园牧歌)，oneforeachmonthoftheyeardialoguesbetweenshepherdsorofsoliloquies,theeverydaylifeofcountrypeople,theirfeelingsandattitudes,andtheirsimplelifeofharmonywithnaturearoundwithsuchobservationsonthereligiousstrifeandpoliticalturbulenceofhisdayfullofarchaic(古代的)or“Chaucerian”words,bringintoreliefarustic（乡村的，纯朴的）effecttheecloguesintheCalendarfallintothreegroups-plaintive,recreative,andmoralTheFaerieQueene

1590,1596《仙后》praiseofElizabethⅠ’sEnglandinitselfconsistentofsixbooksandafragmentoftheseventhbooktellrespectivelyabouttheRedCrossKnightofHoliness,theKnightofTemperance,thelegendofchastity,thatoffriendship,theKnightofJustice,andtheKnightofCourtesy.courageousexperimentationwiththemetersSpecialrhymeschemeoftheSpenseriansonnets,andintheSpenserianstanza.impressesuswithhisskillfulblendingofreligiousandhistoricalallegorywithchivalricromance.ColinCloutsComeHomeAgaine

1595

《科林克劳德又回家了》twoodestoMarriage：

Epithalamium

1595

《新婚颂》and

Prothalamiun

1596

《结婚曲》acollectionofsonnets：Amoretti

1595,

《爱情小唱》²Spenserianstanza斯宾塞诗节TheFaerieQueen

《仙后》

anallegory寓言诗Anine-linestanzaof8linesiniambicpentameterplusaniambichexameter(6-footline)一共九行诗，前八行扬格五步音，第九行抑格六步音。Therhymeschemeisababbabac.【PhilipSidney(1554-1586)菲利普西德尼】ApologieforPoetrie《为诗辩护》

古典文论（poetics）必读Sidney’ssonnetcycle

AstrophelandStella

爱星者和星星(1591)containshisbestpoeticcompositionsof108sonnetsand11songs.Asasonnetsequences,thiswasprobablythefirstofitskindevertoappearinEnglishliteraryhistory.英国文学史上第一组十四行组诗【EnglishDrama:ASketchAccount】²Thedramahadgonethroughanumberofphasesoverthecenturiesincludingthoseofthemysteries（神秘剧）,themiracles（奇迹剧）,themorality（道德剧）,theinterlude（插剧）,andthetruedrama（经典戏剧）.þMoralityplaysappearedafter_____.A.miracleplaysB.mysteryplaysC.interludeD.ClassicalplaysþOneofthepopularmoralityplay·swas____.A.TheShepherdsB.EverymanC.ThePlayoftheWeatherD.GammerGurton’sNeedle【ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)】²ThemostpreeminentfigureamongtheUniversityWits大学才子þThemostgiftedofthe“universitywits”was____.A.LylyB.PeeleC.GreeneD.MarloweþItwasWilliamShakespeareand_____whomade

blankverse

theprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.A.EdmandSpencerB.ChristophorMarloweC.RobinHoodD.FrancisBacon²works:TamburlainetheGreat帖木儿大帝TheJewofMalta马耳他的犹太人TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus浮士德博士的悲剧firstpartoftheplaytellsofFaustus’sdissatisfactionwithearthlyknowledgeandofhispartwiththedevilsecondpartabouthissatisfactionwithhisnewlyacquiredknowledgeandpowerthirdpartsoulbeingdraggeddowntohell,triestopraytoGod’ssave.famousbothforitsthematicandformalfeaturesthematically,FaustusrepresentsthearchetypalRenaissancehumanistof16thcentury,andasupremespecimenofEverymanforalltimeFormally,usessomedramaticdeviceslikethechorusesAsa“photo”recordofnewman主题：Humanlimitation人类局限性塑造了一个renaissancehero的形象marksanewphaseinhumanepistemology,认识论inwhichmanemergesfromhisinitialtotalsubmissiontoexternalforcesandawakenstohisownimportanceandpowerandbeginstoasserthimself.Chapter4【WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)】²四大悲剧：哈姆雷特，麦克白，李尔王，奥赛罗²InSonnet18,heeulogizesthepowerofartisticcreation²blankverseistheprincipalformofhisdramas²ShakespearewasborninStratford-on-Avon²Non-dramatic:Twolongnarrativepoems:

VenusandAdonis

&

TheRapeofLucreShakespeare’ssonnets,154intotal,werefirstpublishedasacollectionin1609þAmongmanypoeticforms,Shakespearewasespeciallyathome(goodat)withthe_______.A.dramaticblankverseB.songC.sonnetD.coupletþIn_____appearedShakespeare’sSonnet，NeverbeforeImprintedwhichcontains154sonnets.A.1606B.1607C.1608D.1609þIntheplays,Shakespeareusedabout______words.A.15000B.16000C.17000D.18000theme:love,passion,andsparksofwisdomclearvisionoflifeandpeopleRenaissancepaeanofmanafaithfulrecordofthemoodandtenorofthetimes.style:graceinform,depthinthought,andvivacityintone²Drama:37Hiscreativeuseofthelanguage,especiallyitsvocabularyOver17000wordsusedinhiswriting,10%newinventionsEnglishtodaystillfullofechoesfromhisplaysVariety:before1600:thehistoriesandcomediesofhisearlyperiodgenerallyhappyandcheerful.Alldramasthisperiodendhappily1600-1608:thetragediesofthemiddleortragicperiodfrustration,allhismajortragedieswerewrittenwithinthespaceofafewyears1608-1612:thelateperiodofromancesortheperiodofserenityacceptanceoftheinevitabilityoflifeþShakespeare’splayswrittenbetween_____aresometimescalled“romances”andallendinreconciliationandreunion.A.1590and1594B.1595and1600C.1601and1607D.1608and1612TheGreatTragediesTheTragedyofHamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记Othello奥塞罗TheTragedyofMacbeth麦克白TheLaterComedies(romances)Pericles波里克利斯Cymbeline辛白林TheWinter’sTale冬天的故事TheTempest暴风风雨特点：highlymoral:evilbepunishedandgoodrewardedpraisesvirtueandcensuresvicewisdomandprofoundphilosophytolerantofhumanfoiblesandfaults(新古典主义观点：humanbeingsarenorperfectbutperfectable)avoidstheuseofjustonecolor-pureblackorwhite，charactersaremorethanone-dimensional.(不只是一维)comicelementalongsidetheserious（喜剧和严肃元素并置）senseofindividualworthmethodofcreation:(unique&originality)borrowsfromexistingworksbutrevisesandmakesthemsubstantiallyandsuperiorKingLear:

tragiccomedy悲喜剧theme:everyoneinlifehavetheirowndutytheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyanalysisofthesocialcrisiscriticismofthebourgeoisegoism利己主义resignationwithfateandacceptanceoftheworkingsoftheworldspiritualrebirth,spiritualsublimityingratitude(忘恩负义)TheTempestþMirandaisaheroineinShakespeare’s______.A.PericlesB.CymbelineC.TheWinter’sTaleD.TheTempestShakespeare’sdesirethathumanbeingsshouldcometotermswiththeworkingsofnaturetheplayexpressesthecomplexityofhumanexistencesowellthatitiscapableofmorethanoneinterpretationHamlet,thePrinceofDenmarkovera60-yearperiod,doctoraldissertationsontheplayhaveappearedatthefrequencyofoneinevery12days.hesitation:Hamlet’stragicflawthesecretofsuccess:whereasrevengeandviolencereceivemostoftheemphasisinpreciousversions,ShakespeareinjectsthethrillingRenaissancespiritintothestory.MacbethLadyMacbeth:oneofShakespeare’sgreatestwomen:AmoralityTheMerchantofVeniceShylockportraysanarchetypeofvice,createdasheistobodyforththesumtotalofsocialandhumanevilandiseventuallybroughttojustice.withasupremesenseofjustice【FrancisBacon(1561-1626)】²成就：Philosophy:hisinductivemethodofreasoningandlearning(归纳推理法)provedtobeseminalandcriticallyimportanttothedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtheprogressofhumankindhisthoughtsystemrepresentedthebeginningsofmaterialisminEnglishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）hiswell-knownphilosophicalworks:AdvancementofLearning学问的演进NovummOrganum新哲学NewAtlantis新大西岛Prose:Essays随笔wasthefirstofitskindtoappearinEnglishliterature.英国文学史上第一部随笔作品Bacondrewchieflyonthecariousphenomenaofnatureandhiscarefulobservationsandanalyses特点：wisdomandhisuniquestyle.deliberationsonmanandhislife他对人类和人类生活的反思itrevealshisintimateknowledgeofhumannature揭示了他对人类特性的深入认识OfStudies:“Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested”【BenJonson(1573-1637)】他的去世标志着伊丽莎白时代的结束²hewasthelastgreatElizabethanandprobablythefirstpoetlaureate（桂冠诗人）andthefirstliterarydictator（文学泰斗）inEnglishhistory第一位桂冠诗人，第一位文学泰斗²hisreputationasaplaywrightwasestablishedbythesuccessofhisfirstcomedy,

EveryManinHisHumour（1598）《个性互异》²In1616hepublishedhis

Works《作品》,thecompletecollectionofhispoetry²bringtheclassicformofthetreeunities——unityofaction,unityoftime,andunityofplace——backtothestage²把古典的三一原则——情节一致，时间一致和地点一致带回舞台þ“Thethreeunites”,formulatedbyrenaissancedramatists,aretheunitesofthefollowingelementsbut____.A.timeB.placeC.actionD.character²theheroiccouplet英雄双韵体thatheusedinthepoemwastobecomeatyrannicalbogueinthenextcentury,andhisemphasison“nature”thebasicprinciplein18thcenturyliterarycriticism【KingJames’Bible】²最终形成于3世纪初²consistsof2parts:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament旧约和新约²TheOldTestamentbecametheHolyScripturefortheJewsattheendofthefirstcenturyAD,andacenturylaterboththeOldandtheNewTestamentswereacceptedbytheChristiansastheirholybook.²TheOldTestament:historyandreligiousbeliefsoftheJewsTheNewTestament:thelifeofJesusChristandthebirthandthegrowthoftheChristianfaith²theauthorizedbiblecameintobeingin1611Chapter5【The17thCentury:AbriefIntroduction】²basicfeaturesoftheliteratureoftheperiod:Seekcertaintyandintellectualharmonyontheonehand,andtoaddressthequestionofvaluesthroughviolenceandsexuality²Themainliteraryformoftheearly17thcenturywaspoetry.【JohnDonne约翰邓恩(1571-1631)】²MetaphysicalPoetry/Poet玄学派诗歌/诗人þThemainliteraryformoftheearly17thcenturywaspoetry.JohnMiltonwasacknowledgedasthegreatest.Besideshim,thereweretwogroupsofpoets.TheyweretheCavalierpoetsand______.A.thelakepoetsB.theuniversitywitsC.theMetaphysicalpoetsD.theRomanticpoetsþWhichofthefollowingisnottypicalofmetaphysicalpoetrybestrepresentedbyJohnDonne’sworks?A.CommonspeechB.ConceitC.ArgumentD.Elegantlanguageþ____istheleadingfigureofMetaphysicalpoetry.A.JohnDonneB.GeorgeHerbertC.AndreMarvellD.HenryVaughanþWhichofthefollowingisnotaMetaphysicalpoet?A.RichardCrashawB.HenryVaughanC.AndrewMarvellD.RobertBurton²AlthoughofaCatholicbackground,herenouncedalldenominationsandwascontentedwithbeingaChristian.BeforeheswitchedtotheChurchofEngland:youthfullovepoetry's,interweavingofpassionwithreasonAfterheswitchedtotheChurchofEngland:religiouspoemsþ____poemscanbedividedintotwocategories:theyouthfullovelyricsandthelatersacredverses.A.JohnMiltonB.JohnBunyanC.JohnDonneD.JohnDryden²Criticalandreception批评与接受17thcenturypoet-criticJohnDrydencommentedthathislovestoplaywithmetaphysicsbothinhissatiricalandlovepoetry,lovepoems