2024年+寒假语法：现在完成时人教版八年级英语下册

Lesson10时态：现在完成时一、定义：1.表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或结果。 2.表示从过去开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。二、构成：肯定式：主语+has/have+过去分词+其他。eg:Ihavecleanedtheroom.(我已经打扫过房间了。)否定式：主语+has/have+not(hasn’t/haven’t)+过去分词+其他。eg:Ihaven’tcleanedtheroom.(我还没有打扫过房间了。)疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他。eg:Haveyoucleanedtheroom?(你打扫过房间了吗?)(4)简略答语：Yes,主语+have/has./No,主语+haven’t/hasn’t.eg:Yes,Ihave.(是的，已经打扫过了。)/No,Ihaven’t.(不，还没有打扫过。)过去分词1.规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1).一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。work—worked—worked,visit—visited—visited(2).以“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。live—lived—lived,(3)、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，将y变为i，再加“ed”。study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped2.不规则动词：cost—cost—costshut—shut—shutspread—spread—spreadread—read—read(read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/)come—came—comeburn—burnt—burntcatch—caught—caughtdig—dug—dugfeel—felt—feltfight—fought—foughtmake—made—madebreak—broke—brokenchoose—chose—chosenwrite—wrote—written四、现在完成时的用法及标志1.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。)eg:Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Have

you

had

lunch

yet?

Yes,

I

have.

I've

just

had

it.

注意：already用于肯定句。Hehasalreadyknownit.yet用于否定句或疑问句。Haveyoudonetheworkyet?常见的标志语：already,yet,neverever,just,before,sofar,bynow，tillnow,uptonow，recently,lately，inthepast/lastfew(或其它数字)years，overtheyears2.动作或状态从过去开始，一直持续到现在。（通常与表示段时间的时间状语连用）常见的标志语：for,since.eg:HehaslivedinChengdufor5years.eg:Ihaveworkedintheschoolsince1989.注意：(1)for+段时间。如：fortwoweeks.(长达两个星期）(2)since+时间点（sincetwodaysago/sincelastyear/since9:00/sinceFriday)since+从句。（主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时）eg:Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.=Hehasbeeninthearmysincethreeyearsago.Hehasbeeninthearmysinceheleftschool.(3)since和for引导的肯定句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。eg:Hehasboughtthecarfortwoweeks.（错）Hehashadthecarfortwoweeks.（对）将非延续性动词转换成相应的延续性动词：arrive

→be

heredie

→be

dead begin(start)→be

oncome

back

→be

backleave

→be

awayfall

ill(sick,

asleep)→be

ill(sick,

asleep)get

up

→be

up

open

→be

openjoin→bein或

be

a

member

of…

close

→be

closedborrow

→keep

go

to

school

→be

a

studentcome

to

work

→workbuy

→havecatch(acold)→have(a

cold)get

to

know

→knowbegin

to

study

→study

注意：be+adj/adv都是延续性动词。Eg:Hehasjoinedthearmy.→He

has

been

a

soldier

for

three

years. His

father

hasdied.→His

father

has

been

dead

for

two

years.

The

film

hasbegun.→The

film

has

been

on

for

ten

minutes.Wehavebeguntostudy.→We

have

studied

English

for

three

years.

3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验。（一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,

ever,

never,

three

times等时间状语）。

Eg:

I

have

been

to

Beijing

twice.我去过北京两次。注意：(1)have

been(to)与have

gone(

to)的区别：have

been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have

gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once

,never,

several

times等连用，后者则不能。如：They

have

been

to

Beijing

twice.他们去过北京两次。

He

has

gone

to

Beijing

.

他去北京了。如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。

如：It

is

two

years

since

his

father

died.

=His

father

has

been

dead

for

two

years.他父亲去世已有两年了。

（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。

如：I

haven't

left

here

since

1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

（4）在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用

how

long。

How

long

have

you

lived

here?

注意：在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不一样的。如：

I

lived

here

for

a

week

last

summer.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。

I

have

lived

here

for

a

week

by

now.

到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周。五、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。

1.过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。Eg:I

saw

this

film

yesterday.

（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I

have

seen

this

film.

（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知了。）Ilostmynewpen.（强调丢失的动作发生了。）Ihavealreadylostmypen.

（强调笔丢失了，现在还没有找到。）2.现在完成时与for或since引起的短语连用时，表达从过去开始的动作或状态延续至今，而一般过去时与“for＋一段时间”连用时，只指过去的动作或状态在过去延续了多长时间。

Eg:We___________(stay)

here

for

three

weeks.

I

think

we

are

going

to

stay

another

two

weeks.（说话时人还在）

havestayed

He

__________(stay)

here

for

three

weeks

last

year.（并不表示现在是否在）

stayed

3.过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:

yesterday,

last

week，…ago,

in1980,

in

October,

just

now现在完成时的时间状语:

for,

since,

so

far,

ever,

never,

just,

yet,

till

/

until,

up

to

now,

in

past

years

共同的时间状语:

this

morning,

tonight,

this

April,

now,

once,before,already,

recently,lately

Eg:I

__________(come)

the

day

before

yesterday.came4.现在完成时所带时间状语包含说话时在内,如today,this

week(month,year),these

days(years)或与说话时非常接近，如recently,just,in(during)

the

past

three

years

Eg:Great

changes

____________(take)

place

in

the

last

ten

years.havetaken

We_________________manytreesthisyear.haveplanted5.如果一件事情发生在过去并且延续到说话的这个时刻，就需要使用现在完成时。

Eg:They

have

lived

here

for

a

long

time

.6.一般过去时比现在完成时更能表达事情的结果。Eg:John

has

taught

math

for

twenty

years.

保留了约翰继续教数学的可能性

John

taught

math

for

twenty

years.

表明约翰已经不再教数学了，他可能退休了，换工作了，或者去世了。

【即讲即练】一、句型转换He

died

10

years

ago.

—He

_________________

for

10

years

/

since

10

years

ago.He

borrowed

the

book

2

weeks

ago.

—He

___________________the

book

for

2

weeks.

He

bought

the

motorbike

a

month

ago.

—He

___________________the

motorbike

for

a

month.He

arrived

here

three

days

ago.——He

____________________here

since

three

days

ago.

They

turned

off

the

light

2

hours

ago.

——

The

light

___________________for

2

hours.

He

left

here

2

years

ago.——

He

__________________from

here

for

2

years.The

film

began

30

minutes

ago.

——The

film

___________________

for

30

minutes.They

opened

the

door

an

hour

ago.

——

The

door

____________________

for

an

hour.

They

closed

the

door

an

hour

ago.

——The

door

____________________for

an

hour.

He

joined

the

army

last

year.

——He

_____________

a

___________

for

a

year二、用所给动词的恰当形式填空。1.yourfriend(be)totheSpaceMuseumbefore?2.Myfather(keep)thiscarforonemonth.3.Yourfatherjust(finish)hiswork.4.you(buy)adictionaryyet?Yes,I.Whereyouit?I(buy)itinabookstore.【中考链接】()1.I_________thebookLittleWomen,butI’llletyoureaditfirst.（2015成都）A.haven’tread B.don’tread C.won’tread()2.HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?（2013成都） Yes.LastmonthI__________there.A.havebeen B.went C.willgo()3.Jack,let’sgotoseethemovieHarrypotter.（2012成都） Oh,I_________itmanytimes.SoIdon’twanttoseeit.A.haveseen B.see C.willsee()4.Great

see

you

again.Iyou

for

three

years.（2017武侯二诊） A.don't

see B.haven't

seen C.didn't

see()5.DoesPeterstill

feellonelyinChina?（2017锦江二诊）

No,he

a

lot

of

friends

over

these

years.

A.makes B.

made C.hasmade()6.Mygrandmother________alotofchangesduringherlifetime.（2017成华二诊）A.wasseeing B.hasseen C.sees()7.Theoldphotowillrecordmydeepestloveofmyoldschooldaysassoonasit_________.(2016武侯区诊断题)A.isenjoyed B.hasenjoyed C.willbeenjoyed()8.Manyrivers_________inthelastfewyears,soweshouldtryourbesttoprotecttheenvironment. (2016七中育才中考诊断题)A.hadbeenpolluted B.werepolluted C.havebeenpolluted综合训练单选。1.—Hi,Tom!______youever______theBird’sNest?—Yes,Ihave.It’sfantastic.A.Have,beentoB.Have,gonetoC.Did,goto2.Asanexchangestudent,Alan______Qiqiharforoneandahalfyears.A.hasbeentoB.hasbeeninC.hasgoneto3.—WhereisCatherine?Ihaven'tseenherfordays.—She______Wuhan.She’llbebacknextweek.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeento4.Iatesomefruit,whichI______sinceIwasachild,andthevegetablesfrommygarden.A.haveenjoyedB.enjoyedC.enjoyD.hadenjoyed.5.—Iseveryonehere,Jonathan?—No,Sir.Millieisabsent.She_______fortwodays.hasfallenillB.hasbeenillC.fellillD.wasill6.—WhyisGrace’sChinesesogood?—Becauseshe______Chinafortenyears.AhasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.hascometoDhasbeenin7.TheshopinWandaSquare_______forsixyears,butI______theresofar.A.hasopened;haven’tgoneB.hasbeenopened;haven’tbeenC.hasbeenopen;haven’tgoneD.hasbeenopened;haven’tbeen8.John_____methebooktwoweeksago,soI______itfortwoweeks.A.borrowed;haveborrowedB.lent;haveborrowedC.borrowed;havehadD.lent;havekept9.Meltingice(融冰)cancausesealeveltorise.Since1993,sealevel_____ataspeedof3.2cmevery10years.A.roseB.hasrisenC.risesD.rise10.AbingisbestknownforplayingtheErhuandhismusicoftenmakesus_____aboutthepainthatwe______inthepastfewyears.A.think;experiencedB.tothink;experiencedC.thinking;haveexperiencedD.think;haveexperienced完形。Onceuponatime,therewasalazypoormanlivinginasmallhousewithspider(蜘蛛)websonthewallsandmicerunningaround.People

didn’tcomeintosuchadirtyplaceandthepoormanwas1andsadeveryday.Hethoughtitwaspoverty(贫穷)thatled

tohisunhappylife.

Oneday,thepoormandroppedinonawiseoldmanandaskedhimfor2aboutchanginghislife.Theoldmangavehimabeautifulvase(花瓶)and

said,“Thisisamagicvasethatwillbringyou

3

.”

Thepoormanlookedatthevasesurprisingly.He

4

whyheneedavaseinhispoorhouse.However,hedidn’twantto

5

suchabeautifulvase,sohebroughtithomeandputitonthetable.

“It’snotrightforsomethingsobeautifultobeempty,”thepoormanlookedatthevaseandthought.Thenhepickedsomewildflowersandput

6

intoit,makingitevenmorebeautiful.

7

hewasstillnotsatisfied(满意的).“Itisnotgoodforsuchabeautifulthingtostandnexttoaspiderweb.”Atthis,hestartedtodosome

8

inthehouseandpaintthewalls.

Hishouseturnedintoa

9

placerightnow.Thepoormancheeredup.Hesuddenly

10thatinthepastitwashis

lazinessthatmadehimpoorandunhappy.Fromthenon,heworkedhardandhislifegotbetterandbetter.

（）1.A.happy

B.lonely

C.busy

D.strange

（）2.A.condition

B.success

C.service

D.advice

（）3.A.sadness

B.happiness

C.kindness

D.satisfaction

（）4.A.knew

B.believed

C.wondered

D.explained

（）5.A.throw

away

B.takedown

C.closeto

D.checkout

（）6.A.it

B.him

C.them

D.her

（）7.A.And

B.But

C.Because

D.So

（）8.A.work

B.cleaning

C.job

D.cooking

（）9.A.strange

B.large

C.dirty

D.comfortable

（）10.A.hoped

B.realized

C.thought

D.found阅读。Youmaynotrealizeit,butyouaredoingmuchmorethanjuststudyingwhenyouareatschool.Schoolisalsotheplacewhereyoulearntogetonwellwithpeople.Butthisisnotalwayseasy.Whatcanyoudoifyoujustdon'tlikeoneofyourclassmates?

Ifyoudiscover（发现）thatyouhaveproblemsgettingonwithyourclassmatesorfriends,themostimportantthingtolearnistolerance（宽容）.Toleranceistheabilitytorealizeandrespect（尊重）thedifferencesinothers.Wecannotchangethewaythatotherpeopledo,soitisimportanttolearntolivehappilywiththem.

Tolerancewillmakeeveryonegetonbetterwitheachother.Gettingtoknowsomeonemayhelpyouunderstandwhyhedoesthingsdifferently.Somethingdifferentdoesnotexactlymeanthatitisbad.Toleranceteachesustokeepatemperateandopenmind.

Youneedtorememberanoldsaying,“Treatothershowyouwanttobetreated.”Ifyoutoleratesomething,itdoesnotmeanthatyouhavetolikeit.Nooneisaskingyoutochangewhoyouareorwhatyoubelievein.Tolerancejustmeansthatyoushouldrespectthedifferencesinothersandnottrytomakethemchange.

Itisimportanttopracticetolerance,becauseitwillmakeeveryone’slifeeasier.Learntoacceptpeoplefortheirdifferentabilitiesandinterests.Theworldisverydifferent,andpracticingtoleranceinyourownschoolandcitycanhelpmakeadifference.

（）1.Thispassageistryingtotellus________.

A.what'simportantforastudent

B.whatstudentsshoulddoatschool

C.howtotreat（对待）peopledifferentfromus

D.howtogetotherstodothingsintherightway

（）2.Fromthefirstparagraph（段落）weknowthatatschool________.

A.it’seasierforsomeonetohateothers

B.gettingalongwithothersisnotdifficult

C.moststudentsaregettingonwellwitheachother

D.studentsarelearningotherthingsbesidesstudying

（）3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“temperate”mean?

A.温和的

B.不礼貌的

C．活跃的

D．有责任心的（）4.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat________.

A.tolerancecanonlybelearnedatschool

B.livingwithpeopleofthesameinterestsiseasier

C.practicingtoleranceatschoolcanhelpmakeabetterworld

D.peopleindifferentcountrieshavedifferentinterestsandabilities完成对话。A:Hi,Jack!1.B:Yes,Idid.Ijoinedthebookclublastweek.A:2.B:Ihavereadtwobooks.A:3.B:IhavereadTomSawyerandHarryPotter.A:4.B:Well,IthinkHarryPotterwasexciting,butTomSawyerwasalittleboring.Bytheway,whatbookshaveyoureadrecently?A:IhavereadLittleWomen.Ithinkitwasveryinteresting.B:5.A:Itisaboutfoursistersgrowingup.Itwasreallygood.Youcanreaditwhenyouarefree.B:OK.Iwill.选词填空。writejobsentpopularcompletelyonmoneydreambecomelanguagesHaveyoueverreadHarryPotterandthePhilosopher’sStone?Itmustbethemost1bookforalmostallthechildrenintheworld.TheideaforthebookcametoJ.K.Rowlingin1990.Ittookhersevenyearstofinish2it.Duringthosesevenyearsshehadanumberof3,forexample,beinganEnglishteacherinPortugal（葡萄牙）.Rowling4thebooktofourpublishers(出版商)beforeoneofthemboughtit.Shewasveryhappytosellherbookbecauseitwasher5tobeawriter.Beforeshesoldherbook,Rowlingwaslivinginasmallhousewithherdaughterandwasverypoor.Shedidn’thaveenough6topayforheat（暖气）inwinter.HarryPotter7afavoritewithchildrenandadultsinEnglandandthenaroundtheworld.Itwasputinto(被译成)morethanthirty-five8.Afterhersecondandthirdbookswerepublished,thethreeHarryPotterbooksfilledthetopthreeplaces9manynewspaperslistsofthemostpopularbooks.Withoutanyquestion,Rowling’slife10changedandshebecameoneofthemostfamouswomenwritersintheworld.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.HomeworkHomework改写句子，每空一词。1.Ihaveborrowedanewbookfromtheschoollibrary.I________________anewbookfromtheschoollibrary