跨文化交际-Chapter-9-Nonverbal-Communication教程文件

跨文化交际Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationLearningobjectives:Chapter9NonverbalCommunication1.toidentifythedefinitionsofnonverbalcommunication2.toknowthefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication3.tounderstandthevariouscategoriesofnonverbalcommunication

NonverbalCommunicationDefinedCultureandNonverbalCommunication

CategoriesofNonverbalCommunication

NonverbalExpectancy

Violations

Theory

indexChapter9NonverbalCommunication

Narrowlyspeaking,nonverbalcommunication(非言语交际)referstointentionaluseofnonspokensymboltocommunicateaspecificmessage.NonverbalCommunicationDefined

Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationTheAlliance关系BetweenCultureandNonverbalByunderstandingimportantculturaldifferencesinthisbehavior,youwillbeabletogathercluesaboutunderlyingattitudesandvalues,becausenonverbalcommunicationoftenrevealsbasicculturaltraits.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

a.

Replacing

Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.

b.Complementingc.Substitutingd.Contradictinge.Regulating

(调整)

interactionf.Reinforcing（强调）andmodifying

Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalCommunicationisOftenAmbiguous

Manynonverbalexpressionsvaryfromculturetoculture,anditisjustthosevariationsthatnonverbalcommunicationcanbeambiguous.ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.Chapter9NonverbalCommunication3.CategoriesofNonverbalCommunication

paralanguage/metacommunication(副语言/元信息传递)

chronemics

(时间行为)

proxemics

(时空行为)

ocuelsics

(目光语)

olfactics

(嗅觉)

haptics

(触觉行为)

kinesics

(身势语行为)

chromatics

(色彩学)

silence

clothingandphysicalappearance

Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationA.Paralanguage/Metacommunication

Paralanguage

Metacommunication

Metacommunicationistheintentionalorunintentionalimpliedmeaningofamessage.1.

Vocalcharacterizers(声音的特征)2.

Vocalqualifiers(声音的修饰)3.

Vocalsegregates(声音的分割)4.

Accent(口音)Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationB.Chronemics(时间行为)a.

Thesenseoftimeb.

Monochronicandpolychronictime

（单维度时间取向-多维度时间取向）

Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.

Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationa.

Thesenseoftime

1.

Timeiscyclical(循环的)2.

Timeislinear(线性的)

Westernculturesthinktimeislinear—aflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.

Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationb.Monochronicandpolychronictime

1.Monochronictime（单维度时间取向）2.Polychronictime（多维度时间取向）

Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.

Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationC.proxemics（时空行为）

a.Personalspace

b.Seating

c.Furniturearrangement

Proxemicsreferstotheperceptionanduseofspace,includingterritoriality(领地感)andpersonalspace.Territorialityreferstophysicalspace;personalspacereferstoperceptualorpsychologicalspace.

Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationa.Personalspace（个人距离）

IntheUnitedStatesHallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.2.InIndiaInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcaste阶级

mayapproachothercastes.3.InArab

ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationb.Seating

IntheUnitedStates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.TheChineseoftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsitonoppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationc.Furniturearrangement

French

spaceisareflectionofFrenchculture.Everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜),fengshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationfengshuiFengShuiisa3,000+yearoldmetaphysicalpractice形而上学实践观,originatinginChina,butrelevanttoeveryonesinceitdealswithenergy,nature,lawsofphysicsandtheenvironmentsweallcreate.Theharmfuleffectofexposedbeamsiswell-documentedandabasicfengshuiprincipleisthatflat,beamlessceilingsaremuchhealthiertosleepunder.Onefirstandveryimportantfengshuicareertiptalksaboutyourdeskposition.Thedeskortableyouuseforworkingshouldbeplacedinapositionthatallowsyoutoseethemaindoor.Yourdeskshouldneverbewithyourbackatthedoor,sincethatwouldbeveryharmfulforyourcareer.Andifpossible,youshouldalsotrytoplaceitinsuchananglewhereyoucanalsoseethewindow.

Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.AprolongedgazeorstareintheUnitedStatesisconsideredrude.InotherculturessuchasJapan,Korea,andThailand,staringisalsoconsideredrude.Inmostcultures,mendonotstareatwomen.InFranceandItaly,however,mencanstareatwomeninpublic.IntheUnitedStates,staringatapersonisconsideredasignofinterestandmayevenbeinterpretedassexuallysuggestive.

Docuelsics

（目光语）Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationE.Olfactics(嗅觉)ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics.

Aperson’ssmellcanhaveapositiveornegativeeffectontheoralmessage.Dopeoplehavethesameideaaboutfragrance?

Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationF.Haptics

(触觉行为)

Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintance(熟人)totouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachild’sspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworker’schairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationG.Kinesics（身势语）

Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance,andothermannerisms习性thatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.Chapter9NonverbalCommunication

Gesturescanbeemblemsororregulators(one’sfaceturnsredwithembarrassment).Gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.symbols(the“ok”gesture),illustrators(policeofficer’shandhelduptostoptraffic),Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationa.

Facialexpressionsb.

Gesturesl

Headmovementl

Armmovementc.

PostureandstancePosture,thewaysomeonestands,sits,orwalks,cansendpositiveornegativenonverbalmessages.Posturecansignalagreementordisagreement.Appropriatepostureisrelatedtoaperson’sstatusinsociety.Forexample,themanagermaystanderectwhentalkingtosubordinates,butthesubordinatesmaydroptheirshoulderswhentalkingtothemanager.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationH.chromatics

（色彩学）Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeople’smood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationBlackisthecolorofmourningtomanyEuropeansandU.S.Americans,butwhiteisworntofuneralsinJapanandmanyothernations.

IntheUnitedStates,whiteistypicallywornbybrideswhileinIndia,redoryellowisworn.Purpleissometimesassociatedwithroyalty,butitisthecolorofdeathinmanyLatinAmericancountries.Red(especiallyredroses)isassociatedwithromanceinsomeculturesincludingtheUnitedStates.RedisnotanappropriatecolorforwrappinggiftsinJapan.DarkredisthecolorofmourningalongtheIvoryCoast科特迪瓦(旧称象牙海岸

.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationGreenisnotusedforwrappingpackagesinEgyptsincegreenisthenationalistcolor(asred,whiteandbluearethenationalistcolorsintheUnitedStates).MenshouldavoidwearingagreenhatinChinaasthissignifiesthattheirwifeorsisterisaprostitute.Inmanycountriesoftheworld,blueisconsideredamasculinecolor,buttopeopleofFranceandtheUnitedKingdom,redismoremasculine.Blue,inIran,isanundesirablecolor.WhilepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconsiderpinktobethemostfemininecolor,personsinmostothercountriesthinkofyellowasthemostfemininecolor.

Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationUnitedAirlines美国联合航空公司unknowinglygotoffonthewrongfoot使一开头就不顺利duringitsinitialflightsfromHongKong.Tocommemoratetheoccasion,theyhandedoutwhitecarnations(康乃馨)tothepassengers.WhentheylearnedthattomanyAsianswhiteflowersrepresentbadluckandevendeath,theychangedtoredcarnations.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationAmericanbridesChapter9NonverbalCommunicationIndianbridesChapter9NonverbalCommunicationNationalflagoftheU.S.Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationwhitecarnationsChapter9NonverbalCommunicationRedcarnationsChapter9NonverbalCommunicationI.Silence

Silenceisaformofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybeinterpretedinvariouswaysdependinguponthesituation,thedurationofthesilence,andtheculture.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisalsoimportant.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy(冷漠),awe(敬畏),confusion,contemplation(沉思),disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfulness,oranynumberofmeanings.Case-analysis:

SilenceinJapan

WhatisthedifferentopiniontowardsilenceinWesternandEasternculture?

Chapter9NonverbalCommunicationJ.ClothingandPhysicalAppearance

AlthoughWe