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高一必修一Unit2Unit2—SectionA1.havetrouble(in)doingsth.做某事有困难拓展:①havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.做某事有困难;②havenotrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.毫不费力地做某事;③haveahard/difficulttime(in)doingsth.做某事有困难;④havetrouble/difficultywithsth.在...方面有困难/麻烦。【注意】:在上述短语中,trouble和difficulty均为不可数名词。with后面接名词或代词;in后面接动名词,且in常省略。练习:1.Istillhavetroublein(express)myselfinEnglish.2.Iamsorrytohearthatyouarehavingtrouble(improve)yourEnglishatyournewschool.3.Youcan’timaginewhatdifficultywehad(figure)outtheproblem.4.ThetaxformswerecomplicatedandIhadalotoftroublethem.5.Ihadnodifficulty(make)myselfunderstood.6.我很难让这个收到惊吓的男孩平静下来。Ihadtrouble.2.neither...nor...既不...也不...neither...nor...连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数遵循“就近原则”。同样遵循就近原则的还有:either...or...(或者...或者...),notonly...butalso...(不但...而且...),not...but...(不是...而是...)等。【拓展】:①“nor/neither+连系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语”,意为“...也不...”,表示前面的否定情况也适用于后者;②“so+连系动词be/助动词/情态动词”,意为“...也是如此”,表示前面的肯定情况也适用于后者;③“so+主语+连系动词be/助动词/情态动词”,意为“...的确如此”,表示肯定前者的说法。④Soitiswithsb./sth.或Itisthesamewithsb./sth.,意为“...也是如此”。此句用于比较复杂的情况,如前句的谓语动词肯定、否定同时存在,或谓语动词不属于同一类。练习:1.Neitherhisparentsnorhe(visit)hisgrandparentssofarthismonth.2.Eitheryouorshe(be)togototakecareofthesickoldman.3.Ifyoudon’ttakepartinthesportsmeeting,(我也不参加).4.--Mr.Whitebelongstothedramaclub.--(布莱克先生也是).5.HeisanathleteandhespendsmanyhoursadaytrainingfortheOlympicGames.(约翰也是如此).6.--Father,youpromised!--Well,(我是答应过).Butitwasyouwhodidn’tkeepyourwordfirst.3.opposing&oppose&opposed&opposite(1)opposingadj.(观点、意见等)相反的,相对立的;(2)opposev.反对,与...角逐;opposedoingsth.反对做某事(3)opposedadj.反对的,截然相反的;beopposedto(doing)sth.反对(做)某事(4)oppositen.对立的人或物;adj.对立的,对面的;prep.在...对面①justtheopposite正好相反;②beoppositeto与...相反,与...相对。练习:1.Thearticletriestoshow(oppose)viewsontheissue.2.Manylocalpeopleopposed(build)thenewgym.3.Theprofessor,opposedto(carry)outtheproject,madeacommentonthereport.4.Mostpeoplebelieveitisunlikelythatthedraft(草案)(oppose)bythepublic.5.Mymotherwasverymuchopposedto(我出国).6.Istilladmirethosewho(反对)myideas.4.behavior&behave&well-behaved&badly-behaved(1)behavior=behaviourn.行为,举止①good/badbehavior良好/恶劣行为;②one’sbehaviortowards...某人对...的态度;③beonone’sbestbehavior尽可能地表现,尽量表现得体;④rewardchildrenfortheirgoodbehavior对孩子们的良好行为给予奖励。(2)behavev.表现,表现得体;behaveoneself表现得体,有礼貌(3)well-behavedadj.表现好的;(4)badly-behavedadj.表现差的。练习:1.Iwantyoubothto(尽可能好地表现)attheparty.2.Thegiftsareexpectedtobegivenawaytothe(表现好的孩子们).3.Mymotheroftenremindsmeto(表现得体)informaloccasionsandnottomakeafoolofmyself.5.confusing&confuse&confused&confusion(1)confusingadj.令人困惑的;(2)confusev.困惑,(把...)混淆;confuseAwith/andB把A与B混淆(3)confusedadj.困惑的,糊涂的①beconfusedabout...对...感到困惑;②become/getconfused变得困惑。(4)confusionn.困惑,混淆;inconfusion困窘地,不知所措地。练习:1.Althoughshemanagedtobuysomemedicine,theinstructionsonthebottlereallymadeher.(confuse)2.It’s(confuse)thatawordhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.3.Toavoid(confuse),pleasewritethechildren’snamesclearlyonalltheirschoolclothes.4.Grandpagetspretty(confuse)sometimes,anddoesn’tevenknowwhatdayitis.5.I(对...感到疑惑)yourrecentbehavior.6.uniqueadj.独一无二的,独特的,难得的,罕见的,独具的,特有的beuniqueto...为...所独有。unique表示“独一无二的”时,不与more,most及very,rather等表示程度的副词连用;但是当表示“难得的,罕见的”时,可与这些副词连用。练习:1.Thiskindofmonkey(为...所独有)theisland.2.Theyoungman(制定了一份独特的日程表)forhisEnglish.3.Theproblemwhichmakesyouworried(不只是你的儿子有).7.burnv.燃烧,烧,(使)烧毁,烧坏,烧伤,着火,晒伤,烫伤,烧焦,烧糊;n.烧伤,烫伤等。①burnup烧毁,烧尽,消耗(体内的能量);②burndown(建筑物)(被)烧毁;③burnout(火)烧尽,熄灭,把...烧成空架子,耗尽体力;④burn...totheground把...烧成平地/夷为平地;【注意】burn的过去式和过去分词有两组:burnt与burnt,或者burned与burned。练习:1.Thetower,whichwascompletedjustamonthago,wasburnedthegroundlastnight.2.Let’sburntheseolddocuments.3.Thewholefamilywasinpanicbecausethefire(烧尽)everythingandthehousewas(烧毁).8.reflect&reflection(1)reflectv.显示,反映,映射,反射,认真思考①bereflectedin...反映在...中,映在...中;②reflecton/upon...认真思考...;(2)reflectionn.反映,影像,沉思①beareflectionof...是...的反映;②belostinreflection陷入沉思;③on/uponreflection经过考虑/沉思。练习:1.Youshouldreflecttheplanforamoment,andthenmakeadecision.2.Marylookedatherface(reflect)inthelake.3.Usuallyachild’sbehaviorisa(reflect)ofhisfamilyenvironment.4.Whenthetimecametomakethefinaldecisionforacourse,Idecidedtoapplyfortheonethat(反映我的兴趣).9.①That/This/Itiswhy+结果那/这就是为什么...②That/This/Itisbecause+原因那/这是因为...③Thereason(why...)isthat(...的)原因是...练习:1.Hefallasleepduringthelecture.Thiswashegotboredwithit.2.Thereasonhedidn’theartheteacher’sintroductionwasthathewasorganisinghisowninhishead.3.Hewastoonervousandembarrassed.Thatwaswhyhefailedintheinterview.=.10.①windup给(机械)上发条,摇动(把手)等,使(活动、回忆等)结束,以...告终②windupdoingsth.以做某事告终;③windthecarwindowup/down将车窗摇上去/下来;④windsb.up惹某人生气,捉弄某人;⑤winduptheclock给钟上发条;⑥windupthediscussion/meeting结束会议/会议。练习:1.Didyourememberto(给钟上发条)?2.Couldyou(摇上车窗),please?3.Ifweallagree,let’s(结束讨论).4.Calmdown!Can’tyouseehe’sonly(惹你生气)?Unit2—SectionB1.comeacross偶然发现,偶然遇见,被理解【拓展】:come其他短语①comeabout发生,产生(常与how连用);②comeout出版,出现,开花;③comeon登台,发展,得了吧,赶快,加把劲;④cometo总共,达到(某状况),(昏迷后)醒来;⑤cometrue实现,成为现实(不用于被动语态);⑥comealong出现,来到,(和某人)一起去;⑦comeup走进,靠近,被提及,被讨论(不用于被动语态);⑧comeupwith想出(主意),想到(答案等)。练习:1.Theargumentcamewhentheytalkedaboutpolitics.2.SinceMoYanwontheNobelPrizein2012,hisfanshavebeeneagerlywaitingforhismorenewnovelstocome.3.Shecameanoldfriendofhersyesterdaywhileshewasshoppingatthedepartmentstore.4.Oneoftheteacherscameandstartedtalkingtome.5.Canyoutellme(事故是怎样发生的)?6.Severalofthestudentshave(提出)suggestionsoftheirown.2.contactvt.联系,联络;n.联系,联络,接触。①contactsb.byemail/telephone通过电子邮件/电话与某人练习;表状态,可与时间段连用②beincontactwithsb.与某人有联系;表状态,可与时间段连用③stay/keepincontactwithsb.与某人保持联系;表动作,不能与时间段连用④losecontactwithsb.与某人失去联系;表动作,不能与时间段连用⑤makecontactwithsb.=getincontactwithsb.与某人取得联系练习:1.Givethenamesoftwopeoplewhocan(contact)incaseofemergency.2.I’mstill(与...有联系)her--wewriteacoupleoftimeseveryyear.3.Wedecidedto(与...取得联系)theProjectHopeandworkasavolunteer.4.Haveyou(与...保持联系)anyofyourfriendsfromcollege?3.likelyadj.可能的,可能发生的【辨析】:likely,possible,probably共同点三者都可表示“可能的”。可能性大小:probably>likely>possible不同点易混词主语结构likely人、物、形式主语itSb./Sth.islikelytodosth.Itislikelythat..possible物、形式主语itItispossible(forsb.)todosth.Itispossiblebably物、形式主语itItisprobablythat..练习:选词填空:likely,possible,probably1.Woulditbeformetospeaktothechiefdoctorandtellhimtouselessmorphine?2.Astimegoesby,thepriceofhousesistobereducedtoanormallevel.3.Itisthattheseasickwillsufferalot.完成句子4.Theinjuredboy(有可能)receivetreatmenttomorrow.5.(有可能)hewillsharehisexperiencewithus.4.additionn.[C]增加物,添加物;n.[U]增加,添加。①inaddition持此之外,此外;②inadditionto..除...之外(还);【注意】:①inaddition相当于副词,单独作状语,可用于句首、句中或句末,通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。②inadditionto是短语介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。练习:选词填空:inaddition,inadditionto1.Icanposttheletterforyou.,doingsomewalkingdoesmegood.2.thenamesonthelist,therearesixotherapplicants.3.theschool,thevillagehasaclinic,whichwasalsobuiltwithgovernmentsupport.完成句子5.(除了游泳),shelikesplayingthepiano.Unit2—SectionC1.notonly..butalso...不但...而且...notonly只能连用;而butalso既可连用,也可分开用,but和also也可省略其中一个;notonly...butalso...连接两个分局且notonly...位于句首时,notonly后的分句要用部分倒装语序,但butalso后的分句不倒装,即“前倒后不倒”;类似notonly...butalso...连接并列主语,谓语动词的单复数遵循“就近原则”的结构还有:neither...nor(既不...也不...),either...or...(要么...要么...),not...but...(不是...而是...)练习:1.Notonlystudentsbutalsotheteacher(compete)inthesportseventatthemoment.2.Eitheryouoroneofyourstudents(be)toattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.3.Notonly(do)thesungiveuslight,butitalsogivesusheat.4.我父母和姐姐都不喜欢这不电视剧。5.MarynotonlyspeaksFrench,bustalsoknowshowtotype.=,butshealsoknowshowtotype.2.remind&reminder(1)remindv.提醒,使想起①remindsb.(not)todosth.提醒某人(不要)做某事;②remindsb.that...提醒某人...;③remindsb.ofsb./sth.使某人想起某人/某事物。(2)remindern.提示信,通知单,提醒人的事物【拓展】:①warnsb.ofsth.提醒/警告某人某事;②robsb.ofsth.抢某人的某物;③convincesb.ofsth.使某人相信某事;④informsb.ofsth.告知某人某事;⑤curesb.ofsth.治愈某人的...病。练习:1.Don’tforgettoremindyourdaughter(play)thepianoafterclass.2.HeremindedmethetimeandplaceoftheOrientationDay.3.(remind)nottomissthefightat15:20,themanagersetoutfortheairportinahurry.4.Michaelputupapictureofhisfavoritefootballplayerbesidethebedtokeephimself(remind)ofhisowndreams.5.ThemomentIwenttobed,mymother(提醒我给闹钟上发条).3.ratheradv.相当,颇①ratherwell很不错;②ratherbadly相当严重;③ratherthan而不是;④wouldratherdo...thando...宁愿做...,也不愿做...。【注意】:①wouldrather后跟一般过去时的从句,表示与现在或将来的情况相反;②wouldrather+过去完成时的从句,表示与过去的情况相反。练习:1.Itisbettertoexpressyouranger,(而不是)bottleitup.2.我不想让你告诉她此事。(尚未告诉)3.我宁愿你没告诉她此事。(已经告诉)4.commentn.评论,议论;v.评论,发表意见。①haveacomment有意见要发表;②give/offercomments给出/提出意见;③get/receivecomments收到意见;④nocomment无可奉告;⑤withoutcomment未作评论地;⑥commentthat...评论说...;⑦commenton...对...做出评论。练习:1.Hewasannoyedandrefusedtocommenttheaward.2.Agirlheknewannoyedhimby(comment)onhisincreasingweight.3.Hewasunableto(对...作出评论)thetopicduringthedebate.4.Itisconsiderateofyouto(对...不作出评论)myson’sbadbehaviorinpublic.5.entrance&exit(1)entrancen.大门(口),入口(处),进入①theentranceto......的入口/门口;②gainentranceto得以进入...,获得...的进入权;③entranceexaminations入学考试。(2)exitn.出口,离开,退出。theexitof......的出口。【拓展】:①theanswerto......的答案;②thekeyto......的钥匙/关键;③thesolutionto......的解决办法。练习:1.Guestshavefreeentrancetheswimmingpoolandthehealthclub.2.Hissudden(enter)tookeveryonebysurprise.3.Weofferedhimourcongratulations(他通过了入学考试).4.I’llbewaitingforyouat(...的出口)thetrainstation.5.(成功的关键)ishardwork.6.actuallyadv.事实上,实际上【拓展】“事实上,实际上”的其他表达:①infact;②inactual;③asamatteroffact;④inreality;⑤ineffect。练习:1.Growingvegetableslookseasy,but(actual)ittakesalotoflearning.2.Helooksyoungerthanhiswife,butactualfact,he’salotolder.3.HethoughtIhadknownthefact.But(事实上),Iknewnothingaboutit.7.negativeadj.消极的,负面的,有害的,不良的,否定的,负的。【反义词:positiveadj.好的,积极的,肯定的,正面的】①haveanegativeattitudeto/towards对...持消极的态度;②haveanegativeeffecton对...有不良影响;③anegativeform/sentence否定形式/句.练习:1.Asateacher,whatyousaidmay(对...有不良影响)yourstudents.2.Scientists(对...持相当消极的态度)thetheory.3.Ifigurethat(消极的态度)isoneaspectthataffectslearning.8.spend&pay&take&cost①Sb.spendssometime(in)doingsth.某人花费一些时间做某事。②Sb.spendssomemoney(on)doingsth.某人花费一些金钱做某事。③Sb.spendssometime/moneyonsth.某人在某物上花费一些时间/金钱。④Sb.payssomemoneyforsth.某人花费一些金钱买某物。⑤Ittakes(sb.)sometimetososth.做某事花费(某人)一些时间。⑥Sth.costssb.somemoney.某物花费某人一些金钱。⑦Itcosts(sb.)somemoneytodosth.做某事花费(某人)一些金钱。练习:1.Mysisterspentmuchofhertimeliterature.2.Ihatetospendalongperiodoftime(play)computergames.3.Ittookhimalongperiodoftime(finish)hisrevision.选词填空:spend,take,cost,pay(并改成适当形式)4.Themealcookedbyanexpertusabout$50.5.Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldhelpmeforthisbook.6.Ither10monthstofinishthetranslationofthisnovel.7.Moremoneyshouldonhealthcareandend&intended&intention(1)intendv.计划,打算;(2)intendedadj.计划的,打算的;(3)intentionn.[C,U]打算,意图①intendtodosth.=intenddoingsth.=beintendedtodosth.打算做某事;②intendsb.todosth.打算让某人做某事;③hadintendedtodosth.本打算做(而未做);④beintendedfor...是为...而提供/设计的。练习:1.Whatdoyouintend(do)whenyougraduate?2.Itwasmeanttobeasurprise;Ididn’tintendyou(see)itsosoon.3.He(intend)togetajobinthemedia,butgaveuptheplanafterstrugglingforweeks.4.Wefinishedlaterthanwe(intend).10.recognise/recognize&recognition(1)recognise/recognizev.认识,辨认出,承认,认可①recognise/recognize...tobe/as...承认...是...;被动语态:berecognised/recognizedtobe/as...被认为是...;②recognise/recognizesb./sth/by...通过...认出某人/某物;③recognise/recognizethat/wh-从句承认/意识到...;④Itisrecognised/recognizedthat...人们认为...。(2)recognitionn.认出,承认,认可beyondrecognition(变得)认不出来练习:1.Lincoln(被认为是)oneofthegreatestpresidentsinAmerica.2.(人们公认)teenagersplayanimportantpartinsportsandgames.3.Hetriedtogethiswork(recognise)inmedicalcircles.4.Ihaven’tseenSarasinceshewasalittlegirl,andshehaschangedbeyond(recognise).5.Thefilmstarwearssunglasses.Therefore,hecangoshoppingwithout(recognise).11.base&basic&basically(1)basev.以...为基础;n.底部,根据,基地①base...on/upon...把...建立在...基础上;②bebasedon...以...为基础;③atthebaseof...在...底部;④anairbase空军基地。(2)basicadj.基本的,基础的,初级的,必需的;(3)basicallyadv.基本上,从根本上说。练习:1.Oneshouldalwaysbasehisopinionsfacts.2.Theresearchgroupproducedtworeports(base)onthesurvey,butneithercontainedanyusefulsuggestions.3.Youcannotacceptanopinionofferedtoyouunlessit(以事实为依据).12.aware&unaware&awareness(1)awareadj.意识到,察觉到①beawareof...意识到,察觉到;②bewellawareof...很清楚...;③beawarethat...意识到...;④so/asfarasI’maware就我所知;⑤makesb.awareof/that..使某人意识到...;(2)unawareadj.不知道,未察觉(3)awarenessn.意识①raise...awareness提高...意识;②buildpeople’sawarenessof..树立人们对...的意识;练习:1.ThethiefranawaybeforeI(意识到)whathadhappened--mywalletwasstolen.2.VolunteeringisbecomingincreasinglypopularinChina.People(意识到)helpingothersishelpingthemselves.3.Camperswouldgetaclear(aware)oftheprogramtheme--“Observe-Think-Act”.Unit2——单元语法:构词法英语构词法主要有四种:派生法、合成法、转化法和缩略法。一、派生法在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀生成一个新词,这种构词法称为派生法。加在前面的词缀叫前缀,加在后面的词缀叫后缀。1.前缀前缀一般只改变词的意思,不改变词性。(1)表示否定意义的前缀:前缀例词un-unfit不合适的;unlike不像;unlimited无限制的;unfair不公平的;unfamiliar不熟悉的,不了解的;unusual不平常的,一场的;unfold(卷着的东西)展开,打开;unhappy不快乐的dis-dislike不喜欢;disagree不同意;disappear消失;disqualify(因犯规而)取消...的资格in-,im-,ir-,il-incomplete不完全的;indirect间接的;inactive不积极的;inhuman不人道的;impolite无礼的;impossible不可能的;irregular不规则的;irreal虚构的;illegal不合法的non-non-smoker不抽烟的人;non-stop不停的;non-violence非暴力政策mis-misunderstand误解;misuse误用;misread读错;misadventure事故,灾难;misjudge判断错误。(2)表示程度、大小的前缀前缀例词super-superstar超级明星;supermarket超市;superman超人;superpower超级大国over-overeat过度进食;overuse过度使用mini-minibus小型公交车;miniskirt迷你裙;minicar微型车under-underground地下;underestimate低估semi-semicircle半圆形;semiskilled半熟练的(3)表示其他意义的前缀前缀含义例词a-...的asleep睡着的;alive活着的en-使...enrich使丰富;enlarge使扩大;enable使可能,使发生inter-互相international国际的;Internet因特网re-再,又,重recycle再循环;rebuild重建tele-远程的television电视;telescope望远镜auto-自动automatic自动的;autodial自动拨号co-共同co-worker同事;cooperate合作anti-反对,相反antibody抗体;antifreeze防冻剂multi-多multicultural多元文化的;multichannel多频道的kilo-千kilogram千克;kilometer千米2.后缀后缀通常改变词性,构成意思相近的其他词性的词,少数后缀会改变词义。(1)形容词后缀后缀含义例词-able可...的,能...的acceptable可接受的;movable可移动的;suitable合适的;admirable令人钦佩的;comfortable舒适的;fashionable时髦的;reasonable有道理的-al属于...的,具有...性质的cultural文化的;magical有魔力的;traditional传统的;professional专业的,职业的;natural自然的,天生的;original最初的;personal个人的,私人的;musical音乐的;central中央的,中心的;-an某地的,...人的Asian亚洲(人)的;Canadian加拿大(人)的-en由...制作的wooden木制的;woolen羊毛的-ern...方向的eastern东方的;western西方的-ese某国(人)的Chinese中国(人)的;Japanese日本(人)的-ful充满...的harmful有害的;respectful恭敬的;doubtful怀疑的;stressful紧张的,有压力的;forgetful健忘的;powerful强有力的,有影响(感染)力的;careful仔细的;helpful有帮助的;hopeful有希望的;peaceful和平的;beautiful漂亮的,美丽的-less没有...的useless无用的;hopeless绝望的;harmless无害的;homeless无家可归的;careless粗心的;priceless无价的;valueless不值钱的-ce,-ical与...有关的,...的historical历史的;typical典型的;energetic精力充沛的;beneficial有益的-ish如...的childish孩子气的;selfish自私的-ive有...性质的,有...倾向的impressive给人印象深刻的;protective保护的;creative创造(性)的;active积极的,活跃的;effective有效的,生效的;attractive有吸引力的;positive积极的,好的;negative消极的,负面的-ous有...特性的dangerous危险的;curious好奇的;anxious忧虑的;mountainous多山的,山一般的;enormous巨大的;various各种各样的,各种不同的;obvious明显的;humorous幽默的;cautious谨慎的,十分小心的;continuous不断的,持续的-ly有...性质的friendly友好的;likely可能-y有...特性的,充满...的dusty充满灰尘的;tasty美味的,可口的;healthy健康的;wealthy富裕的,丰富的;rainy下雨的;snowy有雪的;windy有风的;cloudy多云的;foggy有雾的-ed感到...的(表行为、状态、情况等)amazed吃惊的;amused愉悦的;annoyed气恼的;ashamed感到不好意思的,难为情的;astonished惊讶的;bored厌烦的;confused困惑的;depressed情绪低落的;disappointed失望的;discouraged泄气的;moved感动的;embarrassed尴尬的,难为情的;encouraged受到鼓舞的;excited兴奋的;frightened受惊的;interested感兴趣的;inspired受鼓舞的;pleased高兴的,乐意的;scared恐惧的;puzzled困惑的;satisfied满意的;tired感到厌烦的;shocked令人震惊的,可怕的;surprised惊讶的;touched感动的;worried担心的-ing令人...的(表行为、状态、情况等)challenging具有挑战性的;annoying使人气恼的;convincing令人信服的;amazing惊人的;amusing有趣的;opposing(观点、意见等)相反的,相对立的;annoying使人气恼的;encouraging令人鼓舞的;astonishing令人惊讶的;embarrassing令人为难的;boring令人厌烦的;exciting令人兴奋的;interesting有趣的;moving令人感动的;frightening令人恐惧的;inspiring鼓舞人心的;puzzling令人困惑的;touching感人的;satisfying令人满意的;tiring令人厌倦的;surprising令人惊讶的;shocking令人震惊的,可怕的【说明】-ed形式的形容词多表示主语所处的状态,意为“感到...的”,通常修饰人,也可修饰人的表情、声音等;-ing形式的形容词多表示主语所具有的特征,意为“令人...的”,通常修饰事物。(2)动词后缀后缀含义例词-fy,-ify使成...,...化simplify简化;classify将...分类;beautify美化-en变成,使shorten缩短;widen加宽;sharpen削尖,使锐化;strengthen加强,巩固-ize,-ise成为,以...方式说realize/realise实现;apologize/apologise道歉;memorize/memorise记住,熟记;summarize/summarise总结,概要(3)副词后缀后缀含义例词-ly...地personally就个人而言,亲自;totally完全地;curiously好奇地;bitterly痛苦地,愤恨地;variously不同地;steeply陡峭地;regularly经常;entirely全部地,彻底地;fortunately幸运地;typically一般,通常;actually事实上,实际上;currently现时,当前;enormously非常,及其;obviously明显地,显而易见地;narrowly狭窄地,不宽地;significantly重大地,显著地-ward(s)表示“方向”forward(s)向前(地);westward(s)向西(地)【拓展】形容词转化为副词的规律类别例词直接加-lyclear→clearly清楚地;great→greatly很,大大地以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的形容词,变y为i再加-lyhappy→happily高兴地;heavy→heavily沉重地词尾为-ble或-le的形容词,去掉e再加-lyterrible→terribly可怕地,极度地;gentle→gently轻轻地词尾为-ue的形容词,去掉e再加-lytrue→truly真实地词尾为-ll的形容词,直接加-yfull→fully充分地,完全地;dull→dully迟钝地词尾为-ic的形容词,加-allybasic→basically主要地,基本上;scientific→scientifically合乎科学地【注意】以下形容词变副词的拼写:①whole→wholly完全地;②shy→shyly害羞地;③dry→dryly/drily干燥地。(4)名词后缀后缀含义例词-er人designer设计师;organiser组织者;explorer探索者;programmer程序员;announcer广播员;publisher出版商;challenger挑战者;admirer仰慕者,赞赏者;consumer消费者;settler移居者,殖民者;founder创立者,缔造者;lawyer律师;driver司机,驾驶员;partner伙伴,搭档;photographer摄影师-or人sailor水手;actor演员;conductor指挥,售票员;professor教授-ist人specialist专家;artist艺术家;pianist钢琴家-ess女性,雌性actress女演员;lioness母狮-ness性质,状态eagerness热切,渴望;happiness快乐;darkness黑暗;sickness疾病;awareness意识,认识,明白;silliness愚蠢;tiredness疲劳,疲倦;carelessness粗心大意;kindness善良;bitterness苦味,苦难,怨恨;weakness虚弱,弱点;loneliness孤独,寂寞-ful...的量handful一把;mouthful一满口-ment状态,结果excitement兴奋,刺激;achievement成就;argument争论,论据;improvement改善,改进;acquirement获得,得到;judgement认为,判断;settlement解决,处理;government政府;punishment惩罚;replacement更换;treatment对待,治疗;equipment装备,设备-ion,-tion,-ation,-ition状态,行为production生产,制造;description描述,描写,叙述,形容;explanation解释,说明;reaction(对某一情形或事件的)反应;organization组织,团体,机构;collection(一批)收藏品;exploration探索,开发;illustration插图,(举例)说明,阐明;investigation调查;application申请;subscription捐献,订阅;graduation毕业;solution解决,解决方法;expectation期待;orientation培训,迎新;recognition识别,承认;reflection反映;selection选择,挑选;addition增加物,添加物;attraction吸引;assumption假定,假设;observation观察;correction纠正;celebration庆祝,庆祝会;prevention预防;invitation邀请;completion完成,结束;pronunciation发音;migration迁徙;location地点,位置;competition竞争,比赛;position位置;accommodation住处,工作场所-sion状态,行为permission许可,允许;admission允许进入;conclusion结论;decision决定;discussion讨论,辩论;impression印象,感想-th性质,状态,过程warmth温暖;strength强项,力量;depth深度;length长度;width宽度-an,-ian人musician音乐家;physician医师,内科医生-ism...主义,行业optimism乐观,乐观主义;tourism旅游业-ship情况,状态,性质,身份,职业,技能relationship关系;citizenship公民权;musicianship音乐技能--y,-ty,-ity状态,性质difficulty困难;honesty诚实;responsibility责任;safety安全;creativity创造性,创造力;apology道歉;delivery传送,递送;recovery恢复,痊愈;discovery发现;generosity慷慨,大方;cruelty残酷,残暴;beauty美,美丽;personality个性,性格;disability无能,残疾-hood时期,状态,身份childhood童年;motherhood母亲身份-ure,-ture状态、情况或行为的结果departure离开,出发;mixture混合,混合物;exposure暴露;pressure压力;failure失败,倒闭;sculpture雕像,雕刻品-ance,-ence动作,状态,性质ignorance忽视,不理;performance(工作或活动中的)表现;appearance出现,外貌;existence存在,生存;preference偏爱;reference参考,查阅;difference差异;guidance引导,指引;silence沉默;patience耐心;absence缺席;presence出席;confidence信息;convenience便利;importance重要(性)(5)数词后缀后缀例词-teenfourteen十四;eighteen十八-tyforty四十;eighty八十-thfourth第四;eighth第八二、合成法把两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法,由合成法构成的词叫合成词。1.合成名词的主要构成方法(1)n.+n.①suitcase手提箱;②mankind人类;③rooftop屋顶;④earthquake地震;⑤eggplant茄子;⑥rainbow彩虹;⑦pineapple菠萝;⑧sunflower向日葵;⑨bathwater洗澡水,浴水;⑩platform高台,平台。(2)adj.+n.①greenhouse温室;②highway公路;③shorthand速记;④blackboard黑板。(3)v.+n.①scarecrow稻草人;②breakwater防波提;③pickpocket扒手;④playground操场。(4)n.+v.①sunshine阳光;②daybreak破晓;③sunrise日出;④haircut理发;⑤waterfall瀑布。(5)n.+v.-ing①sightseeing观光;②handwriting书法;③skateboarding滑板运动。(6)v.-ing+n.①diningcar餐车;②waitingroom等待室。(7)adv.+n.①inland内陆;②overcoat大衣;③update最新消息。(8)v.+adv.①get-together联欢会;②breakdown破裂。(9)adv.+v.①outbreak爆发;②output产量;③downfall垮台;④income收入。(10)pron.+n.①he-goat公山羊;②she-wolf母狼。(11)其他构成方式:①well-being健康;②grown-up成年人;③brother-in-low姐夫,妹夫;④go-between中间人;⑤commander-in-chief总司令;⑥passer-by路人。2.合成动词的主要构成方法(1)n.+v.①sunbathe沐日光浴;②sleepwalk梦游。(2)adv.+v.①download下载;②undergo经历。(3)adj.+v.①whitewash粉刷;②blacklist列入黑名单。3.合成形容词的主要构成方法(1)adj.+n.+-ed①noble-minded高尚的;②good-tempered脾气好的。(2)adj.+v.-ing①good-looking好看的;②easy-going随和的。(3)adv.+v.-ing①hard-working勤劳的;②far-reaching影响深远的。(4)n.+v.-ing①peace-loving热爱和平的;②epoch-making划时代的;③breathtaking令人惊叹的。(5)n.+过去分词①state-owned国营的;②sunburnt晒黑的。(6)adv.+过去分词①well-known著名的;②widespread广泛流传的。(7)adj./adv/+n.①full-time全职的;②high-class高级的;③downtown市区的。(8)n.+adj.①ice-cold冰冷的;②airsick晕机的;③seasick晕船的;④carsick晕车的;⑤homesick想家的。(9)num.+n.①million-pound百万英镑的;②first-class头等的。(10)num.+n.adj.①eight-year-old八岁的;②five-meter-long五米长的。(11)num.+n.-ed①three-legged三条腿的;②ten-storeyed十层的。(12)其他构成方式:①overall全部的;②face-to-face面对面的;③all-round全面的;④happy-go-lucky无忧无虑的。4.合成副词的主要构成方法(1)adj.+n.hotfoot匆忙地。(2)adv.+adv.①however然而;②somehow以某种方式,不知怎么地。(3)prep.+n.①overnight在晚上,一夜之间;②inside在(建筑物、房间)内。(4)prep.+adv.forever永远。5.合成介词的主要构成方法(1)adv.+n.outside在...外面。(2)prep.+adv.①within在...之内;②throughout在整个期间,自始至终。【注意】合成词的量很大,有时一个名词可以合成许多合成词。例如:①handbag手包;②handshake握手;③handwriting书法;④handkerchief手帕。三、转化法一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性,这种构词法称为转化法。(1)由名词转化为动词shouldern.肩膀→vt.担负,承担;housen.房屋→v.给(某人)提供住处;nursen.护士→v.护理;watern.水→v.浇水;oiln.油→vt.给...加润滑油;facen.脸→v.面对;handn.手→vt.交,递;timen.时间→vt.定时,测时;minen.矿山→v.开矿;shipn.船→vt.用船装运;seatn.座位→vt.使...坐下;draftn.草稿→vt.起草;headn.头→v.前进;transportn.运输→v.运输barbecuen.烧烤→vt.在(烧烤架上)烤;financen.金融→vt.为...提供资金;stainn.污点,污迹→v.玷污,污染(2)由动词转化为名词curev.治疗→n.治愈;leadv.领导→n.领先地位;signalv.发信号→n.信号;bargainvi.讨价还价→n.便宜货;combv.梳理(头发)→n.梳子;callv.打电话→n.电话,通话;watchv.观看→n.手表;stopv.停止→n.车站;lovev.爱→n.爱;recordv.录音→n.记录;abusev.辱骂→n.辱骂(3)由形容词转化为动词emptyadj.空的→v.把...腾空;narrowadj.狭窄的→v.使变窄;slowadj.慢的→v.减慢,使减慢;betteradj.较好的→v.胜过,超过;freeadj.自由的→v.释放。(4)由形容词转化为名词totaladj.总的,全部的→n.总数,合计;goodadj.好的→n.好处;freezingadj.冰冻的→n.冰点;solidadj.固体的,坚实的→n.固体;briefadj.简短的,简要的→n.摘要,概要;(5)由副词转换为动词forwardadv.向前→转寄,转运;nearadv.附近→v.接近,靠近;downadv.向下→v.(一下子)喝下,击倒(6)由名词或数词转化为副词homen.家→adv.回家;firstnum.第一→adv.最初,首先(7)由形容词转化为副词longadj.长的,冗长的→adv.长时间地,长久地hardadj.硬的,难的→adv.激烈地,努力地(8)个别词在一定语境下可转化为名词例:①Thisdictionaryisamustforstudents.这是一本学生必备词典。②Hisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.他的辩论含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。【注意】转化时,有些单词的读音可能会有所变化,如:use/ju:s/n.使用,用途;use/ju:z/v.使用;close/cləʊz/v.关闭;close/cləʊs/adj.接近,亲密的separate/ˈseprət/adj.分开的;separate/ˈsepəreɪt/n.估计estimate/ˈestɪmət/n.估计estimate/ˈestɪmeɪt/v.估计record/rɪˈkɔ:d/v.记录record/ˈrekɔ:d/n.记录,纪录increase/inˈkri:s/v.增加increase/ˈiŋkri:s/n.增加present/prɪˈzent/v.赠送,呈现present/ˈpreznt/n.礼物,礼品四、缩略法缩略法:是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分(或用单词首尾字母或用截头取尾的方法)合在一起构成一个新单词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音或作为一个单词来读。veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人,贵宾;television→TV(读字母音)电视;advertisement→ad广告;laboratory→lab实验室;gymnasium→gym健身房,体育馆;examination→exam考试;WorldHealthOrganisation→WHO世界卫生组织WorldTradeOrganisation→WTO世界贸易组织thePeople’sRepublicofChi

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