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Unit2ExploringEnglish2.2Usinglanguage【学习目标】1.掌握派生法、合成法、转化法,掌握高中词汇记忆法2.侧重培养通过语境上下文的推理判断词性的能力3.注重高中词汇积累【基础知识】正确运用构词法知识是学习词汇的重要途径,同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语构词法主要分为派生法、合成法、转化法等。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识,不仅有助于提高考生辨识生词的能力,还能运用到高考完形填空、语法填空和短文改错三大题型与词性转换相关的考查当中。而且高考阅读理解中的猜测词义题有时也会考查并运用到此语法知识。【考点剖析】考点一:派生法派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。词根是派生词的基础,而词缀起到决定派生词的词汇意义和语法属性的作用。(一)形容词的后缀和前缀1.名词+-cial--形容词benefit--beneficial有益的office--official官方的face--facial面部的race--racial种族的finance--financial金融的society--social社会的例1.【单句填空】(全国卷乙卷)lprovide___________(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.【答案】financial【解析】设空处后面有名词aid,充当provide的宾语,故修饰名词应当使用形容词作定语。2.名词+-al(表示“有……属性或者与……有关”)--形容词agriculture--agricultural农业的nature--national国家的education--educational教育的3.动词/名词+-able/-ible--形容词accept--acceptable可接受的value--valuablelove--lovablerely--reliable4.名词+-ful--形容词care--careful仔细的beauty--beautiful漂亮的use--useful有用的(全国卷II)BranchesofPlumBlossoms:The_________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.【答案】beautiful【解析】本题考查多个形容词修饰名词。表示“漂亮的长长的枝条”。多个形容词修饰名词时,一般描绘性的形容词放在表示大小、形状的形容词前面,容易被误用为副词。5.名词+-y/-ly--形容词wealth--wealthy富裕的friend--friendly友好的dead--deadly致命的rain--rainy多雨的noise--noisy吵闹的luck--lucky幸运的elder--elderly上年纪的【2021全国甲卷】Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand__________(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir_________(day)routines.【答案】watchtowers;daily【解析】句意“人们本该两个小时就绕完城墙,但是我们停在不同的瞭望塔前拍照或者只是为了看看当地人们的生活”。修饰名词routines应当使用形容词,表示“日常生活”。6.动词+ive--形容词act--active积极的create--creative有创造力的7.名词+-ous--形容词anxiety--anxious焦急的variety--various各种各样的glory--glorious光荣的8.名词+en(表示材料或质地)--形容词gold--golden金色的wood--wooden木制的9.动词+ent--形容词diffee--different不同的depend--dependent依赖的10.名词+less--形容词home--homeless无家可归的use--useless无用的care--careless粗心的11.以-some结尾的形容词tiresome令人厌烦的troublesomeawesome12.以a-开头的形容词live--alive活着的wake--awake醒着的sleep--asleep睡着的afraid害怕的alone独自的(二)动词的前缀和后缀1前缀en-+形容词--动词rich--enrich使丰富large--enlarge变大;扩大2.前缀en-名词--动词danger--endanger使危险3.形容词/名词+后缀-en--动词short--shorten缩短sharp--sharpen使尖锐deep--deepen加深dark--darken变暗strength--strengthen加强4.形容词+-ify--动词simple--simplify使简化beauty--beautify使美化clear--clarify使净化5.以-ize结尾的动词real--realize意识到memory--memorize记忆;识记(三)名词的后缀后缀例词-age(状态;集合)shortage缺少;marriage婚姻-an/ian(人,……家)American美国人;musician音乐家-ence/ency(构成抽象名词)dependence依靠;frequency频率-ance(性质,状态)importance重要性-ant/ent(人)assistant助手;student学生-cion/sion/tion/ation(动作,状态)suspicion怀疑;tension紧张;repetition重复;expect--expectation期望-ee(动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者;refugee难民-er/or(人或物)writer作家;actor演员-ess(女性)actress女演员;waitress女服务员;hostess女主人-ism(主义,……教)communism共产主义-ist(……主义者,……家)communist共产主义者-ment(行为;结果;状态;性质)argument争论;government政府;development发展-ship(关系,身份)friendship友谊-hood(身份;性质)childhood童年-th(结果,过程)growth成长-ty(状态;性质)anxiety焦虑-ure(结果;行为;状态;实物)pressure压力;picture图画;pleasure高兴-al(动作过程;结果)arrival到达;approval同意(全国卷II)ChineseNewYearisa_______(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.答案为celebration。【答案】celebration【解析】主考察的英语构词知识,由动词变为名词的后缀-tion。改词的变形规则是去掉原来动词celebrate当中不发音的e字母,再加ion就成了原动词的名词形式。改句中意思是“庆祝活动”(英语解释为anaccasionorpartywhenyoucelebratesomething),改空前面已经有了不定冠词a,故填celebration。2.动词+-al--名词arrive--arrival到达survive--survival幸存approve--approval同意(全国乙卷)Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome____61____(educate)abouttheareas-bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe____62____(develop)ofthelocalareas.【答案】educated;development【解析】61空内为动词,考查词性转换,谓语或者非谓语形式。此题为固定搭配,become/be+~ed+介词;故答案为:educated.[拓展]此题为常见考法,beinterestedin,beamazedat,beconcernedabout这些词组必须记牢。62空内为动词,考查词性转换,设空前为定冠词the后面应当使用名词。此题为the+名词+of结构,故填development。(四)副词的后缀1.形容词+-ly--副词(以某种方式)slow--slowly缓慢地extreme--extremely极度地complete--completely完全地2.以辅音字母加y结尾的单词,改y为i,加-lyhappy--happily高兴地merry--merrily快乐地3.去e加-lytrue--truly真正地4.以-le结尾的形容词去e加lysimple--simply简单地gentle--gently温柔地terrible--terribly糟糕地possible--possibly可能地(五)表示否定或相反意义的意义1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不,非able--unable不能够cover--uncover揭露polite--impolite不礼貌的honest--dishonest不诚实的patient--impatient不耐烦的regular--irregular不规则的legal--illegal非法的2.mis-错误地lead--mislead误导take--mistake误会;误解understand--misunderstand误解3.-less表示否定或相反意义的后缀use-useless无用的hope--hopeless毫无希望的home--homeless无家可归的总结:常用前缀表否定un-:unhappy,uncomfortable,unconscious,undoubtedly(毋庸置疑地),unlock(开··...·锁),undress(脱衣),unpack(打开行李),unsay(收回说过的话)in-:incorrect,informal,indifferent(漠不关心的),invaluable(极有价值的;极宝贵的)im-:impossible,impolite,imperfect,impatient,immoral(不道德的)il-:illegal(违法的),illogical(不合逻辑的)ir-:irregular(不规则的),irresistible(不可抗拒的),irrelevant(不相关的)dis-:discover,disagree,disappear,dislike,disbelief,dishonest,dishonorable(不体面的)mis-:misunderstand,misjudge,misread,mislead(误导),misfortune(不幸)non-:non-smoker,nonstop,nonsense(胡说),non-drinker不喝酒的人表重复re-:retell,reconsider,rearrange,react(作出反应),renew(更新),reusable(可再用的),refresh(使恢复精力)表中间mid-:midnight,midpoint(中点),midway(中途),mid-July(七月中旬)表超出extra-:extraordinary,extracurricular(课外的),extra-official(非官方的)表超级super-:supermarket,superstar(超级明星),superpower(超级大国)表微小micro-:microscope(显微镜),microcomputer(微机)表小的mini-:miniskirt,minibus(小型巴士:面包车)表远tele-:telescope,telephone,television,telephotograph(传真照片)表千kilo-:kilometer(千米),kilogram(千克),kilowatt(千瓦)表变化trans-:translate,transform,transport,transformer(变压器)表后于post-:postpone(延迟),postgraduate(研究生),postwar(战后的)先于pre-:pre-school(学龄前的),pre-war(战前的),prehistoric(史前的)相互inter-:international,interview,interchange(互换)前部;预先fore-:forehead,foreword(序言),foreman(领班),forearm(前臂),foresee,forecast,foretell(预言;预料)自动auto-:automatic,automobile(汽车),autopilot(自动驾驶仪)半semi-:semicircle,semisolid(半固体的),semiconductor(半导体)副vice-:vice-chairman,vice-manager,vice-president(副总统)过多over-:overeat(吃得过多),overexcited,overpopulated(人口过多的)使成为;把...放入:en-:encourage(鼓励),endanger(危及),enable(使能够),enrich(使富裕),empower(授权),encase(把······装入箱),encage(把······关在笼)构成形容词或副词a-:asleep,alive,alike,awake,alone,apart,aloud,ahead常用名词后缀表示行为者-er:worker,teacher,painter,waiter,performer,winner,Londoner(伦敦人),northerner(北方人),container(容器),cooker(炊具),opener(开启的人或工具),heater(取热器),timer(计时员;计时器),cutter(切割者;切割工具)-or:visitor,actor,sailor,inventor,conductor,director,translator,operator,survivor(幸存者)-ar:liar(说谎者),beggar(乞丐),scholar(学者)-ist:scientist,physicist,artist,tourist,novelist,specialist,medalist(奖牌获得者)-ant/ent:assistant,accountant,president-(i)an:librarian(图书管理员),historian(史学家),politician(政治家),musician(音乐家),African,American-ee:employee(受雇者),trainee(受训者),interviewee(被面试者)表过程性质状态结果等抽象概念-ation:information,invitation,education,explanation,motivation,hesitation(犹豫)-(t)ion:action,construction,direction,introduction,invention,collection,attraction,connection-sion:conclusion,division,discussion,expression,possession-ssion:permission,admission-ance:allowance,importance,appearance,assistance,performance,resistance-ence:existence,preference,reference,difference,existence,absence,independence-ment:advertisement,agreement,amusement,argument,arrangement,development-ness:illness,sickness,happiness,kindness,sadness,goodness(善良;美德)-hood:childhood,neighbourhood(邻居关系),brotherhood(兄弟关系;手足之情)-th:truth,strength,depth,length,growth,warmth,width(宽度)-ship:friendship,relationship,scholarship,membership,citizenship(国籍;公民的身份)-(a)bility:possibility,disability,responsibility,flexibility(灵活性;柔韧性)-y:difficulty,recovery-(i)ty:reality,nationality,safety,cruelty(残酷行为),certainty(确实的事情)-ery:bravery,bakery(面包房),cookery(烹调法)-al:approval,arrival,survival,refusal(拒绝)-age:marriage,shortage(不足;短缺),storage(储存)-ing:feeling,hearing,building,meeting,opening,suffering,cooling(冷却)-ful:handful,spoonful,mouthful(一口),glassful(一杯的容量)plateful(满盘;一盘)-cy:fluency,accuracy(准确性)-dom:freedom;wisdom,kingdom(王国)常用形容词后缀-ful:successful,careful,hopeful,helpful,useful,harmful,beautiful,wonderful,colourful-y:guilty,stormy,healthy,wealthy,dirty,noisy,sleepy,foggy,muddy-less:breathless,tasteless,useless,hopeless,helpless,endless,stainless,meaningless-able:comfortable,reasonable,suitable,admirable,knowledgeable,remarkable(不寻常的)-al:personal,national,traditional,natural,cultural,agricultural,fictional,additional,musical-ical:political,physical,practical,grammatical,historical(历史上的)-ly:friendly(友好的),monthly(每月的),daily(日常的),timely(及时的)-en:golden,woollen,wooden,earthen(泥土做的)-ous:dangerous,anxious,famous,poisonous,religious,mountainous,nervous,ambitious-ive:active,expensive,attractive,subjective,representative,creative,impressive-ish:foolish,selfish,childish,British-some:troublesome,fearsome(可怕的),burdensome(难于负担的)-ed:interested,ashamed,disappointed,furnished,talented,aged,strong-minded(意志坚强的)-ing:amazing,boring,interesting,surprising,disturbing,freezing(冰冷的),shocking常用动词后缀-en:deepen,sharpen,shorten,lessen(变少),worsen(使恶化),strengthen,weaken-ize:realize,apologize,recognize,modernize,legalize,commercialize,popularize-(i)fy:satisfy,beautify,simplify,signify(表示;意味),terrify(使害怕)常用副词后缀-ly:quickly,simply,angrily,stupidly,hopefully,hopelessly,truly,smilingly,decidedly(坚決地;断然地),namely(即;就是),scientifically-ward(s):upward(s),downward(s),forward(s),backward(s),Southward(s),inward(s)outward(s),homeward(s)(向家:在归途上)考点二:合成法合成法就是把两个或两个以上的独立的词结合在一起构成新词,这样的词一般称为合成词或复合词。复合名词的主要构成方式1.名词+名词silkworm蚕classroom教室daybreak佛晓flashlight手电筒necklace项链2.合成形容词good-looking好看的hard-working勤奋的cold-blooded冷血的newborn新生的bittersweet苦乐参半的airsick晕飞机的homesick想家的easygoing随和的3.合成动词名词+动词broadcast播送babysit看孩子副词+动词overcome克服undergo经历downfall垮台;例2.【猜一猜】haircut理发energy-saving节能的breakthrough突破outbreak爆发总结:合成名词:bookmark(书签);guidebook(指南手册);workshop(研讨会;车间);sunset(日落)合成形容词:lifelong(终身的;毕生的);heartbreaking(令人心碎的);absent-minded(心不在焉的)合成动词:whitewash(用石灰水刷白);overcome(战胜);overthrow(推翻)合成副词:anyway(无论如何);everywhere(到处);however(尽管如此);forever(永远)合成介词:inside(在......里);outside(在......外);throughout(遍及);within(在......之内)考点三:转化法一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性,称之为转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与转化前的意义有密切联系,但其拼写形式不变。名词转化为动词face脸—face面对形容词转化为动词dirty脏的—dirty弄脏动词转化为名词design设计—design图案形容词转化为名词daily每日的—daily日报形容词转化为副词deep深的—deep深深地例3.【猜一猜】handcleanstressvaluewidehighdeepgradatestraightrightemptydown总结:转化法动词→名词:change改变;找零→变化;walk步行→散步;stop停止→车站;record录音→记录名词→动词:place地点→放置;taste味道→尝起来;hand手→传递;递交;seat座位→使……坐下
形容词→动词:clean干净→使干净,打扫;clear清楚→清理;dirty脏→弄脏;dry干燥→烘干,晒干;empty空的→倒空
截短法缩略法截短法:telephone→phone,aeroplane→plane,advertisement→ad.,laboratory→lab,influenza→flu,smog(smoke+fog)烟雾;brunch(breakfast+lunch)早午餐;newscast(news+broadcast)新闻广播;sci-fi(science+fiction)科幻小说缩略法:television→TV(读字母音)电视;veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人;TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福构词法练习分层提分分层提分题组A基础过关练单句语法填空1.MyEnglishimprovedalot;moreimportantly,Igainedmuch________(confident).2.Smokingduringpregnancy________(danger)yourbaby'slife.3.Itwasa________(fog)coldmorningwhenhesetofffortheremotevillage.4.Peoplecertainlyhaveavarietyofreasonsforgoingbacktoschoolbutoneimportantthingtoknowis,noknowledgeis________(use).5.The________(protect)andimprovementofthehumanenvironmentisamajorissuewhichaffectsallthepeopleandeconomicdevelopmentthroughouttheworld.6.Themeetingsupposedtobe________(success)turnedouttobeafailureintheend.7.Customsofficials________(cover)aplottosmuggleweaponsintothecountry.8.Annwillberememberedforherabilityandher________(warm).9.Thecoolingwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,makingairconditioning________(necessary).10.Ithasahighly________(regular)shape,coveredwithbumpsandindentations.11.Itis________(legal)toselltobaccotosomeoneunder16.12.Extracurricularactivities________(able)thestudentstoknowhowtoapplytheknowledgelearnedinthetextbooks.13.Youcanrelyonhimbecauseheisquite________(rely).14.Peopleonwelfarearewronglyseenaslazyor________(honest).15.Youmayfindtoyour________(amaze)thatthereismorekindnessinyourcommunitythanyoueverbelievepossible.16.Icannotcontrolmybodywell.Mylegsbecome________(pain).17.LatelastyeartheThompsonstookpartinatelevisiondocumentary(纪录片)toprovethatnotallgiftedchildrenaretheresultofextremely________(ambition)parents.18.Underher________(encourage),Iwouldspendhoursburyingmyselfinnovels,evenifmyfriendsjustlaughedatme.19.The________(grow)numberofChinesetouriststravelingtoSpainhasinrecentyearsofferedopportunitiesforlocalcompanies.20.Chinahasonceagainshoweditsabilitytochangetheworldwithits“newfourgreat________(invent)”.21.I________(firm)believedIcouldlearnlotsofwords,phrases,translationskills,newsstoriesandevenamazingknowledgebyreadingit.22.Inmost________(develop)countries,likeAmericaandtheGreatBritain,teachingisaprofession.23.________(luck),nativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon'tspeakthesamekindofEnglish.24.Being________(happy)islikeaninfectiousdisease.Itcausespeopletostayawayfromthesufferer.25.Shecarriedherleftarmatanawkwardangle,asifitwerecausingher________(comfort).26.Itwas________(extreme)difficulttobuildsuchawallintheancientdayswithoutanymodernmachines.27.Yourideasareveryinteresting,butweneed________(practice)suggestionstogetusoutoftrouble.28.Trytounderstandwhat'sactuallyhappeninginsteadofactingonthe________(assume)you'vemade.29.Alice,thesalesmanagerofthecompany,isdoingacourseto________(sharp)herbusinessskills.30.Atelevisionseriesisfastgainingitswordofmouth________(popular)amongnotonlyChinesehouseholdsbutalsosomeforeigners.题组B能力提升练单句语法填空1.(2020·安徽省黄山市屯溪第一中学高三月考)Thosewhoatesevenouncesormoreofredorprocessedmeatdaily—orgotthe________(major)oftheirproteinfrommeat—hada23percenthigherriskofprematuredeath,accordingtoScienceDaily.2.(2020·安徽省六校教育研究会高三第一次素质测试)Checkoutcourseandprogram________(describe),reviewsofprofessors,andsitinonsomeclassesifyou'reabletovisitcampus.3.(2020·湖北省孝感市第一中学高三年级月考)They________(accident)foundoutthatsoildoesnotonlyattractfat,itcouldalsostopfatfrombeingabsorbedintothebodyandroundthedigestivesystem.4.(2020·湖南师范大学附属中学高三摸底考试)Somusicwasn'treally________(entertain),butameansformusicianstoaccomplishpoliticalandsocialgoals.5.(2020·天一大联考皖豫联盟体高三上学期第一次考试)Theevolutioniswhathasledtothepresent________(appear)ofthekiwibird.6.(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期摸底考试)Peoplewhohavebreakfastaremorelikelytolose________(weigh)thanthosewhodon'teatamorningmeal.7.(2019·深圳耀华实验学校月考)Lifeisjustablankcloth—youcanpaintabeautifulscene,oryoucanpaintblackghosts(鬼)and________(danger)people.8.(2019·山西大学附中高三模块诊断)Howwouldyoufeelifyouwokeupandfoundyourentirecomputer'scontents—includingyourphotos,yourrecentdocuments—nolonger________(access)?9.Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant________(grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.10.Asavolunteerofenvironmentalprotection,Iamwritingtoraiseyour________(aware)ofprotectingtheenvironment.真题演练单句填空(2021年全国甲卷·70)Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesandwatchtowerstotakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir__________(day)routines.(2021年全国乙卷·68)Provide__________(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.(2020年全国Ⅰ卷·62)Landingonthemoon'sfarsideis___________(extreme)challenging.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷·61)ChineseNewYearisa_____________(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷·69)The__________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷·66)___________(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.单句语法填空daily考查词性转换。在名词routines前作定语,用形容词,dailyroutines表示“日常生活”。financial考查词性转换。空格中所填单词在句中作定语,修饰名词aid,故需用finance的形容词形式。extremely考查副词。修饰形容词challenging应用副词,故填extremely。celebration考查词性转换。空格前的不定冠词a提示我们此处应用名词形式。beautiful考查词性转换。与long并列修饰名词branches,应用形容词。Certainly考查副词。位于句首,修饰整个句子,应用副词作状语。B组1.(2020年新课标卷II·语法填空)ChineseNewYearisa61(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.2.(2020年新课标卷III·语法填空)Filledwith64(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.3.(2020年山东新高考·语法填空)Inthe18thand19thcenturies,36(wealth)peopletravelledandcollectedplants,historicalobjectsandworksofart.4.(2020年山东新高考·语法填空)Historical44(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.5.(2019年新课标卷II·语法填空)Butthenwegotanofficialletterandwewereblownaway.Wearesoproudofher.It's___70___(wonder).6.(2019年新课标卷III·语法填空)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting___66___(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.一、单句语法填空1.【答案】confidence【解析】句意:我的英语提高了许多;更重要的是,我的自信心增强了不少。句中的much为限定词,后应接名词,作宾语。根据派生法规则,confident的名词形式为confidence。2.【答案】willendanger【解析】句意:孕期抽烟会危及胎儿生命。句中所填词应为谓语动词,意为“危及”;根据派生词构词法规则,可在名词前加前缀en,转化为相应意义的动词,即endanger;另外,本句表示叙述在某种情况下有可能发生的事,应用情态动词will,故填willendanger。3.【答案】foggy【解析】句意:在一个寒冷的起雾的上午,他向那个遥远的村庄进发了。句中所填词修饰morning,作定语。根据派生法规则,fog的形容词形式为foggy。4.【答案】useless【解析】句意:对于重返学校,人们当然有各种理由,但是有一点需要知道的重要的事是,知识是有用的。所填词涉及否定意义的后缀:名词+less构成形容词。所填词作系动词is的表语,且根据语境,此处应填表示否定意义的形容词,构成双重否定。useless“无用的”。5.【答案】protection【解析】句意:人类环境的保护和改善是一个影响全世界人民和经济发展的大问题。根据“andimprovement”可知,所填词为protect的名词形式。根据派生法规则,在protect后加后缀ion变为名词。6.【答案】successful【解析】句意:那场本应该成功的会议最终被证明是失败的。所填词作be的表语,应填形容词。根据派生法规则,在success后加后缀ful,构成形容词。7.【答案】uncovered【解析】句意:海关官员发现了一个走私武器入境的阴谋。句中所填词应为谓语动词,根据后面的宾语aplot可知,此处应表示“发现,揭露”;根据派生词构词法规则,在动词前加前缀un,转化为相反意义的动词,故填uncovered。8.【答案】warmth【解析】句意:安因为她的能力和热情友好,将被铭记。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后,应填名词。根据派生法规则可知warm的名词形式,即在词尾加后缀th。9.【答案】unnecessary【解析】句意:凉爽的风吹过卧室的窗户,使得空调都没有必要了。所填词在句中作宾语补足语,应填形容词,根据语境可知,此处表示“没有必要的”;根据派生词构词法的规则,可在形容词前加表示“没有,不”的前缀un,故填unnecessary,意为“没有必要的”。10.【答案】irregular【解析】句意:它的外形极不规则,满是凸块和凹陷。句中为形容词作定语,修饰名词shape,根据后面的过去分词短语可知,所填词表示“不规则的”;根据派生词构词法规则,在形容词前加前缀ir,转化为相反意义的形容词,故填irregular。11.【答案】illegal【解析】句意:出售烟草给16岁以下者是非法的。所填词在句中作表语,且根据“tosomeoneunder16”可知,此处表示“非法的”。根据派生法规则,应加前缀il。12.【答案】enable【解析】句意:课外活动可以使学生们知道怎样运用在课本上学到的知识。所填词在句中作谓语动词,根据派生法规则,able的动词形式需要在词首加前缀en即可,enable意为“使……能够”。13.【答案】reliable【解析】所填词用在系动词is后,作表语,根据句中的“relyonhim”可知,所填词表示“值得信赖的”,根据派生法规则,rely的形容词形式需要将字母y改为i,再加后缀able。14.【答案】dishonest【解析】句意:靠福利救济的人被误认为懒惰或不诚实。根据语境可知,应填形容词,并表示否定意义,即“不诚实的”;根据派生法规则,只需在词首加前缀dis。15.【答案】amazement【解析】句意:你可能会惊奇地发现,在你的社区,洋溢着难以置信的友爱。所填词位于your之后,应用名词形式;根据派生法规则,只需在词尾加后缀ment即可变为名词。16.【答案】painful【解析】句意:我无法很好地掌控我的身体。我的双腿变得疼痛。所填词位于连系动词之后,应用形容词作表语;根据派生法规则,只需在词尾加后缀ful即可构成painful“疼痛的”。17.【答案】ambitious【解析】根据空格位置,后面是名词parents,应该使用形容词作定语,故填ambitious。18.【答案】encouragement【解析】句意:在她的鼓励下我总会花几个小时埋头看小说,即使朋友们嘲笑我。这里需用名词,指的是“在她的鼓励下”。19.【答案】growing【解析】该空格处后面的词“number”是名词,名词受形容词修饰限制,
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